SBE SBE

SBE:46:3 understanding in the minds of others.

2. What do you mean by communication?
COMMUNICATION & INTERPERSONAL SKILL The word „communication‟ has been derived from the Latin word „ Communize„
which means common. Communication thus is the process of sharingfacts ideas and opinions
UNIT-I BASIC COMMUNICATION in common. Communication is said to take place when an individual conveys some
information to another.
Communication-Meaning and Definition - Medium of communication- Barriers to 3. What do you mean by Barriers to communication?
communication. Miscommunication can originate at three levels at the level of the transmitterof the medium or
UNIT-II LISTENING of the receiver. In technical parlance anything that obstructs free flow of communication is
Needs and advantages of listening – Active – Elements of active listening with reading – called noise or we many refer to it simply as a „barrier‟ to communication. In the present
Coherence of listening with reading & speaking. chapter we shall try to understand some of the major barriers and ways to overcome them.
UNIT-III SPEAKING 4. What do you mean by medium of communication?
Features of effective speech – Role Play –Conversation building –Topicpresentation – Whatever we want to communicate something we have variety of media to choose from oral,
Group discussion. written, visual, audio-visual computer based etc.. All thesemedia have their relative merits
UNIT-IV READING and demerits.
Comprehensive of Technical & non- Technical material – Skimming Scanning -Inferring
5. What is External communication?
guessing.
External communication includes communication with government agencies and departments
UNIT-V WRITING on the one hand and distributors, retailers, individual customerand general public on the

Writing effective sentences –cohesive writing-clarity & conciseness in writing –Resumes & other.

job applications. 6. Write any two merits oral communication?

• Oral message do not have any legal validity unless they are taped and made a part of
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permanent record,
SECTION-A
1. Define the term communication. • In oral messages, responsibilities for mistakes if any cannot be specifically assigned.

G.C BROWN: 7. What do you mean by upward communication?

The communication channel which pushes the flow of information upwards is known as the
Communication is the transfer of Information from one person to another whether or not it upward channel of communicate on. It is only recently that managers have come to recognize
elicits confidence but the information transferred must be understandable to the receiver. the important of upward communication.
8. What do you mean by Order?
ALLEN:
Order is an authoritative communication. It is a directive to somebody,always a subordinate to
Communication is the sum of all the things one person does when he wants to create
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do something to modify or alter the course of something heis already doing or not to External communication includes communication with government agencies and departments
organization, orders are absolutely necessary for it. The downward flow of information is on the one head and distributors, retailers, individual customers and general public on the
dominated by orders. others.
9. What is Information? • Government agencies and departments:
One of the most important objectives of communication is passing or receiving information Business organizations are required to deal with licensing authorities, foreign trade offices,
about a particular fact or circumstance. It can be done either through spoken or written customs authorities, banks and other financial institutions, income-tax and sales-tax offices,
language or by using any other system of signs or signals. post offices, transporters, etc. Quite frequently they find themselves in formidable and tricky
10. Write any two Important of Horizontal Communication? situations that can be handled only through tactful negotiation and is nothing but
1. Job co ordination 2.Decision making communication.
• Ad agencies distributors, retailers, individual customers, etc.
11. Write the communication skills?
Modern business is a highly competitive phenomenon. Each product of common
1. Written 2. Oral 3. Computer based 4.Audio and Visual communication
consumption is available in myriads of brands,not all of which sell equally well.
SECTION-B Marketing research has revealed that the organizations that can communicate better also sell
1. Write short note on: better. Sales are promoted through persuasion is another aspect of communication
a) Internal communication. b) External communication. 2. What is Information Planning?
a) Internal communication: Managers whose primary job is planning need detailed information of various kinds.
Effective Internal communication is considered important for thefollows. • Environmental Information:
Information about the political, social & economical condition; information about the cultural
• Batter co ordination:
milieu; geographic and climate information.
All the organizational activities are geared towards greater productivity, leading to increased
profitability and hence greater prosperity for one and all. This call for a concerted and co • Internal Information:
ordinate effort by all the departments. Greater harmony in team , work, quickerdecision- Information about the production & sales capacity of the organization; detailed information
making, quicker problem solving and quicker conflict resolution.
• Conducive work atmosphere: about the members of the staff. Their academic &professional qualifications their efficiency &

If there exists effective communication between the management and the employees, it helps reliability their limitations.etc….

to bring about an atmosphereof mutual trust and confidence. This mutual understanding is • Competition Information:

extremely beneficial to both the parties. The management gets better returns the employees Information about the rival companies and their products, their past & present performance.

getjob satisfaction. They also develop a senseof belonging and loyalty to the organization. 3. Explain the characteristics of an effective order.
• It must be clear and complete so that the person who receives the order knows exactly
b) External Communication:
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what to do how to do and when to do it.
• Its execution should be possible that is the person who has to execute it has thematerial,
tools, equipment , time and ability to execute it . If any hurdles are likely to be experienced the
order should specify how they are to be overcome.
• It should be given in a friendly way so that it is not resented and is not carried out
reluctantly.
4. Explain the factors conducive to the creation of a high morale.
• Every worker gets work suited to his physical and intellectual caliber.
effectiveness is closely linked with the listener attentiveness. Since human beings can listen to
and grasp message faster than the speed at which they are delivered they will easily get
diverted thus making communication in effective.
6. Explain the importance of Horizontal communication.
Horizontal communication is extremely important for promotingunderstanding and
coordination among various department. Absence of horizontal communication might lead to
un necessary embarrassment. The stores may report shortage of material when production is
in full gear. Free flow of horizontal communication among various departments can easily

• He feels his work is important and his appreciated by the authorities. avert the incidence of such situations.

• He is free to do his work as he likes. We many say that horizontal communication important for:

• He is encouraged to give suggestions. • Job coordination.

• Decision making.
• The atmosphere in the premises is congenial.
• Problem solving.
• Promotional avenues are available to the workers.
• Resolving conflicts.
• Genuine grievances of the workers are promply removed.
• Sharing of ideas and information.

5. What are the limitations face- to- face communication? SECTION-C

• Difficult to practice in large size organization: 1. Explain the sources of information.

Face-to-face communication is extremely difficult to practice in modern large size • Old files:

organizations particularly if their various units or departments are situated at different place. A great deal of internal information is readily available in the old files of the organisation. Past

• Not effective in large gatherings: performance of the organisations as well as its employees can be easily known from the old

It is very difficult to get a message across to large gatherings. Even though the speaker is files.

addressing them face to face the vital personal touch is missing. In the absence of a satisfactory • Observation:

feedback his speech lapses into a monologue Valuable information about the efficiency and reliability of theemployees can be gained

• In effective if the listener is not attentive: personal observation.

