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hs]fV yLz]f|¾]R£ AÍô¾ C¾qU f]q]ˆr]vOWtOU CaRkasOWtO

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nLxL\q°tORapOU Aa]òLj¾]¤ kb]¨OWpLeV CT kbj¾]R£ sƒ|U.

1.3. kP¡vkbj°¥

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nLx Cv fÚ]sOç Nkf|ƒ&kSqLƒmÌR¾ Aa]òLjoL¨]pOç

kbj°RtpLeV kP¡vkbj°¥ IÐ j]spV¨V kq]SwLi]¨OÐfV.

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1.3.2. kOyVfW°¥
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Aa]òLj¾]¤ kb]¨OÐO. NkLShw]WnLxWtOSapOU W}uLtv¤¨qe

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Wsp]sOU kOf]p nLvOWf~kq]yqU yQxVa]ˆfV. yUyVWQfv¤¨qeoŠ

W}uLtv¤¨qeoLeV SWqtU CÐV AjOnv]¨OÐ yoyVf ^jLi]kf|yTWq|

°tORapOU ^jW}p yLz]f|¾]R£pOU Aa]òLjU.

Ai@ò]fqORa B\LqUoOf¤ BqLijvRqpOU nƒeUoOf¤

mÌ°t]¤vRqpOU j]sj]¤¨OÐ kqÒqLYf j]pNÍe°¥ AvqORa

^jLi]kf|vt¡ˆRp fa´Oj]¡¾OÐf]¤ vz]¨OÐ kËV vsOfLeV .

AvqORa RRhvU AvRqSÕLRs WrO¾vqOU vQ¾]z}jqOoLeV. kLsOU kuvOU

Av]sOU osqOoŠ, WçOU Crˆ]pOU o}jOoLeV AvqORa RRhvU Wu]¨OW.

kP^pLWRŸ ‘j}\’¾]sLeV . D¾o¡¨V D¾ov]i]W¥, Aio¡¨V

Aiov]i]W¥. BqLijL q}f]W¥¨W¾OSkLsOU fspOp¡¾] j]¤¨OÐfV

yv¡eNkf|LpwLyVNfoLReÐOWLeLU. D¾o&Aio v]n^j¾]¤j]ÐV

nLxpOU v]oO©oŠ. D¾o¢ ‘AoQSf¾V’ Wu]¨OSÒL¥ Aio¢ ‘Wq]¨La]’

SoLÍOÐO. W}uLtR£ RfLs] oLNfoŠ BsËLq]W A¡À¾]¤ AvjOoLp]

mÌRÕŸ yWsfOU WrOÕLReÐV WLeLU. SsLW¾]R£ Bi]kf|U òLk]ˆ

17
‘Rvç¨L¡’¨OSwxoLeV RvtOÕV oLfQWLv¡eoLp] oLr]pfV. ASfLRa ‘j]rU’

vUw}po¡Çj¾]R£ yP\WoLp] oLr]. j]rR¾ oO¢j]¡¾] j]¡o]¨OÐ

vUwLn]oLj o]g|W¥ yUyV W LqU, yTÎq|U, yLz]f|U IÐ]vp]¤

ksfq¾]sOç Nkf|LZLf°¥¨OU CaU j¤W]p]ŸOºV. WrOÕ]R£ Skq]¤

k}cjojOnv]¨OÐ ^jv]nLYU nPo]p]sOºLWOÐ WLsS¾LtU WrOÕ]Rj

yP\]Õ]¨OÐ yP\W°¥¨OU v¡eNkf|LpwLyVNf¾]R£ vq]i]p]¤ j]ÐOU

kP¡¹oLp] v]ŸOSkLqLjLv]RŠÐV RW.C.I¢. j]q}ƒ]¨OÐO. ArvOoQY°

tORa yËaoLeV WrO¾vR£ yËaRoÐV WRº¾OSÒL¥ WrOÕ]R£ yTÎq|

wLyVNfU kP¡¹oLvOWpLeV.

hs]f¡¨OSvº] hs]fqL¤ q\]¨RÕaOÐ hs]fR£ yLz]f|oLeV

hs]fV y Lz]f|U IÐ w©oLp j]skLaOoLp] ‘hs]fV yLz]f|U’(2001),

‘hs]fVnLx’(1997) IÐ} NYÏ°¥ q\]ˆ yLz]f|WLqjLeV Wv]pP¡ oOqt].

