Kyambogo university

BACHELOR OF ENEGINEERING IN ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING

YEAR THREE; SEMESTER TWO

TEEE 3203 INSTALLATION DESIGN AND CONTRACTING

LECTURE 5 : Installation Planning and Design
Prepared by: Julius Plucker
Email: jpyazzi@gmail.com
Mob: 0705666065

2020
Design considerations of electrical installations
• Electrical networks in buildings serve the purpose of distributing
the required power to the consuming point where it is used for
different purposes.
• Installations have to take care (i) of load requirements and
supply limitation in a simple and economic manner ensuring at
the same time full protection to human life and property by fire,
(ii) To facilitate easy installation and repair or maintenance.
• Necessity of conserving power to maximum extent, power factor
compensation assumes special importance. The reliability of
supply to essential operations for which stand by supply has to
be designed.
• The following factors must be taken into consideration for
electrical installation.
Design considerations of electrical installations……..
• Types of Loads to be supplied: Domestic Purpose : The
electricity for domestic purpose is consumed in various types of
loads such as: (1)Single phase 5 A domestic Lighting load: -For
lighting Filament lamps , fluorescent tubes , fans. (2)Single
phase 15 A power domestic load: -In case of air conditioning ,
electric water heating , refrigeration.
• Commercial load: (i)Shops (ii)Offices (iii)Schools (iv)Colleges
• Street light load such as Municipality or corporation . A
separate line is provided for this purpose and is charged in a
different type of tariff. Agricultural load : This is generally 3
phase 415 volts ,pumping motor load. -Rice mills /Saw mills :
For this a 3 phase 415 volt 3-phase service line is separately
provided. Industrial load: (a)For small scale industries /
workshops (b)For medium scale industries (c)Large scale
industries (d)cottage industries
• Estimation of load Demand factor Load factor Diversity
factor.
• Type of wiring system  The following are the wiring systems in
common use: (1)Cleat wiring (2)Casing capping (3)C.T.S or
T.R.S wiring system (4)Metal sheathed wiring system
(5)Conduit wiring system
• Available Power supply: Characteristics of the available
supply, such as nature of current, number of conductors,
voltage and frequency value, maximum allowable current,
protective measures inherent in the supply must be known. The
standard voltage in single phase 2 wire systems must be 220 V.
In 3 phase system standard voltage should be 415 V with 240 V
between live and neutral.
• Types of supply system: (1) Overhead supply system. (2)
Underground cable system.
• Nature of demands: The number and type of circuits required
are determined by location of points of power demand, loads
expected in the various circuits, daily and yearly variations in
demand.
• Emergency supply: Certain areas will need standby supplies
to prevent any interruption in power supply to life saving
equipments, or other equipments. The electrical installations
should take into account the possibility of either an automatic
change over or selective connection of standby supply to critical
areas.
• Environmental conditions: The following environmental
factors also apply to buildings:
(a) Water: Possibility of free falling drops or sprays.

(b) Foreign solid bodies: Dust etc.

(c) Corrosive polluting substances.

(d) Mechanical stresses: Impact, vibration, etc.

(e) Seismic effects and lightning.

• Type of wiring and method of intuition: It depends upon
nature of installation. The major portion of design of, installation
relates to this. The cables should not be laid in same trench
alongside a water main, sheathed or sheathed wires can be
used in low voltage installations. In 3 phase circuits, neutral
conductor can be incorporated.
• Protective equipments: Protection must be provided against
the following:
(a) Protection against d.c.
(b) Protection against indirect current
(c) Protection against thermal effects
(d) Protection against over currents
(e) Protection against over voltage
(f) Protection against fault currents.
• Disconnecting devices: Disconnecting devices provided to
permit disconnections of electrical installations or maintenance,
testing and fault detection.
• Accessibility: Adequate passageways shall be allowed to all
accesses to switch board for operation and maintenance.
 Type of wiring systems
• Cleat Wiring
In this type of wiring, insulated conductors (usually VIR,
Vulcanized Indian Rubber) are supported on porcelain or wooden
cleats. The cleats have two halves one base and the other cap.
The cables are placed in the grooves provided in the base and
then the cap is placed. Both are fixed securely on the walls by
40mm long screws.