A limitation which the face-to-face communication shares with oral communication is that its • Mass media communication:

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Mass media communication like the radio, television, cinema, newspapers, and journals are all
time throwing information. It is very important to expose ourselves to these media and glean
relevant information. A part of magazines meant for general reading there are journal
exclusively devoted tospecialized fields.
• Library research:
A good library is a store house of information. It is only in a library that we can gain access to
• Current electronic communication media in particular internet computers network:
It now offers access to latest information on all subjects under the sum almost at the flick of
your finger. The world of communication is virtually being revolutionised by the latest
electronic media.
2. Explain the order steps in the order-giving operation.

reference books, research publications files of old journal, pamphlets, government Giving orders consists in the following seven steps:

publications various kinds. Statistical reports etc... now there are libraries of taps, records and • Planning:
films also. Planning is essential to make the order clear and complete. Before anorder is given, the
order-giver should be sure about the following points.
• Chambers of commerce:
• The membership of such chambers is supposed to be very useful these days. They keep • Exactly what action is required?
their members abreast of all developments that have any bearing on their activities. • Is is feasible?
• Meetings seminars and conferences:
• Who is to perform it?
Large business house often sponsor national and international seminars and conferences. They
• In how much time is it to be performed?
invite experts in various fields and offer them an opportunity to share their knowledge and
• Are any problems likely to crop up?
experience with others participation in such seminars and conference proves to be a very
• Is these any provision to solve those problems?
educative experience.
• What kind of order is to be given (written, oral, general, specific etc...)
• Personal Interview:
• Preparing the order-receiver:
Information can also be gathered through personal interviews with prominet people in the
This should in fact be considered a part of planning. Preparing the order- receiver is necessary
political field experts in professional fields and the members of general public.
for the satisfactory compliance of any specific order. But it also requires continuous
• Questionnaires:
education of the receiver so that he receive the order inthe right spirit and correctly
Information about the popularity of company's products and their salebility is often collected
interprets the intention and motives behind issuing it.
by circulating carefully prepared questionnaires among the consumers and the retailers.
• Presenting the order:
• Trade fairs and exhibitions:
This is the stage at which the order is to be written (if it is a written order) and issued. At this
Big fairs and exhibitions have become a regular feature of modern life. All pavilions relate to
stage it is ensured that the order is clear and complete and is issued in a firm but
one central theme. They may highlight agricultural development book production, electronic
courteoustone.
industry, or any other such theme. All information related to that theme is collected at one
• Verification of reception:
place. In this way they becomean important source of information.
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After the order has been issued, the order-giving should watch out for the reaction of the
receiver, whether the order has been properly understood andthe receiver is going in the
right direction.
• Action:
If planning and presentation of the order have been done correctly theorder-receiver is
likely to execute it in the correct spirit.
• Follow-up:
But the order-giving should not remain content with the information that the order is being
executed. He should confirm whether it is being execute correctly. Some times during the
process of execution the person entrusted with it may run into some unforessen difficulties.
It proper follow-up is being conducted the order-giver will take steps to remove those
difficulties or issue fresh orders on adopting a different course of action.
• Appraisal:
When the order has been executed and the work is over it is time to appraise or assess it to see
whether it has been carried out satisfactorily or it has run into a road block and just been step
over.
3. Explain the merits and demerits of oral communication.
a) Merits. b)emerits.Merits:
• Oral communication saves time:
In number of case where action is required to be taken immediately it is best to transmit a
message orally. When the work load builds up harassed executives stop writing they reach
for the telephone or call a snap conference orjust walk down the corridor and give oral
instructions to somebody. It helps themto expedite work.
In most of the case (eg.,when it is wit in the organization) ,oral communication saves money
also.
• Speech is a more powerful means of Persuasion and control:
• Therefore executives often prefer to transmit message orally.
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• With the help of variations in the tone, pitch and loudness of voice, the speaker can
convey shades of meaning, which he would not be able to do through written communication.
• The speaker canget immediate feedback on whether he is creating a favorable impression
on the receiver or antagonizing him whether the receiver has clearly understood his message
accordingly.
• The informal plane on which oral communication is mostly carried out helpers to
promote friendly relation between the parties communicating with each other. so it is
conducive to the development of interpersonal relationship.
• Oral communication is extremely useful while communicating with groups at assemblies
meetings etc...
Demerits:
• Oral communication is not possible if the communication and the receiver are far
removed from each other and no mechanical devices are available to connect them.
• Lengthy message are not suitable for transmission for there is every likelihood of
something of vital importance being missed.
• Oral messages do not have legal validity unless they taped and mode a part of permanent
record.
• Oral message cannot be retained for long time. In about a month's time not morethan
twenty percent of the original message may been retained. Sincethese message are now where
to be found in the record books we cannot refer back to them in future.
• Although oral message offer a greater opportunity for clarification there are also inherent
in them greater chances of misunderstanding. The speaker often gives the message without
having properly organized it earlier so it is quite possible that he may not be able to make
himself quite clear or the receiver may miss the message on account of his in attentiveness.
• In oral messages responsibilities for mistakes, if any cannot be specifically assigned.
4. Briefly explain the types of communication.
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Based on Relationship: • Up ward communication:

• Formal It takes place when a subordinate conveys some information to his superior. This happens
• Informal when a subordinate wants to account for his performance orhas a request or complaint to
Based on its flow of Direction: make.
Up ward Diagram:
Down ward • General manager
Side ward ↑
Based on the method used: • Production manager
Oral ↑
Written • Foreman
Gestural ↑
Formal communication: • Worker
It is the outcome of formal organizations. It follows the hierarchy policy manuals, orders • Down ward communication:
circulars, notices etc..are some of the examples of formal communication certain circulars It takes place when a superior conveys certain information to his subordinate. The need for
may be sent to the heads of department alonewhile others may be sent to all the employees such communication aries when a superior wants to give certain orders and instruction to his
of the concern. Certain notices may be displayed in the official notice board subordinate.
Features of Formal communication: Diagram:
• It follows the hierarchy (the scalar chain) • General manager
↑
• The information is always authentic
• Production manager
• It is always in written form
↑
• Proof of receiving the information is obtained
• Foreman
• Informal communication:
↑
Informal communication is the result of casual or personal contact between the individuals in
• Worker
an organization. The information reaches different individuals in the organization in that time.
• Side ward communication:
The newspapers like fire informal communication is also known as "GRAPEVINE" as it
It takes place when the executives or subordinates operating at the same level exchange
spreads in the manner the grape plant does.
information. Such communication may be necessary to securebetter co-ordination between the
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individuals and the departments. Conviction:

Diagram: A person communicating orally must have conviction in what he says. Lack of conviction
Production manager →Marketing manager →Personnel manager →Financemanager cause of lack of confidence, because of which he is not able to impress the receiver with the
• Oral Communication: message.
Verbal transmission of informationis what is called oralcommunication. It usually takes Logical sequence:
place in any of the following ways. If the speaker has given a proper through to his message he will be ableto arrange the
• Face-face communication. various ideas contained in their logical sequence.
• Meeting. Appropriate word choice:
• Conversation through telephone or mobile phone. Words have different meanings for different peopleso it important to be careful in the choice

• Intercom. of words. The speaker while speaking something knows what he means so he presumes that

• Internet chart. his listener also does so which may be a wrong presumption.