AUSmhVW¡ \]ÍWtORa y~Li}jo]ŠL¾ hs]fV yLz]f|o]Š. ^Lf]pORa

Aa]òLj¾]sOç AWã] j]¡¾sOU AyV k Qw|fpOU Sjq]aOÐ IŠL

^j°tOU hs]fqLReÐV NYÏWLq¢ An]NkLpRÕaOÐO. hs]fV yLz]f|vOU

RfLu]sLt]v¡Y yLz]f|vOU fÚ]¤ NkWaoLp v|f|LyU ASÇzU

WLeOÐOºV. hs]f¡ RfLu]sLt]v¡Y¾]¤RÕaOÐvqOU RfLu]sLt]v¡Y¾]R£

kqLi}jfW¥ DçvqOU IÐL¤ AvR£ ^jjR¾ ByVkh]ˆOç v]Sv\jU

RfLu]sLt] v¡Y¾]j]ŠLRpÐOU hs]fqORa yLz]f|U B v]Sv\j¾]jV

DTФ RWLaO¨LjOU ‘hs]fVyLz]f|’¾]¤ NYÏWLq¢ Bz~LjU R\áOÐO.

hs]fV nLxRp¨Or]ˆOU hs]fRq¨Or]ˆOoOç CTaOã kbjoLeV ‘hs]fVnLx’.

hs]fqLqLReÐOU AvqORa nLx IÍLp]qOÐORvÐOU Af]R£ qPkRoÍLp]

qOÐORvÐOU B nLxRp I°Rj foyVWq]ˆORvÐOU v]v]i vLhoOX°tO

Ðp]ˆV hs]fVnLxpORa AyVf]f~U DrÕ]¨OWpLeV NYÏWLq¢ R\áOÐfV.

18
hs]fV n LxpV ¨ V NkSf|W s]k]p]RŠÐOU Af]jV fo]u]SjLaLeV AaOÕU
WLeOÐRfÐOU ASÇzU WRº¾OÐO. NkLWQf¾]¤j]ÐV DqO¾]q]´
Bh|nLx fo]uŠ, hs]fVnLxpLReÐLeV oOqt]pORa An]NkLpU. KqOvw¾V
yUyWQfnLxpOU orOvw¾V ShwnLxpLp] fo]uOU kOSqLYf] NkLk]ˆSÕL¥
Bh|R¾ RkLfOnLxpLp hs]fV nLx kOrÍçRÕŸO IÐLeV oOqt]
An]NkLpRÕaOÐfV. Af]RRvWLq]Wf CT NYϾ]jV ShLxoLWOÐO.

1.3.3. BjOWLs]W°¥
hs]fV yLz]f|R¾¨Or]ˆV kOf]p WLuV\ÕLaV fOr¨OÐ SsXjoLeV y¹]
IU. Wv]¨La]R£(1997) ‘ospLt yLz]f|¾]Rs hs]fV yLÐ]È|U’. ospLt]
oi|v¡«¾]R£ oi|o^Lf]SmLiR¾ WQf|oLp] j]q}ƒ]¨OÐOºV Cv]Ra.
AfV ksSÕLuOU yv¡e RRzÎvfp]Ss¨V WPÕOWO¾OÐfLpLeV
j]q}ƒ]¨OÐfV . ‘yTÎq|LSj~xe¾]R£ hs]fV k q]SNkƒ|U’ IuOf]p
yLUWOŸ] kŸUWq](1997) hs]fV IÐfV SYLNfyU³pŠ, ^Lf|Li]xVb]foLp
CÍ|¢ yTÎq|SmLi¾]R£ j]qLyvOU RR^v]WSNyLfyV D¥R¨LçOÐ
RkLfOiLqpORa v]WLyvOoLReÐLeV . RR^v}WoLp] AÈ~LjS¾LaOU
NkWQf]SpLaOU y¡YLÄWmÌU kOs¡¾OÐ yTÎq|yËsV k °¥¨V
spjyLÈ|fpŠ or]ˆV jv|oLp SsLWv}ƒeoOp¡¾OÐ yQxVa]kqf
p]Ss¨V jp]¨RÕaLSj Wu]pP IÐ WLuV\ÕLa]Ss¨OvqOÐO.