• Advantages
• Easy installation
• Materials can be retrieved for reuse
• Flexibility provided for inspection, modifications and
expansion.
• Relatively economical
• Skilled manpower not required.
 Disadvantages
• Appearance is not good
• Open system of wiring requiring regular cleaning
• Higher risk of mechanical injury.
Casing capping
• It consists of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular,
teakwood or PVC boxes having grooves inside it. A rectangular
strip of wood called capping having same width as that of
casing is fixed over it. Both the casing and the capping are
screwed together at every 15 cms.
• Advantages
• Cheaper than lead sheathed and conduit wiring.
• Provides good isolation as the conductors are placed apart
reducing the risk of short circuit.
• Easily accessible for inspection and repairs.
• Since the wires are not exposed to atmosphere, insulation is
less affected by dust, dirt and climatic variations.
Disadvantages
• Highly inflammable.
• Usage of unseasoned wood gets damaged by termites.
• Skilled workmanship required.

C.T.S or T.R.S wiring system

• In this wiring system, wires sheathed in tough rubber are used
which are quite flexible. They are clipped on wooden battens
with brass clips (link or joint) and fixed on to the walls or
ceilings by flat head screws. These cables are moisture and
chemical proof.
Advantages
• Easy installation and is durable
• Lower risk of short circuit.
• Cheaper than casing and capping system of wiring
• Gives a good appearance if properly erected.
Disadvantages
• Danger of mechanical injury.
• Danger of fire hazard.
• Should not be exposed to direct sunlight.
• Skilled workmen are required.

Metal sheathed wiring system

• The wiring is similar to that of CTS but the conductors (two or
three) are individually insulated and covered with a common
outer lead- aluminum alloy sheath. The sheath protects the
cable against dampness, atmospheric extremities and
mechanical damages.
• Advantages
• Easy installation and is aesthetic in appearance
• Highly durable
• Suitable in adverse climatic conditions provided the joints are not
Disadvantages
• Requires skilled labor
• Very expensive
• Unsuitable for chemical industries
Conduit wiring system Conduit wiring system
• In this system PVC (polyvinyl chloride) or VIR cables are run
through metallic or PVC pipes providing good protection against
mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit.
Advantages
• No risk of fire and good protection against mechanical injury.
• The lead and return wires can be carried in the same tube.
• Earthing and continuity is assured.
• Waterproof and trouble shooting is easy.
• Shock- proof with proper earthing and bonding
Disadvantages
• Very expensive system of wiring.
Selection of type of wiring systems
The type of the wiring system depends upon the following factors:-
• Durability:-The type of wiring selected for a premises should
be durable.
• Appearance:-The appearance of the wiring should be such
that it should not spoil the beauty of premises.
• Cost :- It is most important factor deciding the type of wiring
system to be used.
• Safety:-This is also a most important factor deciding type of
wiring to be provided.
• Accessibility:-The type of wiring selected should be such that
the extension or renewal of wiring should be possible.
 POWER SUPPLY
The supply of electric power to an electrical load is called power supply. The
main function of the power supply is to convert electric current from a source to
the correct voltage, current and frequency to power the load. Electrical outlet,
energy storage device such as batteries, fuel cells, generator, solar power
converters are generally known as power sources.

• Principle of Power Supply

In modern power stations, the generation of electricity is at 25 KV and it

is transformed to 400 KV. The number of generator sets are designed to
provide the flexibility required power for seasonal variations in loads.
The principle is to supply the power to any consumer with a ring system and fed
from two directions carefully with proper protection and loss of supply.

Power supply is classified into different categories as follows;

AC Power Supply
AC power supply can be taken from the main supply transferred to the
desired voltage with the help of step up and step down transformer. This
supply is divided into a single-phase and a three-phase system.
Programmable Power Supply
A PPS provides remote control operation through an analog input or digital
interface such as RS 232. The controlled properties include voltage, current
and frequency (in case of AC).
Uninterruptible Power Supply
UPS has a feature to take power from two or more sources
simultaneously. It is used as a backup supply as it takes over the
load in dropout or failure condition of main supply. The process is
so fast that the load never experiences an interruption.
Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS)

The main input is converted to DC voltage via rectifier and filter

and then switched on and off at a high frequency (10 KHz- 1 MHz)
by an electronic switch. It has a safety feature to protect the
device and the user.

Linear Regulator

• Linear regulator converts a varying DC voltage to a constant.