• Written communication: Attentive listening:

It is a method of communication by which by the communicator establishes a direct contact Since communication is two-way process attentive listening is as vital to effective oral
with the communicate through written documents. It isa formal method of communication. communication as clear and precise speaking proper exchange of communication is possible
only if both the parties are adept speakers attentive listeners.
• Gestural communication:
Avoiding hackneyed phrases and cliché‟s:
Gestural are nothing but actions as nodding of heads rolling of eyes, movement of lips etc..to
Speakers, often when they are groping for words, make use of hackneyed phrases like what I
convey some idea. Handshake is the most popular and accepted gestural to indicate good will
mean you know isn‟t it etc... Such phrases interrupt the flow oftheir speech and imped quick
and faith
grasp of meaning.
5. Essentials of Effective oral communication:
Right use of paralinguistic elements:
• Brevity:
Pronunciation,tone pitch, place, stress, pauses are paralinguistic elements, for they are related
People take pleasure in talking so oral communication tends to suffer fromover
to language though they do not fall in the realm of language. These elements play an important
communication. But if a speaker keeps on talking for long, his message will get lost in a sea of
role in making oral communication effective.
verbosity and distraction.
Congruity between verbal and non-verbal media:
Precision:
While speaking to others, we unconsciously use facial expression, gestures, body,
Precision can make oral communication very effective. Instead of saying total these invoices
movements. These elements also convey a meaning, perhaps amore reliable one, so if we
as early as possible it is preferable to specify time and say could you kindly total these
want our meaning.
invoices and bring them back to me in half an hour's time.
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Natural voice: Socio-psychological barriers:

Some speakers deliberately cultivate an affected style under the impression that it would Attitudes and opinions:
make them look more sophisticated. Nothing is farther from truth, and nothing impresses so • We react favorably or are hostile according as the informationis to our personal
much as the natural way of speech. advantages or not.
Emotion:
6. Explain types of Barriers: We can neither transmit nor receive anything correctly if our mind is agitated cultures.
Physical barriers: Cultural diversity:
Noise: Noise in a factory, external disturbance in telecom facilities poorwriting, bad photo- Words and gestures may be interpreted differently in different
copies,etc....

• Closed mind:
Time and distance:
• We hold our opinion so rigidly that we just refuse to listen.
• If telecom and network facilities are not available, people working indifferent shifts,
Frame of mind:
faulty seating arrangement in the hall etc...
• Our birth and upbringing, education, experience, etc..
• Poor timing,particularly if it is close to a deadline.
• That constitute our frame of mind shape our responses.
Semantic barriers may occur if:
Status-consciousness:
• The transmitter and receiver assign different meanings to the sameword or use
• We are over-conscious of our lower or higher rank and do notexpress ourselves
different words for the same meaning, or.
candidly.
• Words carry different nuances, shades or flavors to the transmitterand the receiver.
Faulty transmission:
To minimize semantic barriers, we should:
• Part of the message is lost in transmission.
• Use familiar words, Clarify the shades or nuances, and As far as possible, use words
with positive connotations. Poor retention:
Barriers caused by different comprehensions of reality are: • Oral messages in particular are lost because of poor humanretention.
Abstracting, this means picking a few details and leaving out others:
Unsolicited communication:
• Remember that others can pick different details. Try to be accommodating.
• We are unresponsive if the communication is unsolicited.
Standing, this means giving a particular bias or slant to the reality:
The source of communication:
Be objective in your observations and assessments.Inferring, this means drawing
• We react according to the trust we response in the source the communication originates.
inferences from observation:
Overcoming barriers general guidelines:
• Base your inferences on verifiable facts.
• Choose the right medium; sent the message at an appropriate time.
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• Use words that generate positivity. Increased sense of competence

• Adapt your message to the receiver's frame of reference. Increased sense of mastery

• See how you would respond if you were to receive te messageyou are going to send. 5. Write about the meaning of six great helpers?
Reframe it if you feel it might offend.
To enhance ones presentation skills it is absolutely imperative to secure thehelp at the six
• Convey your message in a positive and courteous tone.
great helpers. The five W‟S and the one H
• seek feedback and offer clarification if needed.
a) Why
SECTION -A b) Who

1. What do you mean by Listening? c) Where

d) When
Listening is a vital Component of the entire process of communication. The effectiveness of
e) What
communication is determined by the extent to which listening and comprehension take place
f) How
in the course of an interaction.
The concept of incorporating the above as extremely useful tools in the art ofwriting
2. What is Listening process? fiction was first propagated by Rudyard kipling.

There are three phases with in the Listening process. 6. What do you mean by active listening?

