• Define the following Terms:

Full Displacement
It is a term used to measure the weight of the water displaced by the ship when she is fully
loaded with all her crew, bunkers, fresh water, stores, equipment and cargo.
Light Displacement
The weight of a ship when completed with outfit and propulsion machinery, and ready for sea
but without fuel, fresh water, stores, provisions, crew or cargo on board.
Stowage Factor SF=V/W density=W/V
The volume occupied by unit weight of cargo, usually expressed as cubic metres per tonne
(m³/tonnes) or cubic feet per ton (cu.ft./ton). It does not take account of any space which may
be lost due to ‘broken stowage’. A representative list of stowage factors is provided at the end
of this book.
Broken Stowage
The space between packages which remains unfilled. The percentage that has to be allowed
varies with the type of cargo and with the shape of the ship’s hold. It is greatest when large
cases are stowed in an end hold or at the turn of a bilge.
Deadweight
The difference in tonnes between the displacement of a ship at the summer load water line in
water of specific gravity of 1,025, and the lightweight of the ship.
Dead Weight = Full Displacement – Light Displacement=detectable
+ cargo
Gross Tonnage
Gross Tonnage is a measure of the ships total interior volume and is calculated by
multiplying the interior volume “V” of the ship in cubic meters by a variable known as “K”
(which varies depending on the ships overall volume).
GT= KiV
Ki=0.2 + (0.02 Log 10V)
Vol.Ton=2.83 C.meter
V: Total volume of all enclosed spaces in cubic metres
Net tonnage “NT in short”:
Net Tonnage is a measure of the total interior volume of a ship’s cargo spaces and is
calculated in much the same way. The total volume of designated cargo spaces in cubic
meters is then multiplied by myriad factors resulting in an official net tonnage value.