‘Ai}wv|vzLq°tOU hs]fV y ~f~qPk}WqevOU’ IÐ SsXj¾]¤

yj¤SoLz¢ (1997) Ai}wv|vzLq°¥ \]ŸRÕaO¾]p An]wkVfoLp
BÍqv¤¨qeR¾ fapOWpOU yLoPz]WvLzW¡ IÐ òLjU y~pU
Sja]RpaO¨WpOU R\áOWpLeV hs]fqORa yLUyVWLq]W&qLxVNa}p Nkf]SqLi
¾]R£ WLfRsÐV krpOÐO. j]sv]Rs yLoPz]W v|vò]f]p]¤ fW¡¨
RÕŸvqLReÐ f]q]ˆr]vV NW]pLÄWoLp] hs]f¡¨V y~f~LSj~xeR¾
yzLp]ˆORvÐV yj¤SoLz¢ WRº¾OÐO.

‘hs]fVyLz]f|¾]R£ Bh|Lƒq°¥’ IÐ RW.RW.RWLˆ]R£ (1998)

SsXj¾]¤ hs]fVyLz]f|U v|f|yVfoLRpLqO AyVf]f~U òLk]ˆ]ŸOSºL
19
IÐ ASj~xeoLeV. hs]fV yLz]f|U DRºÐV ks IuO¾OWLqOU AvWLw
RÕaOSÒL¥SÕLsOU qPkZajp]sOU sLve|j]po°t]sOU y¡YyLÐ]È|oOç
KqO hs]fV yLz]f|U qPkURWLº]Ÿ]Š IÐ An]NkLpU RWLˆV kOs¡¾OÐO.
v¡¾oLjWLsR¾ Ar]´V AjOnv]¨OÐ IuO¾OWLq¢ \q]NfSmLi
S¾LRa nLxLjv}Wqe¾]sPRa kOf]p nLvLyLNÎfpOU qPkZajpOU
yQxVa]¨OÐf]sPRa hs]fV yLz]f|U yQxVa]¨L¢ Wu]pORoÐV ASÇzU
Nkf|Lw]¨OÐO. ‘hs]fVy~f~SmLiU’ IÐ SsXj¾]sPRa RW. SveO (1991)
j]q}ƒ]¨OÐfV y~pU f]q]ˆr]vV SjaL¾ KqO yoPz¾]jV y~ÍU
Wv]WRtpOU WsLWLqÓLRqpOU yQxVa]¨L¢ Wu]p]Š IÐfLeV.

1.4. kbjNky©]
hs]fV nLx, Wv]f, SjLv¤, R\rOWg IÐ]°Rj hs]fV nLvOWf~kq]yq
¾]¤vqOÐ ZaW°¥ kbjv]SipoLp]ŸOºV. Avp]¤j]ÐV v|f|yVfoLp]
yLoPz]WnLxLwLyV N f¾]R£ kbjkq]i]p]¤vqOÐ v|f]q]©fLkbj
kq]WsVkjpORa Aa]òLj¾]¤ SjLv¤q\jRp yv]Swx kbj¾]jV
v]SipoL¨OÐO IÐfLeV CT Nkm̾]R£ NkiLj Nky©]. hs]fV&
Ahs]fV q\jWt]¤ v]w]x|L, SjLvsOWt]¤, nLxL\q°tOU yLoPz]W
\q°tOU Nkf]j]i}Wq]¨RÕaOÐfV INkWLqoLReÐV ASj~x]¨OÐO.