• 1.Levelling 2.Sharpening 3.Assimilation This is the most important type of listening. The receiver absorbs all that is being said and
also makes an attempt to verify all that he has been listening towhen combined with
Successful progression and completion of these stages determine theaccuracy of the
sensitive Listening it can result in the best kind of listening with the receiver moving in
listening process.
accordance with the intent of the speakes.
3. Write any two type of Listening?
7. What do you mean by passive listening ?
The basic cause for this is the fact that there are different types of listeningPassive Listening
The physical presence but mental absence of the Listenes can be defined as passive listening
Marginal Listening as leasing all that is being said is being Heard but not really absorbed .
4. What are two types of good listening?
In passive listening there is no invasion on the thought process or an onsdaught of ideas which
The art of good listening, if acquired, can have positive connotations.
could probably change the trend of thinking or strengthen the pre-conceived ideas of the
Wider perspective
receiver.
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SECTION B
1. Write Short Note one
a) Projective Listening
b) Passive Listening
Projective listening :- In Projective listening the response of the receiver are in a state of “
restful alertness” Each individual has within him a frame of reference in which he tries to
adopt the perspective of the co-interactant while lisening the receiver tries to view and absorb
the contents of the presentation within his own frame of Reference.
The image of a camera can be used to understand the concept. The receiver frame of reference
is like the pin hole in the camera through which he views the outside world / perspective of the
speaker and tries to being about an amalgamation of the two.
Projective listening is an attempt by the receiver at viewing the world or theview point of the
interactant from limited personal perspective.
The receiver in this case tries to bring about a union between the experience of the sender and
his own in such a manner as if it were just a combination of the micro and the macro. Micro.
in this case would be the narrow perspective of the receiver while the macro is the broader
perspective presented by the sender.
Passive Listening:-
The physical presence but mental absence of the listener canbe defined as passive listening or
hearing. All that is being said is being heard but not really absorbed . Absorption of the
spoken words comes only when there is “ sharpening” and “assimilation” . In the absence of
these two processes real (or) meaningful listening cannot take place.
Utterances sink in the mind of the individual in the form of a heap of “verbal garbage”
without any actual processing being alone to it.
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In passive Listening there is no invasion on the thought process or an ons laught of ideas
which could probably change the trend of thinking or strengthen thepre-conceived ideas of the
receiver.
2. What is the Listening process?
There are three phases with the Listening process
1) Levelling
2) Sharpening
3) Assimihation
Successful progression and completion of these three stages determine the accuracy of the
listening process To elaborate let us take the example of a gardencer the process then could
well, be simplified and understood.
The first stage in gardening is that of leveling the ground and shifting the soil. This is
followed by marketing of the spots where the saplings are to be planted. The final stage is the
planting of the saplings, watering them and then waiting for them to catch root.
This process is some what similar to the one observed in listening. At the time of Listening the
mind is left open for any inflow of information. The brain then automatically sifts and
separates the “Sensical” from the “non sencial “according to its priorities.
As a result, the desired material is retained while the rest is dumped to be discarded at a later
stage. This involuntary strategy is dependent on the mentalfilter of the individual and the
element of physical and psychological noise which is present.
Only those spoken words which are considered important by the listener are absorbed or
assimilated. In other words, sharpening of verbal inputs by the mental filter comprises the
second phase of the listening process. However, in the minds of the sender and the receiver
there could be a discrepancy in the degree of importance assigned to various issues or topics
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which might give rise to errors in listening.
3. Determine the function of six helpers?
To enhance one‟s presentation skills it is absolutely imperative to secure the help of the six
great helpers, the five Ws and one H.
Why, Who, Where, when, What, How.
The concept of incorporating the above as extremely useful tools in the art ofwriting fiction
was first propagated by by Rudyard kipling. Subsequent to this, exports in various disciplines
realized the need of these helpers in their specific areas.
Communications too, incorporated them as props to explain the basic concepts of presentation
and interaction.
WHY. The purpose of presentation must be clear to the speaker. It is necessary to be aware of
the real reason for making a presentation. If it is furthering and cementing of social
relationships, problems do not arise.
Having answered this Query your purposive message is formulated. The purpose could be
manifold.
To inform: provision of information could be in the form of details, facts and figures.
To persuade: Adoption of face- saving devices or politeness tactics such as “please”
“thank you” etc., will prove to be quite effective.
To influence: Usage of talk – tactics such as name dropping or use of power or position to
force the co-interactant into accepting your point of view often in exercising your influence
over the audience.
To educate: provision of all facts to the issue should be discussed so that there us greater
comprehension on the part of the receiver.
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To empathise: This means observance of an empathetic attitude empathise with the
interactions; feel or at least indicate that similar feelings are being shared.
To entertain: Usage of strategies,such as humour, narration of anecdotes,short quizzes or even
music will certainly elevate to the mood and break the presentation.
Who? Who is my listeners?
Knowledge about the co-participant goes a long way in meeting communication demands.
This is somewhat similar to an interviewee getting familiar with the organisation to effectively
answer the probable questions relating to the organization.
Where and When: These imply the place and the context. After your message is formulated try
and visualize the position of your co-interactant. Where would he be when be receives your
message? The format and tone of your message should change in accordance with the place
where it is going to be delivered.
Let us take an example of talking to the boss.
(a) At the work place: It is always transaction – oriented (ie) geared towardsthe
accomplishment of a particular task.
(b) At home; It is a combination of transaction it is extremely formal and precise, in the
other, it is casual and can range from formal to informal depending on the relationship you
share with the co-communicator.
What: The obviously fouses round the subject matter of the message. Whatexactly do you
wish to communicate and what is the need to do so? The answer to these queries can be
determined by studying the profile of the audience.
How? How do we achieve the right effect? To what purpose can we use the fiveWs so as to
secure the undivided attention of the tone and the delivery which we adopt to deliver the
message.
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What are the disadvantages of listening?
Being pre occupied and not listening.
Being so interested in what you have to say that you listen mainly to find anopening to get the
floor.
Formulating and listening to your rebuttal to what the speaker is speaker issaying.
Listening to your own personal beliefs about what is being said. Evaluating and making
judgment about the speaker or the message.
Not asking for classification when you know that you do not understandeffective in
helping the person see the flows in his/her position.
If we listen so we can accurately understand the others riew we can also bemore effective in
discovering the flows in our own position.
SECTION C
1. Differences between listening and hearing.
Listening is much more than trying to hear and decipher the phonetic sounds being produced
by the sender. It is a matching of the mental faculties of the sender and the receiver. Moving
on the presumption that words (or) sounds can convey meanings is like treading on thin ice.
words in themselves are not sufficient to connote meanings or super impose intentions on
ideas.
The total meaning of the message sent and received is a cumulative whole of the words in
particular contexts. The vital ingredient of good communication.
(i.e) Listening seems to have become a paste of the process of learning. We are often
confronted during the transmission of any message with queries of the following nature.
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The response to this is the time there is no Endeavour on the past of the receiver to catch the
unspoken beneath the spoken word can we concludethat listening and comprehension have
really taken place.
Hearing is perception of all that is being standed in accordance with one‟s own frame of
reference. The interactant in this case, though physically present on the scence is merely
responding to the spoken words without really absorbing the contents of the message.
Listening, on the other hand, is an accurate perception of all that is being stated.
The difference between listening and hearning is one of the main reasons why we often fail to
listen and then effectively communicate. While an are sage speaking rate is 100 to 200 words
per minute. An average listenners ability to process message is approximately 400 words per
minute.
The substantial divergence between the spoken and the assimilated words often leads to
distraction with the mind swinging between listening and assimilating while also wandering
towards distracting elements.
There might be instances when the mind get distracted and then finds it difficult to get back
to the position from where is left off. Instead of getting back to the original locate in the
middle of the semi-circle, it might just say further down the arch. In such instances, we have
what is known as a :
Listening error” in which for some time the listener is oblivious of what is being said or
spoken as he is lost in his own reverie.
For successful communication it is imperative to exercise or utilize our listening capabilities.
Advantages of listening:
Usually it is important to paraphrase and use your own words in verbalizing your
understanding to the message. Parroting bark the words verbatim is annoyingand does not
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ensure accurate understanding of the message.