Bale Capacity:
The cubic capacity of a cargo space when the breadth is measured from the inside of the
cargo battens (spar ceiling) and the measured depth is from the wood tank top ceiling to the
underside of the deck beams – the length being measured from the inside of the fore and aft
bulkhead stiffeners.
Measurement cargo
Cargo on which freight is usually charged on the volume occupied by the cargo. Such cargo
is usually light and bulky stowing at more than 1.2m²/tonne (40 cu. ft./ton), but may also be
heavy castings of an awkward shape where a lot of space is occupied.
Grain Capacity
The cubic capacity of a cargo space when the length, breadth and depth are measured from
the inside of the ship’s shell plating, all allowances being made for the volume occupied by
frames and beams.
Air Draught
The vertical distance from the surface of the water to the highest point of the ship’s mast or
aerial.
• Explain Initial Cargo /Stowage Plan and what is the major factors
that must be considered when preparing it.
It is a plan for the cargo stowage on the ship, the chief mate will make this plan according to
the booking list and distribute the cargo in the appropriate holds according to the cargo type
and the discharging ports, this plan should be accepted by the master and used as a guide for
the officers in charge or loading operation.
Normally the actual loading is always differs from the planned, due to the following reasons:
1. Cargo measurement differs from the “Cargo booking list”.
2. Cancellation of some cargo.
3. The effect of the unavailability of specific cargo handling equipment
Some Major Factors that to consider when preparing the initial cargo plan:
1. Stability:
2. Structural limitations:
3. Cargo handling equipment
4. Lifting gear
5. Draught (Draft)
6. Deck Cargoes
7. Cargo Securing
8. Protecting the cargo
Against damage by water
Against crushing
Against toppling “collapse”
Against heat
Against rasping
9. Ventilation
10. Discharge efficiently:
11. Loading/Discharging time:
• What does Final Cargo / Stowage Plan contain and for what it can be
used?
The Final Stowage Plan shall contain the following data particulars:
1. Type of cargo
2. Quantity (Volume, numbers, measurement)
3. Loading Port
4. Discharging port
5. The sum of all cargo for each port if have many offloading ports
6. Location of cargo in the hold
It can be also used for:
1. Calculating the ship stability.
2. The discharging port admin will use for determining where the cargo can be
offloaded.
3. Evidence for the loading and offloading ports.
4. The stevedores will use to determine which cargo will be offloaded.
5. Evidence that the cargo stowage was correct if something goes wrong.
• What is the functions and contents of Mate’s receipt?
Information provided in the Mate’s Receipt: (Contents)
1. Vessel name
2. Shipper
3. Port of loading
4. Port of discharge
5. Shipper's description of goods
6. Number and kind of packages
7. Gross weight, kg or ton
8. Measurement
9. Date shipped on board
10. Where loaded onboard.
11. Remarks on the quantity and condition of cargo
The function of the mate’s Receipt:
1. A receipt issued by the ship to the shipper for goods received for transportation.
2. Evidence of the quantity and condition of the cargo.
3. Evidence of the loading date.
4. Evidence that the cargo already onboard.
• Define Bill of Lading stating its type and functions with a brief
explanation and state the information that B/L includes in it.
A bill of lading is a legal document between the shipper of a particular good and the carrier
detailing the type, quantity and destination of the good being carried.
Bill of lading will include this information:
1. Vessel name
 2. Shipper
3. Consignee
4. Notify Party/Address
5. Port & Country of loading
6. Port & Country of discharge
7. Gross weight, kg.
8. Measurement in m3
9. Identifying marks
10. Date shipped on board
11. Place loaded onboard (on deck or under deck)
12. Cargo condition and remarks
13. Number of original Bills of Lading
14. Freight
15. Freight payment terms, such as:
• Pre-Paid
• Collect
• As per charter party
• In accordance with the Contract
Functions of the B/L:
1. It is evidence for receiving the goods on board at a certain date/place and in a
certain condition
2. It is evidence of the contract of carriage between carrier and holder.
3. It is a document of title to the goods shipped.
The holder of the B/L is entitled to the delivery of the cargo. The B/L is a negotiable
document, which can be transferred to other parties during the transit time.
Types of Bill of Lading:
Clean bill of lading
A "clean" Bill of Lading is one which describes the cargo as being in "apparent good order
and condition", without containing adverse remarks as far as would be apparent from the type
of inspection which a reasonable carrier could be expected to make.
Claused Bills of Lading
When the cargo is not in apparent good order and condition, the carrier is entitled to insist on
the Bill of Lading being claused.
Letters of indemnity (LOI)
A letter of indemnity is issued by a person who declares that he is taking full financial
responsibility for certain circumstances. It claims that the person signing the letter will bear
any costs resulting from the Master complying with his request (A clean Bill of Lading)
The shipper may offer a letter of indemnity to the Master in return for a clean bill of lading
when the Master wishes to add clauses about the condition of the cargo.
To issue a clean bill in these circumstances is considered fraud, and such a letter of indemnity
is unenforceable.
• Drew the Loadlines marks showing its dimensions and the distances
between lines for a Cargo Ship and Timber ship.
1. The Winter Load Line (1/48th of the Summer Draft below S
2. The Winter North Atlantic Load Line Marked 50 mm below the Winter Loadline
indicated by the upper edge of a line marked WNA (Ships of 100 Meters or less in length)
3. The Tropical Load Line (1/48th of the Summer Draft Above S)
4. The Fresh Water Load Line in summer indicated by the upper edge of a line marked F.
The Fresh Water Load Line in summer is marked abaft the vertical line. The difference
between the Fresh Water Load Line in summer and the Summer Load Line is (FWA) the
allowance to be made for loading in fresh water at the other load lines.
5. The Tropical Fresh Water Load Line (FWA above the Tropical load Line) indicated by
the upper edge of a line marked TF, and marked abaft the vertical line.

If

timber freeboards are assigned in accordance with Load Line regulations, the timber load
lines shall be marked in addition to ordinary load lines. These lines shall be horizontal lines
230 mm (9 inches) in length and 25 mm (1 inch) in breadth which extend abaft unless
expressly provided otherwise, and are at right angles to, a vertical line 25 mm (1 inch) in
breadth marked at a distance 540 mm (21 inches) abaft the centre of the ring.
1. LS is derived from the appropriate tables contained in the Load Line Rules.
2. LW is 1/36th of the summer timber load draught below LS.
3. LT is 1/48th of the summer timber load draught above LS.
4. LF and LTF are both calculated in a similar way to F and TF except that the
displacement used in the formula is that of the vessel at her summer timber load
draught. If this cannot be ascertained these marks will be one forty-eighth (1/48th) of
LS draught above LS and LT respectively. LWNA is at the same level as the WNA
mark.