1.5. kbjSoXs
hs]fV s Lve|wLyV N f¾]¤ fjfLp v|©]oONhkf]Õ]ˆ qLZv¢
AS¾Lt](2007)pORa ‘S\LqÕq]wU’ IÐ SjLvsLeV yv]Swxkbj¾]jV
v]SipoL¨OÐ WQf]Wt]¤ KÐV. mzOoOXoLp q\jLfNÍ°¥ SjLvs]¤
Bv]xV W q]ˆV ospLtSjLvs]Rj jPfjoL¡«°t]Ss¨V jp]ˆ
IU. oOWOÎ(2012)R£ ‘kOspÕLŸV ’ IÐ SjLvsLeV h¾LkNYg¾]jLp]
DkSpLY]¨OÐ oRãLqO WQf]. hs]fV IuO¾OWLqRjÐ kq]Yejp]¤
qLZv¢ AS¾Lt]SppOU Ahs]fV IuO¾OWLq¢ IÐj]spV¨V oOWOÎSjpOU
y~}Wq]ˆ]q]¨OÐO.
20
1.6. kbjkq]o]f]
hs]fVSjLv¤ yLoPz]W\q]Nf¾]¤j]ÐV qºV SjLvsOW¥ kb]¨L¢
IaO¨OÐORvÐfLeV CT Nkm̾]R£ kq]o]f].

1.7. h¾yUnqevOU q}f]wLyVNfvOU

yLoPz]WnLxLwLyV N f¾]R£ oLjh¼°¥ kLs]ˆORWLºV CT
kbj¾]R£ oLfQWLh¾oLp, qLZv¢ AS¾Lt]pORa ‘S\LqÕq]wU’,
oOWOÎR£ ‘kOspÕLŸV ’ IÐ} SjLvsOWRt yLoPz]W\qU, nLxL\qU
IÐ]°Rj qºV ZaW°tLp] Sv¡f]q]ˆV Av fÚ]sOç yzmÌU
kq]SwLi]¨OÐO.

CT WQf]Wt]Rs yLoPz|\q°Rt s]UYU, NkLpU, ^Lf], ofU, yÒ¾V,

v]h|Ln|LyU IÐ]°RjpOU nLxL\q°Rt v|©]jLoU, yUSmLijkh°¥,
B\Lqkh°¥, kqLo¡wWkh°¥, v]Swxekh°¥ IÐ]°RjpOU
f]q]ˆ]q]¨OÐO. CvpORa Aa]òLj¾]¤ CT qºV WQf]WtORapOU
h¾Lvfqe¾]jOSvº] h¾LkNYgjkŸ]W fáLrL¨]. Cf]R£ Aa]òLj
¾]¤ h¾LkNYgjU ja¾OWpLeV R\áOÐfV. JSfRfŠLU \q°tLeV qºV
WQf]Wt]sOU yzmÌU kOs¡¾OÐRfÐOU v|f]q]©f kLs]¨OÐRfÐOU
KãSjLŸ¾]¤ ojô]sL¨L¢ kŸ]W yzLp]¨OÐO. AÈ|LpU oPÐV, jLsV,
AμV, BrV IÐ]-vp
- ]¤ h¾L-vf
- q
- e
- vOU Ak-NY-gj
- vOU ja-¾O-ÐO. Av-p]¤
j]ÐV qPk-RÕŸ j]q}-ƒe
- °
- ¥ Dk-yU-zLqU IÐ AÈ|L-p¾
- ]¤ SNWLc}-Wq
- ]-
¨OÐ q}f]-pLeV CT Nkm-̾
- ]¤ Av-sU-m]-\]ÿ q
- ]-¨O-ÐfV.

