INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY FINALS

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY

Personality
★ Originated from the Latin word persona which is referred to as the
theatrical masks worn by Roman actors in Greek Dramas.
★ There is no single definition that is acceptable to all personality theorists.
★ According to Feist & Feist (2018), personality is a pattern of relatively
permanent traits and unique characteristics.

Traits
★ It contributes to individual differences in behavior.
★ Referred to as the consistency of behavior over time.
★ Stability of behavior across situations.
★ It can be unique, common or shared with the entire species but its pattern is
unique and different from each individual.
★ 5-10 traits per person or depende.
★ Laging may naiiba.

Characteristics
★ These are unique qualities of a person which includes attributes such as
temperament, physique, or intelligence.
★ Physiological features of an individual.
★ Masculine/feminine.
★ Characteristics + traits = Personality.

Theory
★ It is a tool that is used to generate research and organized observations but
neither truth nor fact has a place in scientific terminology.
★ It is a set of related assumptions that allows scientists to use logical
deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypotheses.
★ Hindi pa s’ya considered as law.
★ In Psychology, hindi lahat ng psychotherapy ay effective.

1
INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY FINALS

Assumption
★ A realistic expectation which is something that we believe is true.
★ An act of faith which does not have empirical evidence to support.
★ A thing that is accepted as true or certain even without proof.
★ Hindi hard fact/s.
★ Ito ang bumubuo sa theory.
★ Beliefs.

Examples of Assumptions:
1. There are supernatural powers which govern this universe.
2. Coronary artery disease is more common among urban people rather than
rural people.
3. Regular prayers bring success because it boosts morale.
4. Almighty God exists everywhere in this universe.

CONCEPT OF HUMANITY
★ These dimensions for the concept of humanity are the basis of how the
theories are grouped into five major perspectives of Psychology.

1. Determinism vs Freewill

Determinism
★ People’s behavior is determined by forces or motives which they have no
control of, such as their past experiences.
★ Unconscious.
★ Childhood experiences.
★ Yung behavior natin ngayon ay dahil daw sa childhood experience natin.
★ Wala tayong kakayahan mag-behave according to our will.

2
INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY FINALS

Freewill
★ It is about people’s ability to be what they wish to be.

2. Pessimism vs Optimism

Pessimism
★ People are doomed to live miserable, conflicted, and troubled lives.
★ Negative.

Optimism
★ People change and grow into psychologically healthy, happy, and fully
functioning individuals.
★ Positive.

3. Causality vs Teleology

Causality
★ Holds that behavior is a function of past experience.
★ Cause.
★ Kaya ganito ang behavior natin dahil sa mga past experiences natin.

Teleology
★ Explanation of behavior in terms of future goals and purposes.
★ Present/future.

4. Conscious vs Unconscious

Conscious
★ People are ordinarily aware of what they are doing and why they are doing it.

Unconscious
★ It forces impinge on people and drives them to act without awareness.

3
INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY FINALS

5. Biological vs Social Influences

Biological
★ A personal characteristic or trait is a result of heredity.
★ Hormones.
★ Generous ang adrenal glands.

Social Influences
★ People’s behavior is environmentally determined and shaped by social
relationships.

6. Uniqueness vs Similarities

Uniqueness
★ Study of personality should focus on an individual's uniqueness.

Similarities
★ Study of personality should focus on how people’s behaviors are similar to
each other.

PERSPECTIVES IN PERSONALITY
PERSPECTIVE PRIMARY ASSUMPTIONS KEY FIGURES

Psychodynamic ➢ Early years of life most ★ Sigmund Freud

(1st Force) shape personality. ★ Alfred Adler
★ Carl Jung
➢ Unconscious concepts are ★ Melanie Klein
most important. ★ Karen Horney
★ Erik Erikson
➢ Neurosis results from ★ Erich Fromm
unhealthy moving toward,
against and away.

Behavioral, Social ➢ The only explanation of ★ Albert Bandura

Learning & Social behavior is that conditions ★ B.F. Skinner

4
INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY FINALS

Cognitive create behavior. ★ Ivan Pavlov

(2nd Force)
➢ Learning occurs through
association and
consequences of
behaviors.

➢ Learning also occurs

through succeeding or
failing or watching other
people succeed or fail.

➢ Consequences- classical &

operant conditioning.

➢ Kaya raw i-control yung

behavior.

