TOPIC 2

FORCE VECTOR
 FORCE VECTOR
O SCALAR:
- Any positive or negative physical quantity that can
be completely specified by its magnitude.

∂ VECTOR:
- Any physical quantity that requires both magnitude
and a direction.
 VECTOR OPERATION
O VECTOR ADDITION

i. Parallelogram Law

A
A A
R

B B
B
R=A+B
(parallelogram law)
 VECTOR OPERATION
O VECTOR ADDITION

i. Triangle Rule

A
A
R

B R=A+B
(triangle rule)
 VECTOR OPERATION
O VECTOR SUBTRACTION

i. Parallelogram Law

A
Parallel line of - B

R
A
-B
B
R=A-B
 VECTOR OPERATION
O VECTOR SUBTRACTION

i. Triangle Construction

A
-B

R A
B R=A-B
(triangle rule)
Maths Revision
 Work Example 1
Consider two forces of magnitude 5N and 7N
acting on a particle, with an angle of 900
between them. What is the magnitude and
direction of the resultant force?

5N

7N
 Work Example 2
O The screw eye in figure below is subjected to
two forces F1 and F2. Determine the
magnitude and direction of the resultant
force.

100

150
 Work Example 3
O Resolve the horizontal 600lb force in figure below into
components acting along the u and v axes and determine
the magnitude of these components.

u
300

300
0
600 lb
0

v
Exercise 1
Addition of System of Coplanar Forces
O Scalar Notation
y

F
Fy

θ x
Fx

F = Fx + Fy

Fx= F cos θ, Fy= F sin θ

Addition of System of Coplanar Forces

F
Fy a

b
c

Fx
𝐹𝑥 𝑎 𝐹𝑦 𝑏
= =
𝐹 𝑐 𝐹 𝑐

𝑎 𝑏
𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹
𝑐 𝑐
Cartersian Vector Notation
j

Can express as a Cartesian vector:

F = Fx i + Fy j
Coplanar Force Resultants
F2 F2y F1y F1
F2x F1x

F3x

F3y
F3

Cartesian vector:
F1 = F1x i + F1y j
F2 = - F2x i + F2y j
F3 = F3x i - F3y j
 Coplanar Force Resultants
O The vector resultant is therefore:

FR = F1 + F2 + F3
FR = ( F1x i + F1y j) + (-F2x i + F2y j) + (F3x i - F3y j)
FR = (F1x - F2x - F3x ) i + (F1y + F2y - F3y ) j
FR = (FRx ) i + (FRy ) j

So, FRx = Ʃ Fx FRy = Ʃ Fy

 Coplanar Force Resultants
FR
FRy

θ
x
FRx

Magnitude of Force Resultant:

FR = √(FRx)2 +(FRy )2
FRy
−1
Direction of Force Resultant, θ = tan ( )
FR𝑋
 Work Example 4
O Determine the x and y components of F1 and
F2 acting on the boom shown in figure below.
Express each force as a Cartesian Vector.
F1= 200N
300

5 13

12

F2 = 260N
 Work Example 5
O The link in figure below is subjected to two
forces F1 and F2. Determine the magnitude
and direction of the resultant force.

F2= 400N F1 = 600N

450
300
Work Example 6
Right Handed Coordinate
System
Rectangular Components of a Vector

A = Ax+ Ay + Az
Cartesian Unit Vectors
Cartesian Unit Vectors
A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k
Magnitude of a Cartesian
Vector:

A = √(Ax2 + Ay2 + Az2 )

Direction:
Cartesian Unit Vectors
Cartesian Unit Vectors
Cartesian Unit Vectors
 Unit Vector
Unit vector can be expressed as:
 Unit Vector
Since the magnitude of a vector is equal to the positive square
root of the sum of the squares of the magnitude of its
components and uA has a magnitude of one, then from the above
equation an important relation between the direction can be
formulated as
 Unit Vector
Finally, if the magnitude and coordinate direction angles of A
are known, the A may be expressed in Cartesian vector form
as:
 Unit Vector
O Express the force F shown in Fig. 2–30 as a
Cartesian vector.
Addition of a Cartesian Vector
Addition of a Cartesian Vector
The force resultant is the vector sum of
all the forces in the system and can be
written as:
 Work Example 7
Determine the magnitude and the coordinate
direction angles of the resultant force acting on the
ring:
 Work Example 8
Express the force as a Cartesian Vector.
O Solution eg 8:

Magnitude of force F = 500 N

F= 𝐹𝑥2 + 𝐹𝑦2 + 𝐹𝑧2
α = 600
β=?,
γ = 600
 𝐹𝑥 𝐹𝑥
cos α = , cos 600 = ,
𝐹 500
𝐹𝑥 = 500 cos 600
𝐹𝑥 = 250 N

𝐹𝑍
cos γ = 600 =
𝐹
𝐹𝑍 = 500 cos 600
𝐹𝑍 = 250 N
F= 𝐹𝑥2 + 𝐹𝑦2 + 𝐹𝑧2
500 = 2502 + 𝐹𝑦2 + 2502
𝐹𝑦 = 353.6 N

So cartesian vector:

F = ( -250 i + 353.6 j + 250 k )

 POSITION VECTOR
O A position vector r is defined as a fixed vector which
locates a point in space relative to another point.
O For example, if r extends from the origin of
coordinates, O, to point P(x, y, z), then r can be
expressed in Cartesian vector form as
r=xi+yj+zk
 POSITION VECTOR

For vector addition;

rA + r = rB
r = rB - rA = ( xB i + yB j + zB k) - ( xA i + yA j + zA k)

r = (xB – xA ) i + (yB – yA) j + ( zB – zA) k

O An elastic rubber band is attached to points
A and B as shown in Fig. 2–37a. Determine
its length and its direction measured from A
toward B.
O the coordinates of the tail A(1 m, 0, –3 m)
O the coordinates of the head B(–2 m, 2 m, 3 m),
so,
r = (xB – xA ) i + (yB – yA) j + ( zB – zA) k
r = [-2 m - 1 m]i + [2 m - 0] j + [3 m - (-3 m)]k
= -3i + 2j + 6k m
The length of the rubber band is therefore;
r = √(-3 )2 + (2 )2 + (6 )2 = 7 m
O the coordinate direction angles;
 Force Vector Directed Along a Line
Quite often in three-dimensional statics problems, the
direction of a force is specified by two points through which
its line of action passes. Such a situation is shown in Fig. 2–
38, where the force F is directed along the cord AB. We can
formulate F as a Cartesian vector by realizing that it has the
same direction and sense as the position vector r directed
from point A to point B on the cord. This common direction
𝐫
is specified by the unit vector u= . Hence,
𝑟
 Example
The man shown in Fig. below pulls on the cord with a force of 70 lb.
Represent this force acting on the support A as a Cartesian vector
and determine its direction.
O Steps:
1. Determine the coordinate of point A dan
point B:
2. Calculate position vector r
3. Calculate magnitude r
4. Calculate unit vector u,
5. Calculate the coordinate direction angles
6. Finally, the magnitude of the force is
combined with its direction, F = Fu.
O Solution:
1. Determine the coordinate of point A dan point
B:
Point A = ( 0, 0, 30)
Point B = (12, -8, 6)

2. Calculate position vector r

r = rB – rA = (12 – 0)i + (-8 – 0)j + (6 – 30)k
= (12i – 8j – 24k)
3. Calculate magnitude r;

r = √(12)2 + (-8 )2 + (-24 )2 = 28 ft

4. Calculate unit vector u,

𝒓 12 𝑖 −8𝑗 −24𝑘 𝟏𝟐 𝟖 𝟐𝟒
u= = = 𝒊 − 𝒋 − 𝒌
𝑟 28 𝟐𝟖 𝟐𝟖 𝟐𝟖
5. Calculate the coordinate direction angles
12
𝛼 = cos −1 ( )
28
−1 8
β = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )
28
24
γ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
28
6. Finally, the magnitude of the force is combined
with its direction, F = Fu.
12 8 24
F = Fu = 70 ( 𝑖 − 𝑗 − 𝑘)= (30i – 20j -60k) lb
28 28 28
EXERCISE
EXERCISE