1.7.1. yLoPzvOU nLx-pOU

nLSxLÂvR¾WOr]ˆV v]n]ÐLn]NkLp°¥ DºV. Bh|WLs°t]¤ BUY]W
\sj°t]sPRa Bwpv]j]opU ja¾]. k]Ð}aV wmVh°Rt kh°tL¨]
wLq}q]WLvw|°¥¨Lp] nLxRp DkSpLY]ˆO. Af]jOSwxU mOÈ]kqoLp
Bvw|°tORa DkWqeoLp] nLxRp vt¡¾]RpaO¾O.
21
 yoPzvOU nLxpOU fÚ]¤ ASnh|oLp mÌoOºV IÐfLeV

yLoPz]WnLxLwLyVNfff~U. yLoPz]WwLyVNf³¡ yoPzR¾ kb]¨L¢

y~}Wq]¨OÐ DkLi]Wt]¤ JãvOU kOf]pfLeV yLoPz]WnLxLwLyVNfU. KqO

v|©]pORapOU yoPz¾]R£pOU nLxLvòWRt y~Li}j]¨OÐ ZaW°¥

j]qvi]pLeV. nPNkShwU, ofU, ^Lf], NkLpU, s]UYU, RfLu]¤, yLoPz]WoLj|f,

v]h|Ln|LyU, yLÒ¾]Wò]f] IÐ]vpLeV Af]¤ NkiLjU.

“nLxpOU yoPzvOU fÚ]sOç Av]nL^|mÌUoPsU qL^|\q]Nf¾]¤

j]ÐV nLxpORapOU nLxL\q]Nf¾]¤j]ÐV yoPz¾]R£pOU ò]f]Yf]W¥

JRr¨ORr ojô]sL¨LU. \q]NfWLsR¾ nLxLv]WLyU JSffOv¡Y°tORa

yÒ¡¨URWLºLeV yUnv]ˆ]ŸOçRfÐV j]¡ep]¨LvOÐfOSkLRs fRÐ,

\q]NfLf}fWLsR¾ yUyVWLqv]SwxU nLxLkh°tORa wLyVNf}poLp

v|O¤k¾] kbjURWLºV NYz]¨LU” (B£e], 1989:83&84).

yoPzvOU nLxpOU fÚ]sOç kLqyVkq|¾]R£ lsoLpLeV yLoPz]W

yV k Îj°¥ nLxp]sOU NkWaoLvOÐfV . JRfLqO yoPz¾]R£pOU

yLUyVWLq]Wfp]¤ yUnv]¨OÐ yLqoLp oLã°¥R¨ŠLU yLƒ|Uvz]

¨L¢ B yoPz¾]R£ nLxpV¨V yLi]¨ORoÐOoLNfoŠ jPãLºOWStLtSoL

Bp]q¾LºOWStLtSoL yLoPz]W\sj°tORa \PºOksWoLp] j]s

j]¤¨L¢ Af]jVV yLi]¨OU.

“nLx yoPz¾]R£ DsVkÐvOU DkWqevOoLp]q]R¨ yoPz¾]Rs

oLã°¥ Af]¤ j]us]¨Lf]q]¨]Š. nLxLNkSpLYoLeV yLz]f|U

IÐf]jL¤ nLxLNkSpLY sƒe°¥ yLz]f|¾]sOU Nkf]ls]¨OU.

yLoPz]W oLã°¥ nLxRp oLãOÐOºV. ASfLRaLÕU ksSÕLuOU yoPz¾]

RsÐSkLRs kuonLxp]sOU f°]j]¤¨OU” (Y]q}xV, 1998:2).

22
 KSq yLUyVWLq]Wy~f~U kË]aOWpOU KSq nLx oLfQnLxpLp]ŸOçvRqpOU

RkLfORv nLxWyoPzRoÐOkrpLU. C¾qU nLxWyoPz¾]jW¾Oç

v|f]q]©fWRtpLeV yLoPz]WnLxLwLyV N fU ASj~x]¨OÐfV . mzO

RRvv]i|oOç yoPz¾]¤ y~pU j]¡ep]¨OÐf]jOSvº]pLeV v|©]W¥

nLx DkSpLY]¨OÐfV.

nLx v|©]pORa y~WLq|y~¾Š, or]ˆV yoPz¾]R£ RkLfOy~¾L

ReÐV sSmLvV krpOÐO (Labov, 1989 : 52). nLx j]sj]¤¨OÐfV yLoPz]W

yΡn°Rt Aa]òLjoL¨]pOU nLx j]¡ep]¨RÕaOÐfV nLxWRqpOU

yLoPz]WyΡnR¾pOU Bèp]ˆLeV. yLoPz]W kéL¾sU, NkShwU,

yLUyVWLqU IÐ]vRp NkWaoL¨L¢WPa] nLxpV¨V Wu]vOºV.