Humanistic & ➢ People strive to live a ➢ Abraham

Existential meaningful and a happy Maslow
(3rd Force) life. ➢ Carl Rogers
➢ Rollo May
➢ People are motivated by ➢ Victor Frankl
growth and psychological
health.

➢ Personality is shaped by
freedom of choice,
response to anxiety, and
awareness of death.

➢ Lahat ng tao ay may free

will.

➢ Kahit gaano ka pangit ang

ugali,kung magbabago,
magbabago ka.

➢ Kung gusto magbago,

magbabago ang isang tao.

Dispositional (Trait) ➢ People are predisposed to ★ Gordon Allport

5
INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY FINALS

(4th Force) behave in unique and ★ Hans Eysenck

consistent ways; they have ★ McCrae &
unique traits. Costa

➢ There are different

numbers of dimensions in
human personality.

➢ Influenced by their own

traits.

Cognitive ➢ Personality develops as an ★ George Kelly

(5th Force) interaction between ★ Jean Piaget
internal and external
choices.

➢ The cognitive constructs

we develop to perceive the
world and others mold our
personalities.

➢ Pinakabago na force.

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

The Story of Cinderella (Moral of the Story)

★ We should accept the power of situation because:
➢ Decide our possibilities.
➢ Decide our behavior.
➢ Decide how other people will treat you.

Social Psychology
★ It is a science that studies the influences of our situations, with special
attention to how we view and affect one another.
★ It is the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to
one another.

6
INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY FINALS

★ The study of how people in society interact, think, and influence other
people.
★ How we influence and affect other people.
★ Paano tayo naaapektuhan at paano tayo nakakaapekto?

Sociology
★ The study of people in groups and societies.
★ Studies societies as a whole.

Central Concepts in Social Psychology:

1. We construct our social reality.
★ We have freedom to create our social reality.
★ Tayo lang ang gumagawa ng mga norms and practices.
★ Hindi lahat ng sinasabi ng society ay tama.
★ Social Reality- pagkaka-interpret mo personally; tayo ang
gumagawa nito; maraming mga tao ang hirap hirap paunawaan dahil
sila ay close-minded.
2. Our social intuitions are often powerful but sometimes, perilous.
★ Perilous- means dangerous.
★ Nakakasama ito.
Social Intuitions
★ Same lang sa gut feeling.
★ Instinct- biological approach.
★ Snap judgment or initial impressions about something or someone.
★ Nakaka-affect ito sa behavior.

Example 1:
➢ Yung impression mo sa kanya ay hindi siya gagawa ng mabuti.
➢ Punang puna mo lahat ng ginagawa niya.
➢ Kahit hindi big deal, ginagawa mong big deal.

Example 2:
➢ Positive outlook or benefit of the doubt.
➢ Tingin mo mapagkakatiwalaan agad and such.

7
INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY FINALS

3. Social influences shape our behavior.

★ Nature VS Nurture– mas lamang si Nurture.
★ Paano matututo ang isang individual kung niya ito makikita?

4. Personal attitudes and dispositions also shape behavior.

★ Medyo play safe si Social Psych.
★ It is not always the other people.
★ We have the freedom to act on our own because we have our free
will.

5. Social behavior is biologically rooted.

★ May ginagawa tayong behavior na namana natin sa ancestors.
★ Natututunan natin kahit walang nagtuturo because of the instincts.

Example:
➢ Mating or having sex.
➢ Aggression to other people.
➢ Sharing and caring to other people.
➢ Mother’s instinct.

6. Social psychology principles are applicable in everyday life.

What do we study in Social Psychology?

1. Social Thinking
★ How we perceive ourselves and others (or Perception).
★ What we believe (or Beliefs).
★ Judgments we make.
★ Our attitudes (or Attitudes).

2. Social Influence
★ Culture.
★ Pressure to conform (or Pressures).
★ Persuasion.
★ Groups of people (or People).

8
INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY FINALS

3. Social Relations
★ Prejudice.
★ Aggression.
★ Attraction and intimacy.
★ Helping.

Filipino Psychology

1. Hiya
★ Shame.
★ Shyness, timidity, embarrassment, sensitivity to others.

2. Utang na Loob
★ “Debt of Gratitude”, reciprocity.

3. Pakikisama
★ Conformity, being/going along with.

4. Kapwa
★ Shared identity, outsider (ibang tao), or one-of-us (hindi ibang tao).
★ Hindi ibang tao- araw araw nakakasalamuha; eto yung nasa circle
mo.
★ Ibang tao- hindi mo kilala pero you considered as “kapwa”; e.g.,
Kapwa Pilipino.