❖ Being 80 interested inwhat you have to say thay you listen mainly to find an opening to
1. Account of the facts get the floor.
2. Thoughts and beliefs ❖ Formulating and listening to your own rebuttal to what the speaker is saying
3. Fallings and emotions ❖ Listening to your own personal beliefs about the speaker or the message.
4. Wants, needs or motivation ❖ Evaluating and making judgments about what is being said.
5. Hopes and expectations ❖ Not asking for clarification when you know that you do not understand.
❖ Don‟t respond to just the meaning of the words, look for the feelings orintent Effective in helping the person see the flows in her position.
beyond the words. ❖ If we listen so we can accurately understand the other‟s views. We can also be more
❖ Inhibit your impulse to immediately answer questions, the code may be inthe form effective in discovering the flaws in our own position.
of a question.
SECTION - A
❖ Know when to quit using active listening. Once you accurately understand the sender‟s 1. What do you mean by effective speech?
message, it may appropriate to respond with your own position. Effective speaking has nothing to do with the outdated concept of „elocution‟ where
❖ Active listening is a very effective first response when the other person is angry. If we everyone was encouraged to speak in the same „correct‟ manner. Rather, effective speaking
concerns being able to speak in a public context with confidence and clarity, whilst at the
don‟t address the appropriate elements we will not be very effective, and can actually make
same time reflecting one‟s personality.
the situation worse.
Effective speaking include:
❖ Sometimes a person just needs to be heard and acknowledged before the person is
Accents
willing to consider an alternative or soften his position. Finding your voice.
The effect of breath on voice and speech Vocal production
❖ If we accurately understand the other person‟s view, we can be more.
2. What do you mean by presentation?

Disadvantage of Listener: Presentation skills basically refer to the ability to communicate in an effective way whether in

❖ Being preoccupied and not listening small or large groups. The process involves explaining and showing the content of either a
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topic to an audience. To be an effective communicator, one has to keep on practicing so as to popularity of internet.
become efficient and effective.
6. What are the kinds of effective speech?
3. What in the time limit in a presentation? Speaking confidently Informal conversation Interviews
In the work place Beauty pageants General speaking skills Pantomime script Teachers
A time has been set for your presentation, then it‟s your responsibility to finish it within that
time. Consider it as part of the contract between you and your audience. Extemporaneous speaking

You can‟t keep to time unless you know beforehand how long you should be talking. Your
“talking time” is different than the total time you‟ve been given for your presentation for two
reasons:
You need to allow time for questions. This may be decided by the meeting organizer. If not,
as a rule of thumb I would allow 20-25% of your presentation time for questions.
Generally, live presentations take longer than the rehearsal. This is because of a combination
of factors. You might start a couple of minutes late, you might take longer to make a point,
and there may be other interruptions that delay you.
7. What is Role play?
One common misunderstanding the players have about role – players is that required of you to
learn to medieval speech in order to role – play. Using thee and thou and all sorts of special
speech in order to fit in.
I‟m here to tell you that character does not have to talk like this to role – play. You most
certainly can speak this way if you wish to, but most role- players will accept normal speech
for role – play.
SECTION - B

1. How will you make successful presentation?

So if your presentation time is one hour, your talking time will be 40 minutes (15 minutes for
When called upon to make a speech, consider the following suggestions to help make your
questions and 5 minutes for interruptions and delays).
speech more interesting, worth- while and fun for both your audience.
4. What do you mean by group discussion?
Prepare
Group discussion is the free exchange of ideas on a topic. The group may have a leader and
recorder however all opinions are welcome whether a conclusion is determined or not. Find out about your target audience. Consider their interests, their ages, their needs and
anything else about them that will help you connect with them.
5. Define the term group discussion.
Write down the purpose of the speech (or review the learning objectives), and decide on the
Meaning and voluntary gathering of individuals (in person, through a conference call, or
ideas that should be covered.
website to exchange ideas, information, and suggestions on needs, problems, subjects,
problems, subjects, etc., of mutual interest. Discussion groups are on of the mainstays of the Research the subject, taking brief notes.

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Talk with others who know the subject, and make notes of their ideas. process .

Outline your speech, including only the most important points. Put them into a logical Balance what you say with what you show. Don‟t let visual aid be so elabo- rate that is
sequence. distracting.

Practice Show that equipment and materials needed to do what you are talking about. Show literature

Rehearse your speech until you have it well in mind. Some presenters like to use a tape resources on the subjects.
recorder so that they can hear themselves.Write in your notes the time allotted to major points.
This will help you stay within the time limits.

Try to be ready for extem –poraneous speaking, with an occasional look at your outline.
Do not memorize or read it word for word.
When you are well pre – pared, you will feel at ease during the speech. Also, it helps to take a
fee deep breaths before you begin.
Illustrate your important points with human – interest stories, preferably something that
actually happened. True stories, not necessarily funny, are excellent. When interest is waning,
an amusing story usually help.
Pace yourself

Stay within the time limit.

Personalize Stay on the subject, don‟t get sidetracked

Make each person feel that you are talking to him or her. Look at the audience as individuals, Summaraise
not as a group. If you are nervous, find a friendly face in the audience, and direct your remarks
Restate the main idea or problem, its importance, and the major points you have made. Give
to that person for the first few minutes.
your listeners a chance to ask questions either during or after the speech.
Watch the group‟s reaction as you go. Stay close to their interests.

Use thought – provoking questions. This will help stimulate everyone‟s thinking. It also will
help you get feedback from participants, which will tell you whether they under – stand what SECTION - C
you are saying. 1. State the guidelines for effective public speaking.

Illustrate The following public speaking rules were developed after attending the FBI‟s Employee

Use a chalkboard or flip chart to list your main points, or draw diagrams or sketches while assistance program in April 2000. Updated in May 2012, these guidelines are not intended to

you talk. Training aids help make your speech more interesting and reinforce the learning guarantee absolute success in all aspects of public speaking. They are, however, calculated
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insights based on lesions learned. before lunch.