1.7.1.1. yLoPz]WnLxLwLyVNfU

n]ÐyoPz°tORa yLUyV W Lq]Wv|f]q]©fWRt nLx INkWLqU

AapLtRÕaO¾OWpOU qPkRÕaO¾OWpOU R\áOÐO IÐV wLyV N f}poLp]

v|©oL¨OWpOU AfOvu] yLoPz]W CaRkasOW¥ WLq|ƒooL¨L¢

yzLp]¨OWpOU R\áOÐ v]³LjwLXpLeV yLoPz]WnLxLwLyVNfU. nLx,

yoPzU, yUyVWLqU IÐ]v yLoPz]WnLxLwLyVNf¾]R£ NkiLjZaW°

tLeV. NkLShw]WoLp RRvp©]W nLxLSnhkLqÒq|U, oLjWnLx, NkLShw]W

nLxLSnhU, nLx&yUyV W LqkLqÒq|U, nLSxLÂvU, nLxLoSjLnLvU,

nLxLkq]eLoU, nLxLyUqƒeU, nLxLShwU, nLxLjxVaU, nLxLoqeU

IÐ]°Rj yLoPz]WnLxLwLyVNf¾]R£ SoXsW¥ Af]v]wLsoLeV.

23
1.7.1.2. j]¡v\j°¥

yLoPz]WyΡn¾]R£ Aa]òLj¾]¤ nLxRp kb]¨OWpOU

yLoPz]W^}v]fR¾ nLxp]sPRa kb]¨OWpOU R\áOÐ nLxLwLyVNfwLX

pLeV yLoPz]WnLxLwLyVNfU. nLxpOU yoPzvOU fÚ]sOç mÌkbjU WPa]-

pL-e]-fV.

Bè]fnLxL\q°tOU y~fNÍyLoPz]W\q°tOU fÚ]sOç yz

mÌR¾¨Or]ˆOç kbjoLeV yLoPz]WnLxLwLyVNfU. CT j]¡v\j°t]

RsŠLU nLxpOU yoPzvOU fÚ]sOç m̾]jV NkLiLj|URWLaO¨OÐOºV

(Y]q}xV, 2013:14). yoPzvOU nLxpOU fÚ]sOç ASnh|mÌR¾¨Or]ˆV

yLoPz]W nLxLwLyVNf³ÓLqORa j]Yoj°Rt C°Rj yUNYz]¨LU:

(i) yoPz¾]R£ y~fNÍv|©]f~¾]R£ AapLt°t]RsLÐLeV nLx.

v|©]Rp y~pU Bv]xVWq]¨OWpOU oãOçvq]¤j]ÐV Sv¡f]q]¨OWpOU

R\áOÐ nLx yLoPz]W v|©]f~¾]R£ w©oLp AapLtoLWOÐO

(Pattanayak, 1975:97).

(ii) nLx nLxWR£ yLoPz]W&yLUyVWLq]W&yLÒ¾]W&v]h|Ln|Lykq°

tLp kéL¾sR¾ fOrÐOWLe]¨OÐ v]wLsoLp vLf]sOWtLeV

(Rajamarthandam, 1984:360).

(iii) nLxpORa DkSpLYvOU ojOx|R£ yLoPz]WZajpORa y~nLvvOU

v|©oLWOÐ]aS¾ yoPzZajpORa nLxLy~nLvU wq]pLp q}f]p]¤

v]sp]qO¾L¢ yLi]¨P (Fishman, 1970:45).

(iv) KqOv¡Y¾]Rs AUYoLeV IÐf]R£ j]¡eLpWU nLxLNkSpLYoLeV.