5. Pakikiramdam
★ Sensitivity or heightened awareness, empathy.

9
INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY FINALS

ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

HISTORY
Demonology
★ The doctrine that an evil being or spirit can dwell within a person and control
his mind and body thereby can be treated by exorcism, the ritualistic
casting out of evil.
★ Noong unang panahon, they believed na sinapian yung mga may mental
disorder.

Trephination
★ It involves cutting holes on the skull in the belief that evil spirits may come
out.
★ Binubutas or din-drain yung bungo.
★ Sa bungo raw ng tao nananalagi yung spirit.

Hydrotherapy
★ Patients were shocked back to their senses by being submerged in ice-cold
water.
★ Isu-submerge sa sobrang malamig na tubig yung tao.
★ Pag-ahon daw, babalik na sila sa normal behavior.

Dark Ages
★ The Church gained influence and the papacy was declared independent of
the state.
★ Christian monasteries replaced physicians as healers and as authorities on
mental disorders.
★ Monks cared and prayed for mentally ill; concocted potions.
★ Also known as the Middle Ages.
★ Aware na sila sa mental disorder/s.
★ Nagkaroon ng independence yung Church kaya pinasa sa Church yung
pangangalaga sa mga may mental disorder.
★ Monghe- sila yung nag take over.

10
INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY FINALS

Persecution of Witches
★ Witchcraft was viewed as instigated by Satan, and was seen as a denial of
God.
★ Those accused of witchcraft should be tortured.
★ Historians concluded that many of the accused were mentally ill.
★ Naniniwala sila na witch yung mga may mental disorder.
★ Tinotorture sila.

Lunacy Trials
★ Municipal authorities assumed responsibility for care of mentally ill.
★ Trials held to determine sanity.
★ They attribute insanity to the misalignment of the moon and stars.
★ Napunta na sa Municipal authorities yung pangangalaga.
★ Lunatic patients ang tawag noon.
★ Luna means moon.

Development of Asylums
★ Asylums are establishments for the confinement and care of mentally ill.
★ St. Mary of Bethlem (1243) is one of the first mental institutions.
★ St. Mary of Bethlem also known as Bedlam.
★ It was a monastery before.
★ In 1547, it was converted into an asylum.
★ Ang mga asylums nung una ay walang kama kaya tinatali or ginagapos yung
mga patients noon sa poste lalo yung mga aggressive patients.

FOUNDATION OF BIOLOGICAL APPROACH (HISTORY)

Eugenics
★ Promotion of enforced sterilization to eliminate undesirable characteristics
from the population or to breed out people with mental disorders.
★ Came from the word “genetics”.
★ Bin-breed out nila yung mga taong may disorder.
★ Ikukulong or ii-isolate yung patient at hindi na magkaka-asawa or anak.
★ Naniniwala na kapag nagkaanak ka at may disorder ka, mamamana ‘yun ng
anak mo.

11
INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY FINALS

Insulin-Coma Therapy
★ By Manfred Sakel (1927).
★ Clients will be injected with a high dosage of insulin to be comatosed then
recover.
★ Maco-comatose sila at kapag na-comatose, babalik daw ito sa dati.
★ Insulin- may average amount lang sa katawan natin.
★ Moderate lang ang dapat na bigayan sa isang patient ng diabetes.
★ Pwedeng mamatay kapag nasobrahan.
★ Mas mataas ang failure ng therapy na ‘to compare sa success rate.

Electroconvulsive Therapy
★ By Cerletti and Bini (1938).
★ Induced epileptic seizures with electric shock.
★ Mangingisay yung patient at naniniwala pa rin sila na babalik ito sa dati.
★ Ngayon, minimal level of shock na lang ang binibigay at ito ay hindi
nararamdaman ng patient.
★ Electric shock na lang para mabuhay ang ibang parts ng brain.

Prefrontal Lobotomy
★ By Egas Moniz (1935).
★ Often lead to listlessness, apathy, and lack of cognitive abilities.
★ Referred nowadays as medical barbarism.
★ Leukotom na hawig ng ice pick ang ginagamit.
★ Pinapasok sa butas ng mata yung Leukotom.
★ Ipo-poke yung frontal lobe at tatanggalin yung ibang nerves para
mag-function normally.
★ Frontal lobe ay for thinking process.
★ Conscious and no anesthesia ang patient.