10. After the presentation, it is important to ask if there are any questions, stop talking, and
1. When giving a presentation, speakers should not display mobile phones, pagers, or
remain silent for about five seconds. During this time, the speaker can scan the audience and
other electronic devices. These objects signal to the audience that the attention is not entirely
ensure no hands are raised. Presenters must avoid asking for questions, then continuing to
devoted to them.
speak.
2. Presenters need to remove lanyards, and large jewelry. These are very distracting.
3. Lecturers can enhance their appearance by wearing small pins on their lapels. This 11. It is imperative to engage the audience with genuine and direct, but non – aggressive,

gives the impression that they are larger than just a single individual they are part of an eye contact for two to four seconds. Orators should not glance from one side of the room to

organization or group with a bigger cause. the other or look at people‟s foreheads or chins.
12. Presenters must avoid speaking in continuing, run –on sentences. They should not give
4. When speaking, orators should avoid using phrases like “As Mr.X (the previous
a 20-minuts speech in one sentence. It is important to break word flow into distinct, separate
speaker) just said…” the audience may wonder why the presenter is speaking when Mr. X
segments and is acceptable to pause for a few seconds.
already said it all.
5. If an individual is not the primary speaker and a colleague is making a presentation, it 13. When presenting, individuals should vary their pace of delivery, pitch, volume, and

is important to avoid jumping in and adding commentary. Input should only be given if asked tone. They have the stage and should not worry that someone is going to interrupt.

for or if the presenter is saying something blatantly false or misleading. Interruptions 14. It is imperative for speakers to avoid any unconscious, nervous behavior such and

undermine credibility. clicking a pen, jiggling coins, or playing with keys that would make noise or distract the

6. Presenters should repeat questions before answering, especially if the room is large. audience.

This allows time to think about the response. It also helps frame the question, displays
listening skills, and ensures that the audience hears the question. SECTION–A
7. It is essential to avoid saying “good question” or “excellent question” it can appear 1. What do you mean by Reading ?

insincere. If it is not said after every query, the person will not focus on the answer but will Reading means for the key components of reading skills are reading speed, comprehension,
wonder whether the question was not good. efficiency and retention. Each ofthese components needs to be understood and mastered to
8. When asking questions, audience members should raise their hands, speak loudly and enhance the reading skills.
clearly, and present their query in less than 15 seconds. Ensure that questions are not rambling 2. What do you mean by skimming and scanning ?

monologues. Speakers who are audience members should follow these rules and ask their Skimming :
listeners to do the same. In this kind of reading,the eyes of the reader go through all the material but usually by
9. No matter how good speakers are think they are they must never go over the allotted skipping the details.
time, including the question and answer period. This is especially critical if speaking right Scanning :
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It is the fastest kind of reading where the reading speed may reach up to 3000 words per efficiency will be hindered accordingly.
minute. Scanning the material is being done for a finite and highly specific purpose.
3. Define : The term “Reading”. SECTION –B
G.K Chesterton 1. Explain the needs of Reading .
Also speaks about the importance of reading and living in the literary horizons of great There are various factors which affect reading speed and comprehension abilityand over
intellectual luminaires. One must read constantly and regularly to equip one‟s mind with the all reading efficiency of a person vary from person to person.
latest information in his own subjects like engineering medical, science or Art or Technical Educational back Ground :
subject. A well educated person may have a higher reading efficiencythen one who is a literate.
4. Whatdo you mean by Passive Reading ? Physical capability :
Passive Reading means by his own calibre to read, whether he is passive reader. The habit Sometimes, some physical defect in some persons mayHinder their efficiency to read and
of pondering over a textbook or a reference books. comprehend.
5. What do you mean by Active Reading ?
Mental capability :
Reading should be done as an active process by involving the mind along with the body. If a
People have different mental capabilities, while some areborn
person reads passively, his comprehension will be the
intellectuals,others acquire intelligence through their efforts. A higher mental capability will
lowest.
definitely lead to a better reading efficiency and retention.
6. What do you mean by comprehension communication ?
Interest :
If the reading speed is slower, comprehension rate will be higher. If the reader finds reading material interesting he will definitely read it faster, understand it
A reader may improve his reading speed. without compromising his ability to understand and and retain it for a longer time. On the other hand, if the reading, material is boring or not of
comprehend communication. interest to the reader, his efficiency will be hindered accordingly.
7. What do you mean by Technical communication ? Practice :
Technical communication for memory is the store house of experiences and learning. It is true Reading speed is a bye product of practice and time spent on reading. Avoid readers enhance
that all the learning the cannot be stored forever, though same experience and teachings their reading skills by stepping up their reading. It is rightlysaid, “practice makes a man
remain forever in our memory. perfect”.
8. What do you mean by Interesting Guessing ? 2. Explain about skimming scanning .
Interesting Guessing means to be if the reader finds reading Skimming :
material interesting, he will if definitely read it faster understand it and retain it for a longer In this kind of reading, the eyes of the reader go through all the material but usually by
time on the other hand, if the reading material is boring or not of interestto the reader. his skipping the details. When this kind of reading is practiced by a reader, he can read the
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material at rates as high as 1500 words per minute. It is done to grasp main ideas and to readers have poor comprehension ability. Comprehension of a person can be tested in two
review previously read material. Usually ways.
,executives skim newspaper journals and magazines due to busy schedules and shortage of 5. Explain in detail about .
time. (a)Passive Reading (b)Active Reading
Scanning : (a) Passive Reading :
It is the fastest kind of reading where the reading speed may reach up to 3000 words per Passive reading means by his own calibre to read, whether he is passive reader, the habit of
minute. Scanning the material is being done for a finite and highly specific purpose .In this , pondering over a text book or a reference books .to make this task easier one should jot down
the purpose of reading is basically to search for a particular information .A person proficient what all that are essential, memorable and quotable from the text book.
in scanning will see little or nothing other than the information, which he is seeking. (b) Active Reading :
Reading should be done as an active process. By involving the mind along with the body. If a
3. write short notes on: person reads passively his comprehension will be the lowest. This passive effort to read the
(a) Scanning (b)Guessing material will waste the time and energy ofthe reader, who has to read for a longer time to
a) Scanning: comprehend the material.
It is the fastest kind of reading where the reading speed may reach up to 3000 words per SECTION-C
minute, scanning the material is being done for a finite and highly specific purpose. In this, the 1. Explain the Golden Rules of Reading .
purpose of reading is basically to search for a particular information. a person proficient in Reading meaning:
scanning will see little or nothing other than the information, which he is seeking. Reading fires one‟s imagination. Kindles one‟s thirst for knowledge. The mind is like a large
b) Guessing: room with many windows . Reading is one of the main windows of our mind.
Guessing fires one‟s imagination, kindles one‟s thirst for knowledge and broadens one‟s (a) Read selectively :
mental horizons. The mind like a large room with man Before you start reading ask the question whether it is going to give you useful and relevant
windows. Guessing is one of the main windows of our mind. information to your subject .select books for reading accordingly.
4. Explain comprehensive communication. (b) Read with a critical mind and evaluate :
It is the understanding of the read material. There is more or less an inverse relationship For some books are to be tasted, others to be Swallowed and some fewto be chewed and
between reading speed and understanding of material. if the reading speed is slower, digested “. Bacon so read critically.
comprehension rate will be higher. However, this may not be true always .a reader may (c) Read a book seriously and reflect on the ideas expressed there for :
improve his reading speed, without compromising his ability to understand and comprehend.it “A good book is the precious life –blood of a master spirit embalmed and treasured up on
is also often observed that good and speedy readers have good comprehension ability and poor purpose to a life beyond life”. Areopagitica - Milton. So be aware of the values of books.
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(d) Read with a thirst for knowledge : material for a longer period is not required. Rapid reading process is followed.
For the author of the books spends months and years in reading before writing a book. “The (c) Skimming
greatest part of a writer‟s time is spent in reading, in order to write In this kind of reading, the eyes of the reader go through all the material butusually by