24
 nLxe¾]R£ NkLiLj|R¾ yLoPz]WoLp WLuV \ ÕLa]¤j]ÐV

SjL¨OSÒL¥ v]j]oSpLkLi] IÐ j]spV¨V yLoPz]WmÌ°Rt

DrÕL¨LjOç nLxpORa Wu]v]jV AgvL i¡Ú¾]jV Dkq]nLxWRj

WOr]ˆOç yLoPz]WwLyVNfkqoLp Ar]vOW¥ Rvt]RÕaO¾LjL-WOÐO.

nLxLSnhU KqLtORa nPo]wLyV N fSoXsRpWOr]ˆOç AvSmLiU

j¤WOÐOºV (mLmOqL^V, 1993:45).

nLxpOU yoPzvOU fÚ]sOç m̾]jV NkLiLj|U RWLaO¨OSÒLuOU

Cf]¤ Jf]jV NkLiLj|U RWLaO¨OÐO IÐf]R£ Aa]òLj¾]sLeV

yLoPz]WnLxLwLyVNfvOU yLoPz]W v]³LjnLxLwLyVNfvOU v|f|Ly

RÕaOÐfV . yoWLs]WnLxLwLyV N f¾]Rs NkiLj kbjSoXspLeV

v|f]q]©nLxLwLyVNfU. yLoPz]W\q°tOU nLxL\q°tOU yv]SwxoLp]

kb]¨OÐ wLXpLe]fV.

1.7.1.3. yLoPz]W\q°¥
yLoPz]WnLxLwLyVNf³¡ nLxpORa RRvv]i|¾]¤ èÈ]¨OÐO.

RRvv]i|U j]q}ƒ]¨OÐf]sPRa oLNfSo nLxpORa NkSf|WfW¥

ojô]sL¨L¢ Wu]pP. AfORWLºV v]v]i yLoPz]W\q°Rt NkLpU, s]UYU,

^Lf], ofU, yÒ¾V, v]h|Ln|LyU IÐ]°Rj v]v]i\q°tLp] f]q]¨OÐO.

yUnLxe¾]R£ yLΡn]W v|f|Ly°¥ AvqORa èÈp]¤RÕaOÐO.

nLxeyΡnU, v©Lv]R£pOU SèLfLv]R£pOU yLoPz]Wv|©]f~U IÐ]v

RpŠLU v|©oL¨L¢ JfOkhoLeV NkSpL-Y]-¨-RÕ-aO-Ð-RfÐV yLoPz]W

wLyV N f³¡ èÈ]- ¨ O- Ð O. KLSqL khvOU DkSpLY]¨L¢ Af]S£fLp

yΡnoOºV . DhL- z - q - e - ¾ ]jV jYqvLy]WtORapOU NYLovLy]WtORapOU

nLxLNkSpLY¾]¤ vqO-Ð v|f|LyU.

25
1.7.1.3.1. s]UYU

NkiLj yLoPz]W\qoLeV s]UYU. BReÐOU RkR¹ÐOoOç ^}vwLyVNf

kqoLp v]n^j¾]jOkOrRo yLoPz]WoLp KqO s]UYv]n^jU yoPz¾]¤

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- .V

1.7.1.3.2. NkLpU

yLoPz]Wj]¡o]f]p]Rs vs]p ZaWoLeV NkLpU. NkLp¾]R£ Jã¨OrvV

AjOyq]ˆV nLxLNkSpLY°t]sOU v|f|LyU WLeLU. RRwwvU, mLs|U,

WToLqU, pTvjU, vL¡ÈW|U IÐ]vSpLaV v|©]¨OU yoPz¾]jOU v|f|yVf

oSjLnLv°tL-eO-ç-fV.

1.7.1.3.3. ofU

yLoPz]Wj]¡o]f]p]Rs Av]nL^|ZaWoLeV ofU. ofv]w~Ly]pLp

KqLtORa Nkv¡¾jR¾ j]pNÍ]¨OÐfV ofvOU ARfLajOmÌ]ˆ

òLkj°tOoLeV. yoPzR¾ Bu¾]¤ y~Li}j]¨OÐ ZaWoLeV ofU.

