Basic Electrical Sciences

Presented by
Dr . Pothuraju Ramakrishna
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
NIT JALANDHAR
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
A phasor diagram is a graphical representation used in electrical engineering to analyze alternating current (AC)
circuits. It helps in understanding the relationship between voltage and current in such circuits.
In a phasor diagram:
1.Magnitude: The length of the phasor represents the magnitude of the voltage or current.
2.Direction: The angle of the phasor represents the phase relationship between voltage and current.
For example, in a simple AC circuit with a resistor and a capacitor, the voltage and current may not be in phase due
to the capacitive reactance. The phasor diagram would show the voltage and current as vectors at different angles,
indicating their phase difference.
Phasor diagrams are particularly useful for analyzing the behavior of AC circuits with multiple components like
resistors, capacitors, and inductors.

34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
 Active, Reactive and Apparent Power

Active Power

Definition: The power which is actually consumed or utilized in an AC Circuit is called True power or Active
power or Real power. It is measured in kilowatt (kW) or MW. It is the actual outcomes of the electrical
system which runs the electric circuits or load.

Reactive Power

Definition: The power which flows back and forth that means it moves in both the directions in the circuit or
reacts upon itself, is called Reactive Power. The reactive power is measured in kilo volt-ampere reactive
(kVAR) or MVAR.

Apparent Power

Definition: The product of root mean square (RMS) value of voltage and current is known as Apparent
Power. This power is measured in kVA or MVA.
95
It has been seen that power is consumed only in resistance.
A pure inductor and a pure capacitor do not consume any power since in a half cycle whatever power is received
from the source by these components, the same power is returned to the source.
This power which returns and flows in both the direction in the circuit, is called Reactive power.
This reactive power does not perform any useful work in the circuit.

96
In a purely resistive circuit, the current is in phase with the applied voltage, whereas in a purely inductive and capacitive
circuit the current is 90 degrees out of phase, i.e., if the inductive load is connected in the circuit the current lags voltage
by 90 degrees and if the capacitive load is connected the current leads the voltage by 90 degrees.

Hence, from all the above discussion, it is concluded that the current in phase with the voltage produces true or active
power, whereas, the current 90 degrees out of phase with the voltage contributes to reactive power in the circuit.
Therefore,

•True power = voltage x current in phase with the voltage

•Reactive power = voltage x current out of phase with the voltage

97
Taking voltage V as reference, the current I lags behind the voltage V by an angle ϕ. The current I is divided into
two components:
•I Cos ϕ in phase with the voltage V
•I Sin ϕ which is 90 degrees out of phase with the voltage V
Therefore, the following expression shown below gives the active, reactive and apparent power respectively.

•Active power P = V x I cosϕ = V I cosϕ

•Reactive power Pr or Q = V x I sinϕ = V I sinϕ
•Apparent power Pa or S = V x I = VI

98
 Active component of the current

The current component, which is in phase with the circuit voltage and contributes to the active or true
power of the circuit, is called an active component or watt-full component or in-phase component of
the current.

Reactive component of the current

The current component, which is in quadrature or 90 degrees out of phase to the circuit voltage and
contributes to the reactive power of the circuit, is called a reactive component of the current.

99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164