.aman will turn over of a library to make one book”.Boswell‟s Life of Johnson. Only thirst for skipping the details. when this kind of reading is practiced by a reader,he can read

knowledge will lead one to the foundation of wisdom. thematerial at rates as high as 1500 words per minute.it is done tograsp main ideas and to
review previously read material . usually, executives skimnewspaper, journals and magazines
(e) Read not a book before reviewing:
due to busy schedules and shortage of time. (d)Scanning:
For one should not read a book without knowing its worth,whether it is written by experts or a
It is the fastest kind of reading where the reading speed may reach up to 3000 words per
genius or an expert on the field of study. In reading books one, “finds tongues in trees ,books
minute, scanning the material is being done for a finite and highly specific purpose. In this, the
in the running brooks, sermons in stones and good in everything” Shakespeare , As you Like
purpose of reading is basically to search for a particular information. A Person-proficient in
it.
scanning will see little or nothing other than the information, which he is seeking.
(f) Read the books of wisdom :
3. write the short notes on Reading Learning Cycle .
For they are true Universities of these days.The impact of books on the mind islike, “
(i) A good reader has a wider recognition span and reads very fast.
Little drops of water, little grains of sand make the mighty ocean and the pleasant land . these
(ii) The recognition of a good reader is to develop a keep “phrase sense” or meaningful
books make the mighty ages of eternity”
reading phrases.
(g) Read books to extract important details :
(iii) A good reader groups meaningfully phrases ,and words. When you watch a
The main ideas and the important details go hand in hand. Verbal signposts (i.e) word printed
T.V programme, you see the whole picture and get a broad outline of what you arelearning.
in Italics or bold face type or verbal signposts like words and phrases,should help you pick out
(iv) A poor reading is unable to group together the ideas expressed in a book.
the key ideas and significant details. it will suffice from the examination point of view, to
(v)A good reader reads by “thought units” and finds facts and
remember the main ideas.
details.
2. How to reading skills for Skimming and Scanning .
(vi) A good reader reads between the lines and becomes alert to new terms andconcepts.
(a) Careful Reading :
(vii) A good readers to find out the main point and sub-points.
It is the slowest kind of reading. In the kind of reading, the speed varies between 50 to 350
(viii) A reader is a great thinker and looks for specific facts.
words per minute. This reading is popularly used for analysis. Problem solving, proof-reading
(ix) A student must focus on his field of interest.
and accuracy checking. The material read is retained In the memory for a longer period.
(x) The more you read, the wider will be your knowledge and Interests.
(b) Rapid Reading :
This called the reading learning cycle.
It is the simple kind of reading where the speed will range from 300 to 600 words per minute.
(vi) Enjoy your reading, for reading gives mental pleasure. (xiii)Read selectively and put a
When the Conceptual burden of the material read on the is light or when the retention of
question to yourself before you shortreading.
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(xiv) Read critically and evaluate the reading material. 12. What do you mean by cohesive writing?
(xv) Watch out for hidden explosives.
Cohesive writing I writing which holds together well. It is easy to follow because it uses
(xvi) Spend time on serious. Articles and critical reviews.
language effectively to guide the reader.
(xvii) Your reading should be objective, even when the nature of the subject is a
controversy, a narrative or a theory. 13. What do you mean by clarity and conciseness writing?
(xviii) You should check the validity of statements by comparing with the books of authors. Clarity and conciseness often go hand in hand: writing that focuses directly on a point and
(xix) Reading with understanding helps one to acquire knowledge‟.
maximizes meaning with minimum wordiness tends to be both clear and concise. Revising for
(xx) Reading and thinking helps one to acquire wisdom.
clarity of meaning often makes prose more concise and vice versa. This handout offers tips for

SECTION - A keeping academic writing clear and concise.

8. What do you mean by resumes? 14. Short notes on how to improve your written skill.

A resume is simply a list of your work and education background. A resume isa document You have the drive, you have the passion, and you‟re more than willing to putin the time it
that you will give to a potential employer so they can determine if you are a fit for the job. takes to finish a manuscript. But you also want to make sure your work is clean, compelling,
and perfectly structured.
9. Definition of job application?
Form or paper which indicates interest in a particular palce of employment or position within SECTION – B
a company. Typically requests personal identification information, such as name, address and
1. Discuss about cohesive writing?
phone number as well as a history ofjob experience.
Cohesive writing is writing which holds together well. It is easy to follow because it uses
10. Write short notes on different types of resumes?
language effectively to guide the reader.
Chronological Functional Combination / hybridSchnabel
Electronic resume/ email/ web resume. In English cohesion is achieved in a number of ways:

11. What is report writing? Firstly, the logical relationships between ideas are stated so that the reader can easily
understand the relationship between the parts of a text. The logicalrelationships between
One of the most challenging communication is to write reports. Virtually every aspect of a
clauses, between sentences, and between paragraphs can be expressed by conjunctions (and,
managers job in voles report writing, from meetings with clients/ customers, employee
or, because, so etc.), or they can be expressed by prepositional phrases (after that, in contrast
grievances, monthly production reports and project reports, to extensive analysis of facts and
etc.) or adverbs (thus, alternatively etc.)
figures that run into pages. Reports are a fact of life in today‟s business environment.
Secondly, reference is used to introduce the nouns in a text and to keep track of them. For