Mental Disorder
★ It is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an
individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a
dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes
underlying mental functioning.
★ There is usually significant distress or disability in social or occupational
activities.
12
INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY FINALS

★ The diagnosis of a mental disorder should have clinical utility; it should

help clinicians to determine prognosis and treatment plans.
★ The diagnosis of a mental disorder is not equivalent to a need for treatment.
★ Critical process ito dahil walang equipment na magsasabi na may mental
disorder ka.
★ Hindi basta basta nagla-label ng mental disorder.
★ Example: Hindi porket super lungkot ng isang individual, ito ay may disorder
na. Pwede siya maging super malungkot pero kung nakakapag function
naman siya normally and nagagawa niya yung routine niya everyday, siya ay
considered as wala pang mental disorder.
★ May sinusunod na diagnosis or criteria for labeling mental disorders.

Diagnoses are made on the basis of:

➢ The clinical interview
➢ DSM-5 text descriptions
➢ DSM-5 criteria
➢ Clinician judgement

STEPS IN MAKING A DIAGNOSIS

1. Administer cross-cutting assessments

Cross-cutting Assessments
★ Battery of tests.
★ Hindi enough yung 1 test lang.
★ 7-10 tests (intelligence, aptitude, personality, projection, etc.)
★ RPm- objective test lang yung pwedeng ibigay such as intelligence,
personality, and aptitude test.

2. Administer WHODAS 2.0

★ WHODAS- World Health Organization Disability Assessment Session

3. Conduct clinical interview

★ Dito masusukat ang pagiging magaling na clinician.
★ Investigation or asking questions.
★ Magkwento or dapat hindi ma-disclose yung questions.

13
INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY FINALS

★ Dapat hindi nali-limit yung sagot.

★ Find the deep-rooted reasons to know the conflicts.
★ What is the cause?

4. Determine whether a diagnostic threshold is met

★ Ano ang result ng interview?
★ Dapat nare-record dahil ico-compare sa DSM-5.
★ Dapat lahat ng full criteria ay ma-met.
★ Letter A to letter F ang criteria.
★ Kahit isa lang ang mawala, hindi ‘yun counted.

5. Consider subtypes and/or specifiers

★ ‘Yung may mga PTSD, may specifier na late dumadating.
★ After 6 months pa ito usually lumalabas.
★ PTSD with delayed expression— considered as a specifier.

6. Consider contextual information, disorder text, distress, clinician judgment

★ Dito magde-decide ng diagnosis.

7. Apply codes and develop a treatment plan.

★ Magbibigay na ng treatment plan.

DEFINING A MENTAL DISORDER: 4 “Ds”

1. Personal Distress
★ A person’s behavior may be classified as disordered if it causes him
great distress or unpleasant feelings or emotions that impact level of
functioning.
★ This psychological discomfort interferes with daily activities and
functioning.
★ May isang behavior na nagca-cause ng distress.
★ Emotional burden.

14
INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY FINALS

★ Extreme feelings of emotional behavior.

★ Extremities of emotions.

2. Psychological Dysfunction
★ This is the point at which a person has a significant impairment in a
life area, such as work, home, interpersonal or social life is impaired.
★ In the addictions world, this is often called “hitting rock bottom”.
★ Hindi na ginagawa yung routine everyday.

3. Danger
★ Behaviors are detrimental or may cause harm to the person or people
around them.
★ Danger towards the self or to other people.
★ They have no guilt or remorse for other people.
★ People with eating disorders like Anorexia Nervosa– it can be fatal to
the person because they are not conserving foods.

4. Deviance
★ Hindi lahat ay considered as abnormal.

There are 2 different types:

a. Statistical Deviance
★ It means that the behavior does not occur often in society.
★ It is not considered abnormal.

b. Social Deviance
★ It means that most people in the community find the behavior to be
“odd”.

15
INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY FINALS

★ Neither of these by themself is enough for something to be abnormal.

★ Eccentric- strange behavior of an individual.
★ May kanya kanyang norms.
★ Normal sa ’tin, abnormal sa kanila; abnormal sa ’tin, normal sa kanila.

Clinical Description
★ Psychological result.

