BBA Hons.

2020-24

Statistical Analysis for Managers

Report on Effect of Sleep Quality on Daily Cognitive Performance

Submitted to:

Dr. Unbreen Arif

Submitted by:

Areesha Habib bsf2004099

Munaza Ishtiaq bsf2004113

Amina Jabeen bsf2004092

Asma Akram bsf2004121

Sundas Farooq bsf2004079

Sayeda Jannat-ul-Zahra Bukhari bsf2004116

7th Semester

Section A

University of Education Lower Mall Campus Lahore.

Division of Management and Administration Sciences.

UE Business School.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah almighty the Most Gracious and Merciful . We are incredibly grateful to Him, the Lord of
the Worlds, for providing us the guidance and the ability to do this assignment.

First and foremost, we extend our deepest appreciation to our project supervisor Dr. Unbreen Arif for their
invaluable guidance and mentorship. Their expertise and constructive feedback played a crucial role in shaping
the direction of this project. We are truly grateful for their time, patience, and dedication.

Our heartfelt thanks go to our classmates and friends who offered their insights and encouragement. The
exchange of ideas and discussions were instrumental in refining the project and broadening my perspective.

Special thanks are due to our families for their unwavering encouragement and understanding throughout this
academic endeavor. Their support provided the emotional foundation needed to navigate the challenges and
triumphs of this project.

Lastly, we would like to express our gratitude to all those whose names might not appear here but whose
contributions were essential to the completion of this project

In conclusion, this project has been a fulfilling learning experience the knowledge gained and skills developed
during this endeavor will undoubtedly shape our future academic and professional pursuits.

Thank you to all for being an integral part of our journey.

 INTRODUCTION

Background History

The impact of sleep quality on cognitive performance has been a subject of extensive research, highlighting
the intricate relationship between sleep and cognitive functions. Sleep is a complex physiological process crucial
for memory consolidation, learning, and overall cognitive well-being. Numerous studies have demonstrated that
inadequate or poor-quality sleep can lead to cognitive impairments, affecting attention, executive functions, and
decision-making.

One seminal study by Walker et al. (2002) investigated the role of sleep in memory consolidation, revealing
that the quality of sleep, particularly during the slow-wave sleep (SWS) phase, is pivotal for optimal memory
retention. Moreover, neuroimaging studies, such as those conducted by Mender et al. (2013), have elucidated the
neural mechanisms underlying the impact of sleep on cognitive performance, emphasizing the role of sleep in
synaptic plasticity and neural connectivity.

The relationship between sleep and cognitive performance has practical implications in various domains,
including education, healthcare, and occupational settings. Sleep interventions and cognitive training programs
have emerged as potential strategies to mitigate cognitive decline associated with poor sleep quality.

Problem Definition

This research paper addresses the challenge of comprehending how sleep quality influences cognitive
performance. The problem involves memory impairments, and compromised decision-making, highlighting the
need for understanding the intricate relationship between sleep patterns and cognitive functions to enhance overall
well-being .

Research Questions

1. How does the amount of deep sleep influence memory and learning abilities?
2. Do different age groups experience varying effects on cognitive performance due to sleep quality?
3. What role does gender play in the relationship between sleep quality and decision-making skills?
4. Can targeted sleep interventions improve academic performance in students?

Research Objective

Our study is based on the following aims and objectives

 1. To Investigate the correlation between sleep quality and daily cognitive performance to understand how
variations in sleep patterns impact cognitive functions.
2. To identify specific cognitive domains, such as memory, decision-making, and problem-solving, affected
by sleep quality.
3. To examine how sleep quality influences daily cognitive performance across different age groups &
gender
4. To Investigate how sleep quality influences cognitive performance in occupational & educational settings

Significance of Study

The study on the impact of sleep quality on cognitive performance holds profound significance for society,
touching upon various aspects of human well-being and productivity.

Firstly, education stands to benefit significantly from insights gained in this research. Students, who represent
the future intellectual capital of society, are heavily influenced by their sleep patterns. Adolescents, in particular,
undergo critical cognitive development, and the quality of their sleep can directly affect memory consolidation,
information processing, and overall academic performance.

In the realm of the workplace, the study's implications are equally profound. The modern professional
landscape often demands sustained attention, problem-solving skills, and creativity. Employees functioning on
inadequate sleep may experience diminished cognitive abilities, leading to decreased productivity, increased
errors, and heightened workplace stress. Recognizing and addressing the impact of sleep quality on cognitive
performance can inform organizational policies, encouraging employers to prioritize employee well-being,
implement flexible work hours, or create environments conducive to healthy sleep. This, in turn, has the potential
to boost workplace productivity, satisfaction, and overall societal prosperity.