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example, instead of repeating the word nouns in our last sentence, we used the pronoun them
to refer to nouns. This means you as the reader had to work out what them referred to. This
process of „tracking‟ items contributes to the overall cohesion of a text.
Thirdly, words are selected that go together and relate to each other in some way. For
example, a nursing text about the health of an expectant mother is likely to include words such
as rest, nutrition, and blood pressure. In a management text we might expect terms such as
teams, cooperation, outcomes etc. these expectancy relations, words which go together, create
lexical cohesion (lexis – words).
Finally, in a well written text there is logical progression to the development of the text. New
information is presented in a way which does not disrupt the flow of the text and its meaning.
One way to achieve this is to write well structured paragraphs.
Each of these aspects will be explored in this cohesive writing module.
2. Discuss about clarity and conciseness writing.
Clarity and conciseness often go hand in hand: writing that focuses directly on apoint and
maximizes meaning with minimum wordiness tends to be both clear and concise. Revising for
clarity of meaning often marks prose more concise and vice versa. This handout offers tips for
keeping academic writing clear and concise.
Express actions in verbs (avoid nominalization)
Consider this sentence:
Original : the cause of our schools‟ failure at teaching basic skills is not understanding the
influence of cultural background on learning.
The central verb in the sentence is a verb that doesn‟t pack much punch. The sentence abounds
with actions much more interesting than being, but they‟re not expressed as verbs: the nouns
cause, filure, influence, and learning imply the berbs to cause, to fail, to influence, and to
41
SBE
learn.
Actions expressed in nouns rather than verbs are called nominalizations. (for example, the
word nominalization is the noun form of the verb to nominalize). We can‟t eliminate
nominalizations altogether, nor would we want to. However,letting verbs express actions
usually makes sentences more dynamic, direct, clear, and concise:
Avoid strings of prepositional phrases
Notice that the above revision eliminates clunky strings of prepositional phrases (of the
failure, of our schools, of cultural b ackground, on learning). Consider another example.
Original : a revision of the program will result in increases in our efficiency in the servicing
of our customers.
Compare the subjects in the first two examples above:
The cause of our school‟s failure at teaching basic skills, Versus our schools… educators ….
Cultural backgrounds
Writers sometimes feel the urge to add emphasis to their prose by using extra words or
phrases that don‟t contribute much to the meaning (and indeed, sometimes obscure it).
Consider the following:
➢ It is absolutely vital that… (what does vital mean? Can something be only sort of
vital?)
➢ It is absolutely vital that… (what does vital mean? Can something be only sort of
vital?)
Their strategy is quite unique. (what does unique mean? Are there degrees of uniqueness?)
The rules of thumb discussed above are useful not only when you draft an essay, but also
when you revise. Try the following on your own writing, especially in passages you find
inelegant or unnecessarily wordy:
1. Underline the actions (including nominalizations – implied actions in non –verb
42
 SBE
forms);
2. Put boxes around the verbs;
3. Circle the prepositions.
➢ Now check: do the prepositions point to unnecessary nominalizations? Can you replace
forms of “to be” with action verbs?
➢ If a sentence still sounds wordy after revision, check the distance betweenthe subject
and the verb. Do you have clear subjects followed directly by verbs?
3. How will you prepare the resume?
Your resume is our first introduction to you, so be sure to prepare a resume that helps you
stand out. The best resumes are concise, focused, error – free and simple to read.
General tips:
Use the job description to determine skills that are required for theposition.
Make a list of the skills that you possess that match the skills in the description.
Choose to either use or not use periods at the end of bulleted points be consistent.
Resume should present your qualifications, transferrable skills, job stability, and position
history; focus on the skills that will be important to the hiring manager.
Do not include be one page two if you have substantial related work experience.
If you have an online presence that you would like the hiring manager to see, include the
web address.
Another option is to include a QR code
If using a QR code, also include the web address and make sure it stays updated
Proofread your resume, have a friend proofread it, and read it backwards to catch mistakes.
4. How will you prepare the job application?
One of the most important parts of any job interview is the application. Filling out the job
application may be part of what gets you hired, or not. Even if you provide a resume, the
43
SBE
potential employer may still need questions answered ona job application. Two main items
must be considered when filling out the job application.
Information Requirements Reference information
Information Requirements
Every job application will require a minimum amount of information. When filling out the job
application, especially when also providing a resume, the information must be correct and
complete. Four basic items you will be asked about include.
Education – places, length of study, GPA and if you graduated
Job history – names, places, dates, supervisors names, contact informationand why you
left
Military service – dates served, date and type of discharge
Social security card – this provides legal identification for proof ofcitizenship
Reference information
When filling out the reference portion of the job application, be sure that your references are
aware they will be supplying this service for you. Answering questions about a job application
without prior notice can surprise referencescausing problems. Here are three are three pieces
of information you will want when filling out the resume section for job applications.
Permission – always ask potential references for permission to use their name,; if the person
can‟t provide a good reference, they can decline and save you embarrassment.
Name have the proper use and spelling of their name; use the proper title with their name
Contact information be sure to have the correct address and phone number for your
references; if the employer can‟t reach the reference, it will appear as an attempt to mislead or
pad the information.
Providing references who will be able and willing to give positive accounts of your skills and
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personality helps employers answer questions about the job applications.

SECTION - C

2. Explain the different types of resume.

1. Chronological resume:

A chronological resume is a resume which lists down all the jobs professional has held in a
definite timeframe. A chronological is best for people who have progressed in their
professional life through working in different companies. A chronological resume can
vasically be considered as a time line of person‟s from one job position to its higher. The
chronological resume is bestused to show the progress that a person has done either in a
short span of timeor in a few or several companies.

2. Functional resume :

A functional resume is basically used by a person who has too much of experience of too little
or a singular responsibility. A functional resume is basically used by a person who has held a
number of job – positions in a single or very few companies. A functional resume also helps
you highlight your achievements in a better understood manner if you have worked in several
companies in the same position.

3. Combination resumes (also called hybrid resume):

A combination resume is actually a good combination of the chronological. Resume and the
functional resume.

The combination resume basically takes the best parts of the chronologicalas well as the
functional resume. The combination resume makes a note of yourwork history, as giving
special attention to your qualities and qualifications on aprofessional level.

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