Reading and Writing
Fourth Midterms
ABM 101 | PROF. (Name) | SEM 2 2023
READING
● is a cognitive process of decoding
symbols to derive meaning from a
text.
READING STRATEGIES
PREVIEWING
- means looking at the readily visible
part of the text, like titles and
subtitles, and also visual and
graphs, picture and charts.
SKIMMING
- Skimming the text means you look
for the main point of the reading
and identify the ideas that develop
it.
- Skimming effectively means
physically moving your eyes
rapidly along the page and tracing
your finger along the lines of the
text to speed up your reading.
SCANNING
- Scanning the reading is looking for
specific information.
CONTEXT CLUES
- Context clues are words, phrases,
and sentences that surround an
unfamiliar word that can help you
recognize the meaning of an
unknown word because the text
gives you information about it.
CONNOTATION & DENOTATION
- Denotation is the basic, precise,
literal meaning of the word that
can be found in the dictionary.
- Connotation is the positive,
negative, or neutral feelings,
attitudes, ideas, or associations
with a word; paligoy-ligoy.
Positive connotations - are generally
favorable associations toward a word.
Negative connotations - tend to have
unfavorable feelings or ideas toward a
word.
Neutral connotation - bring up impartial
associations toward a word.
COMMON TYPES OF CONTEXT
CLUES
a. Synonyms
- are used when the text has words
or phrases that are similar in
meaning to the unknown word.
b. Antonyms
- is a word that reveals the opposite
meaning in relation to the
unknown word.
c. Examples
- Examples are specific details in a
text that are used to clarify the
meaning of a word.
d. Explanations and Definitions
- Explanations may be given as
clues to describe an unknown
term. When phases like "because"
or "that is" follow a word, these
may be explanations.
- Definitions may follow an
unfamiliar word. Terms like "is",
"means","is defined as", and
"refers to" are used with
definitions.
EVALUATING TEXTS THROUGH
WRITING
● is assessing the degree to which
the author's ideas are valid.
CRITICAL READING AS REASONING
● By doing so, you are not only trying
to find out the rationality behind the
author's arguments but also testing
your ability to detect logical
fallacies or errors in reasoning.
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Reading and Writing
Fourth Midterms
ABM 101 | PROF. (Name) | SEM 2 2023

IDENTIFYING ASSERTIONS 1. Evidence can include the following:

● are declarative sentences that
claim something is true about
something else.
FOUR TYPES OF ASSERTIONS
FACT
● is a statement that can be proven
objectively by direct experience,
testimonies of witnesses, verified
observations, or the results of
research.
CONVENTION
● is a way in which something is
done, similar to traditions and
norms. It depends on historical
precedent, laws, rules, usage, and
customs.
OPINION
● is based on facts but are difficult to
objectively verify because of the
uncertainty of producing
satisfactory proof of soundness.
PREFERENCE
● is based on personal choice; they
are subjective and cannot be
objectively proven or logically
attacked.
FORMULATING COUNTERCLAIMS
● are claims made to rebut a
previous claim. They provide a
contrasting perspective to the main
argument.
- Facts and statistics (objectively
validated information on your
subject)
- Personal anecdotes (generalized,
relevant, and objectively
considered
- Opinion from experts (leading
authorities on a topic, like
researchers or academics)
2. The following are the characteristics
of a good evidence:
- unified
- relevant to the central point
- specific and concrete
- accurate; and
- representative or typical
HEDGE
● is a word or phrase that minimizes
the negative impact of a criticism.
RESPONSE TEXT
● Writing a response is one way of
evaluating a text you have read. In
writing reading responses, you will
make use of your skill in writing
summaries because you must first
lay out your understanding of the
text before you can actually
express the extent to which you
agree or disagree with the
author on a particular element of
his/her writing.

DETERMINING TEXTUAL EVIDENCE

● Evidence is a detail given by the
author to support his/her claim.
The evidence builds the position of
the writer and makes the reading
more interesting.
● Evidence is important in convincing
the reader to switch to your side.