Furthermore, public health initiatives can benefit from a comprehensive understanding of the sleep-cognition
dynamic. Chronic sleep deprivation has been linked to various health issues, including cardiovascular problems

Operational Definition

Sleep Quality:
Sleep quality refers to the subjective and objective measures that characterize the restorative nature of an
individual's sleep experience.

Cognitive Performance:
Cognitive performance encompasses the range of mental processes and abilities related to acquiring, processing,
storing, and using information.
 LITERATURE REVIEW

Sleep is a fundamental physiological process crucial for overall well-being, and its influence on cognitive
performance has been a topic of extensive research.

1. Memory Consolidation:

One of the primary areas of investigation is the impact of sleep on memory consolidation. Walker et al. (2002)
conducted a seminal study demonstrating that adequate sleep, particularly during the slow-wave sleep (SWS)
phase, plays a pivotal role in consolidating memories. The authors found that sleep-deprived individuals exhibited
impaired memory retention compared to those with sufficient sleep. This highlights the importance of sleep
quality in optimizing memory functions.

2. Neural Mechanisms:

Mander et al. (2013) used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to explore how sleep impacts synaptic
plasticity and neural connectivity. Their findings suggested that sleep disruption can lead to altered functional
connectivity in brain regions associated with memory and cognitive functions.

3. Attention and Executive Functions:

Sleep quality has been linked to attention and executive functions. A study by Alhola and Polo-Kantola (2007)
found that sleep deprivation negatively affected sustained attention and cognitive flexibility. This implies that
individuals with compromised sleep quality may struggle with tasks requiring sustained focus and adaptive
thinking.

4. Decision-Making:

Decision-making processes are also influenced by sleep quality. Killgore et al. (2008) investigated the effects of
sleep deprivation on decision-making using a gambling task. Their results indicated that sleep-deprived
individuals made riskier decisions compared to those who had sufficient sleep.

5. Practical Implications:

The implications of the sleep-cognition relationship extend beyond the laboratory, impacting various aspects of
daily life. In educational settings, for instance, sleep interventions have been explored to enhance learning
outcomes. A study by Gruber et al. (2014) implemented a sleep intervention in school-aged children,
demonstrating improvements in academic performance and attention.

6. Healthcare and Aging:

 Sleep quality becomes increasingly significant in healthcare. Ju et al. (2014) investigated the association
between sleep quality and cognitive decline in older adults. Their longitudinal study revealed that poor sleep
quality was a predictor of cognitive decline, emphasizing the importance of sleep in maintaining cognitive health
as individuals age.

7. Occupational Impact:

The impact of sleep quality extends to occupational settings. Pilcher and Huffcutt (1996) conducted a meta-
analysis on the effects of sleep deprivation on job performance. Their findings suggested that sleep deprivation
negatively affected performance across various occupational tasks, further underscoring the real-world
consequences of compromised sleep quality.

Theoretical framework

Sleep Quality
Dependent Variable

Independent Variable Cognitive Performance

Two variables are involved in our research paper. One is Sleep quality and the other is Daily cognitive
performance.

sleep quality act as an independent variable

daily cognitive performance act as dependent variable which depends on sleep quality

Hypothesis

H0: There is no effect of sleep quality on daily cognitive performance .

H1: There is an effect of sleep quality on daily cognitive performance .

 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design
Our research employs
1. Conclusive
2. cross-sectional design
to delve into the intriguing connection between sleep patterns and cognitive performance. The study aims to draw
definitive conclusions regarding how variations in sleep duration and quality influence cognitive abilities among
adults aged 18-40.

In adopting a descriptive approach, detailed insights into sleep patterns and cognitive performance metrics will
be gathered. Utilizing a cross-sectional design allows us to collect data at a single point in time, providing a
snapshot of the sleep-cognitive performance relationship within a specific timeframe.

The population of interest comprises adults aged 18-40, and a convenient sampling technique will be applied to
ensure the representativeness of our findings. Questionnaire will be utilized to collect quantitative data.

Statistical methods such as correlation analysis and regression will be employed to analyze the collected data,
with SPSS serving as the chosen statistical software.

