CHAPTER 1

Role of Oxidative Stress in the

Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance and
Type 2 Diabetes
E.J. Henriksen
University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA

ABBREVIATIONS
ALA a-lipoic acid
AMPK AMP-dependent protein kinase
ER Endoplasmic reticulum
FFA Free fatty acids
GLUT-4 Glucose transporter isoform-4
GSK-3 Glycogen synthase kinase-3
GSV GLUT-4-sequestering vesicle
H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide
HGP Hepatic glucose production
IKK I-kappa kinase
IR Insulin receptor
IRS Insulin receptor substrate
JNK c-jun N-terminal kinase
LDL Low-density lipoprotein
MAPK Mitogen-activated protein kinase
NO Nitric oxide
PDK Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase
PI3-kinase Phosphotidylinositol-3-kinase
PKC Protein kinase C
RAS Renin–angiotensin system
ROS Reactive oxygen species

1. INTRODUCTION
Type 2 diabetes, defined as a fasting plasma glucose level above 126 mg dl
1, is a devas-
tating disease of defective regulation of whole-body glucose homeostasis that leads to the
development of myriad complications, including retinopathy and a greater risk of blind-
ness, nephropathy and increased risk of kidney failure, neuropathy and increased risk of
limb amputation, and accelerated coronary, cerebral, and peripheral vascular damage and

Bioactive Food as Dietary Interventions for Diabetes # 2013 Elsevier Inc.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-397153-1.00001-9 All rights reserved. 1