1.7.1.3.4. ^Lf]

yLoPz]Wj]¡o]f]p]¤ NkLiLj|oOç \qoLeV ^Lf]. ^}v]fR¾ oOuOv¢

y~Li}j]¨OÐ ZaWoLe]fV . ^Lf] j]¡eLpWoLWOÐ yoPz¾]¤

So¤^Lf]&W}uV^Lf] IÐ v]n^jU WLeLU. ^Lf]Wt]¤fRÐ Dk^Lf]W¥

DºV. v|©]jLo°¥RWLºOU Svxv]iLj°¥RWLºOU vLyòs°¥

RWLºOU KLSqL ^Lf]Rp f]q]ˆr]pLoLp]qOÐO.

26
1.7.1.3.5. yÒ¾V

yLoPz]Wkhv]p]Rs j]¡eLpWoL¨OÐ ZaWoLeV yÒ¾V. yÒ

¾]R£ Nkf|pwLyVNfU Ai]WLq¾]R£fLWOÐO. Dp¡ÐvRjÐOU fLuVÐv

RjÐOU v]n^]¨RÕaOÐfV yLÒ¾]Wò]f]Rp Bè-p]-\Lÿ e

- .V

1.7.1.3.6. v]h|Ln|LyU
yLoPz]W AÍô]R£ Dp¡Ðkhv]pLeV v]h|Ln|LyU. Ar]vOçv¡

Ai]WLq]WtLWOÐO. yUyVWLqvOU yLoPz]WLi]WLqvOoLp] v]h|L-n|LyU

mÌ]Õ]¨RÕaLrOºV.

1.7.2. nLxL\q°¥

vL¨OWtORa A¡ÀS¾¨L¥ WPaOfsLp] y~f~-y~-nL-vU-SkL-sOç ksfOU

nLx Bv]xVWq]¨OÐOºV. v]v]i fq¾]sOç v|f|Ly°¥ nLxp]sOºV.

jLoU, NW]p, v]SwxeU, CTeU, fLjU, y~jU, v|©]jLo°¥, B\Lq

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AjOyQfoLp] nLxL\q°¥¨V v|f]pLjU yUnv]¨OU.

1.7.2.1. v|©]jLoU
s]UYv|f]q]©fpORa nLxLkqoLp \]zV j oLeV v|©]jLoU. SkqV

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v|©]jLo°¥ y~}Wq]¨RÕaOÐfV. Af]jL¤ y~f~LkNYgj¾]¤ AvpV¨V

vs]p NkLiLj|U DºV. Nkf|ƒ¾]¤ y~f~U Rvt]RÕaO¾OÐvpLWpL¤ ofU,

^Lf] IÐ]vpV¨V vs]p NkLiLj|oOºV.

27
1.7.2.2. yUSmLijLkh°¥

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jW¥.

1.7.2.3. B\Lqkh°¥

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sLeV.

1.7.2.4. kqLo¡wWkh°¥
BRt kq]\pRÕaO¾OSÒLuOU oãOkqLo¡w°t]sOU DkSpLY]¨OÐ

kh°RtpLeV kqLo¡wWkh°¥ IÐOkrpOÐfV. \]s NkSf|W yΡn°

tL¤ yV N f}kOqOxÓL¡, mÌO¨¥ IÐ]vSqL, AvRq¨Or]ˆV oãOçv¡

kqLo¡w]¨OSÒLSuL DkSpLY]¨OÐ kh-°t

- L-e]-v.

1.7.2.5. v]Swxekh°¥
oãVV kh°tORa A¡ÀR¾ v]Swx]Õ]¨OÐ khoLeV v]SwxeU. Jf]Rj

v]Swx]Õ]¨OÐOSvL AfV v]SwxvOU IÍORWLºV v]Swx]Õ]¨OÐOSvL AfV

v]SwxevOoLeV. JRfLqOvyVfOv]Rj v]Swx]Õ]¨LjOU jLU v]Swxe

kh°RtpLeV Bèp]¨OW.

28