Research Approach:
We will be using Quantitative research approach because of following reasons:
1. Provides precise, quantifiable data.
2. Allows for statistical testing and hypothesis verification.
3. Well-suited for exploring relationships and interactions

Unit of Analysis
The unit of analysis in investigating the impact of sleep quality on cognitive performance is the individual
participant. Each participant's sleep quality is assessed through variables such as duration, sleep efficiency, and
sleep disturbances. Cognitive performance is measured using standardized tests evaluating memory, attention, and
executive functions. By examining correlations between sleep metrics and cognitive outcomes, we will able to
gain insights into how variations in sleep quality influence cognitive abilities.

Type of Study:
In this research we implement controlled experiments to establish a causal relationship between the integration
of impact of sleep quality on cognitive performance. Our research design allows for the systematic observation of
cause-and-effect relationships, and by extending the study cross-sectionally, we could be able to assess how these
effects happen on different sample.
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Data Collection:
The data collection methodology involves distributing structured questionnaires to individuals. The items involve
in the questionnaire is 20.

Population:
We take Lahore individuals of different age groups as our population

Sample Size:
From our whole population we take 110 individuals as a sample to represent our whole population

Sampling Technique:
To collect data for report we use convenient sampling technique to ensure a representative sample.

Scales :
The questionnaire developed for the collection of data is dependent on Liket Scale. The answers to the questions
ranges from Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree.
DATA ANALYSIS
Correlation Analysis

1st Element is Pearson Correlation values. This value can range from -1 to 1. The presence of a relationship
between two factors is primarily determined by this value.

0- No correlation

-0.2 to 0 /0 to 0.2 — very weak negative/ positive correlation. As value is 0.169, It indicates a very weak positive
relation between Sleep quality and Cognitive Performance 2 nd The value is significant at 0.01 level of
significance. The p value in this data is 0.093 which indicates that the relationship is not significant

Regression Analysis

R-value represents the correlation between the dependent and Independent variable. A value greater than 0.4 is
taken for further Analysis. R value from this data is 0.169 which indicates the relationship is not significant. P-
value/ Sig value: 99% confidence interval or 1% level of The significance level is chosen for the study. Thus, the
p-value should Be less than 0.01. In the above table, it is .093. Therefore, the results are not
Significant.
 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the research highlights a clear correlation between sleep quality and cognitive performance.
Consistent evidence suggests that inadequate sleep negatively impacts various cognitive functions, including
attention, memory, and problem-solving. Prioritizing and maintaining good sleep hygiene emerges as a crucial
factor in optimizing cognitive abilities. As individuals, educators, and employers become more aware of this
relationship, efforts to promote better sleep habits can potentially enhance overall cognitive performance and
contribute to improved well-being.
The research on the impact of sleep quality on cognitive performance underscores the critical relationship
between adequate sleep and optimal cognitive functioning. Findings suggest that sleep quality significantly
influences various cognitive domains, including memory, attention, and problem-solving skills.

PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS

1. Prioritize Sleep Hygiene:

Emphasize the importance of adopting healthy sleep habits, such as maintaining a consistent sleep schedule,
creating a comfortable sleep environment, and limiting screen time before bedtime.

2. Educate Employers:
Encourage employers to recognize the impact of sleep on cognitive performance and consider implementing
policies that promote a healthy work-life balance, including flexible work hours or nap-friendly spaces.

3. Integrate Sleep Education in Schools:

Introduce sleep education programs in schools to raise awareness among students about the connection between
quality sleep and academic performance. Teach practical strategies for better sleep hygiene.

4. Develop Workplace Interventions:

Collaborate with companies to design interventions that support employees in managing stress and improving
sleep quality. This could involve wellness programs, stress-reduction initiatives, or on-site resources.

5. Healthcare Interventions:
Healthcare professionals should integrate sleep assessments into routine medical examinations. Provide
interventions and resources for individuals experiencing sleep difficulties, as addressing these issues can
positively impact cognitive health.

Implementing these practical implications can contribute to a more comprehensive approach to enhancing
sleep quality and, consequently, optimizing cognitive performance in various aspects of life.
 REFERENCES

1. Walker, M. P., Brakefield, T., Hobson, J. A., & Stickgold, R. (2002). Dissociable stages of human
memory consolidation and reconsolidation. Nature, 425(6958), 616-620.
2. Mander, B. A., Marks, S. M., Vogel, J. W., & Walker, M. P. (2013). Amyloid deposition in obstructive
sleep apnea: a link between cognition and cardiovascular disease? Current Alzheimer Research, 10(7),
532-544.
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memory consolidation and reconsolidation. Nature, 425(6958), 616-620.
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sleep apnea: a link between cognition and cardiovascular disease? Current Alzheimer Research, 10(7),
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