❖ Presents
★ The presenting problem of the client.
★ Reason ng client mo kung bakit siya nagpunta sa ‘yo.
★ Unang una na nilalagay.

❖ Prevalence
★ How many people in the population as a whole have the disorder?
★ Ilan sa population yung merong disorder na ganito?
★ Nasa DSM-5 and not all the time ay may prevalence.

❖ Incidence
★ How many new cases occur during a given period, such as a year?
★ Ilan bagong cases in every specific period of time?

❖ Onset
★ How did the disorder begin?

a. Acute Onset
★ Sudden onset.

16
INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY FINALS

★ Biglaang symptoms like schizophrenia– psychotic symptoms:

hallucinations & delusions.

b. Insidious Onset
★ Gradual Onset.
★ Matagal na like personality disorder– paranoid, OCD, narcissistic.
★ Yung pattern of behavior ay nag-start na nung bata pa.

❖ Course
★ Disorder follows a somewhat individual pattern.

Chronic Course
★ The disorder will last for a long time or sometimes, a lifetime.
★ Schizophrenia- palala ng palala.
★ Nagbibigay na lang ng treatment para ma-manage yung disorder pero never
na ‘tong mawawala.

Episodic Course
★ The client will likely recover from a disorder within a few months but may
reoccur.
★ Mood disorder.
★ Pwede gumaling ngayon, after few months ay babalik.

Time-limited Course
★ The disorder will improve without treatment.
★ Sa ibang bansa meron.
★ Depressed during winter pero after that season, babalik na s’ya sa dati.
★ No need for treatment.

❖ Etiology
★ What is the origin of the disorder?
★ What are the factors that contributed to the development of the
disorder?
★ Anong reason or saan nagsimula?
★ Ito yung may glass of water na diagram sa pagco-compare ng genetic
material at stress level.
★ Gaano kalala yung genetic material sa stress na naranasan?

17
INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY FINALS

➢ May schizophrenia yung nanay at anak.

➢ May other problems pa like divorce kaya tataas yung stress
level.
➢ Walang schizophrenia pero hindi maganda yung past
experiences kaya mataas ang stress level (another example).

❖ Treatment Development
★ What kind of treatment can help to alleviate the
psychological-suffering?
★ Kinds of treatment include pharmacologic, psychosocial,
psychotherapy, or combined treatments.
★ Hindi goal ang mapawala ang disorder.
★ Ina-align ang treatment sa symptoms para ma-manage yung
symptoms.

Medical
★ We give medications/drugs.
★ Hindi advisable na ayun lang ang ibibigay.

❖ Prognosis
★ The anticipated course of a disorder which can be good or guarded.
★ From the word “progress”.
★ Ano ang progress ng disorder ng pasyente mo?

a. Good Prognosis
★ It means the client may recover easily.
★ Maki-cooperate ka lang para ikaw ay gumaling agad.

b. Guarded Prognosis
★ It means the client may recover but gradually.
★ Hindi nakiki-cooperate kasi hindi iniinom yung gamot; gagaling pero
hindi agad agad.

18
INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY FINALS

2 CLUSTERS OF MENTAL DISORDERS

❖ Internalizing Group
★ Disorder with prominent anxiety, depressive, and somatic symptoms.
★ Symptoms ay nasa isip lang.

❖ Externalizing Group
★ Disorders with prominent impulsive, disruptive conduct, and
substance use symptoms.
★ Highly observable.
★ Nananakit, impulsive, drugs, alcohol.

CATEGORIES OF DISORDERS IN DSM-5

1. Neurodevelopmental Disorders
★ According to the age.
★ Sakit ng mga bata like ADHD, autism, motor disorders.

2. Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders

3. Bipolar and Related Disorders

★ Bipolar 1, Bipolar 2, NDD, Anxiety Disorders, Agoraphobia, General Anxiety
Disorder, Social Anxiety Disorder.

4. Depressive Disorders

5. Anxiety Disorders

6. Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

7. Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders

★ Adjustment Stress Disorder, Acute Stress Disorder

8. Dissociative Disorders

9. Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

10. Feeding and Eating Disorders
19
INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY FINALS

11. Elimination Disorders

12. Sleep-Wake Disorders

13. Sexual Dysfunctions

14. Gender Dysphoria

15. Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders

16. Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders

17. Neurocognitive Disorders

18. Personality Disorders

19. Paraphilic Disorders

20. Other Mental Disorders

20