There is a current limiting function to protect the power supply
and load from overcurrent. It is independent of fluctuation in
input voltage and loads impedance to provide a steady value.
 High Voltage Power Supply
• HDPS supplies the bulk of energy, which is hundreds or
thousands of volts for applications above 20KV. It includes
voltage multiplier or high turns ratio, high voltage transformer or
both to produce a high voltage.
Characteristics of Power Supply
The electrical characteristics of power supply refers to the quality
of the power.
• Form factor
• Ripple Factor
• Rated Wattage
• Nominal Voltage
• Operating Voltage Range
• Input Frequency Range
• Efficiency
• Load Regulation
• Line Regulation
• Transient Response
• Hold-up Time
• Protections
• Peak Inrush Current
INSTALLATIONS REQUIREMENTS APPLICABLE TO
SPECIAL INSTALLATIONS AND LOCATIONS
a. Battery rooms and compartments
Batteries must be protected by installation in separate rooms. If
necessary electrical or locked electrical premises must be
provided.
The following kinds of installations may be chosen:
• Special rooms for batteries inside buildings,
• Special separate areas within electrical premises,
• Panels or containers inside or outside of buildings,
• Battery compartments inside switchboards (Combi-Panels).
• When designing a battery compartment the following criteria
should be taken into account:
• Protection against external dangerous influences , i.e. fire,
water, shocks, vibration, vermin,
 Battery rooms and compartments…………………….
• Protection against dangers resulting from the battery itself, i.e.
high voltage, explosion, electrolytic fluid, corrosion,
• Protection against access of unauthorised persons,
• Protection against extreme ambient conditions, i.e.
temperature, humidity, pollution.
In special rooms for batteries the following requirements must be
fulfilled, as applicable:
– The floor must be designed according to the weight of the battery. A margin
for later extensions should be kept.
– The electrical installations has to be in line with the standards for electrical
installations of buildings.
– If access is granted to authorised personnel only a lockable anti-panic door
must be applied.
– For closed battery types the floor covering must be leak-proof and
chemically resistant or the battery must be installed in relevant tubs.
– Ventilation must fulfil the requirements explained further below.
– The floor covering of insulating material in a distance of one arm length
around the battery must have a conductivity high enough to prevent
 Battery rooms and compartments…………………….
• But the floor covering material must also be of sufficiently high
insulating capability to protect persons against electrical
shocks. Therefore, the discharge resistance to earth measured
according IEC 61340-4-1(VDE 0303 Part 83) must be in the
following ranges: -
• With battery voltages ≤ 500V: 50k Ω ≤ R ≤ 10M Ω –
• With battery voltages > 500V: 100k Ω ≤ R ≤ 10M Ω
b. Requirements for Marinas and Similar Locations
• Marinas and similar locations are considered in BS 7671 to be
locations with an increased risk of electric shock. This is
because of the presence of water, a reduction in body
resistance, and contact of the body with Earth potential.
Throughout here, the term ‘marina’ means ‘marina or similar
location’.
External influences
Some external influences particularly likely to affect electrical
installations of marinas are:
• the presence of water
• the movement of structures (such as pontoons)
• the presence of solid foreign bodies, and in many cases
• Impact.
 b. Requirements for Marinas and Similar Locations…….
Equipment installed on or above a jetty, wharf, pier or pontoon is
required to have ingress protection of at least:
• IPX4 where likely to be splashed with water
• IPX5 where likely to be subjected to water jets (e.g. hosing), or
• IPX6 where likely to be subjected to waves.
• The equipment in these locations is also required,
o to have protection of at least IP3X against the ingress of small
objects.
o to be suitable for use in the presence of whatever polluting
substance or corrosive atmosphere is likely to be present, such
as a salt laden marine environment, and is to be protected
against mechanical damage caused by impacts of medium
severity.
Requirements for Marinas and Similar Locations…….
• Protection against impact may be achieved by installing robust
equipment having a degree of protection against external
mechanical impact or by locating the equipment so that
damage by any reasonably foreseeable impact may be
avoided.
Supplies
• The nominal voltage of the supply to a houseboat or pleasure
craft is required to be single-phase AC (240), or three-phase
AC (415). Regulations highlight and recommend the prohibition
against the connection of a PME earthing facility to any
metalwork in a boat, in The Electricity Safety, Quality and
Continuity Regulations.
• Therefore, where the supply provided by the electricity
distributor is PME, the electrical installation of a boat should
use an installation earth electrode as its means of earthing and
be arranged to meet the requirements of BS 7671 for an
installation forming part of a TT system.
Requirements for Marinas and Similar Locations…….
• Where permanent buildings exist, Regulations does not preclude the
use of a PME earthing facility as the means of earthing for the
installations of these buildings.
• Plugs and socket-outlets for supplies to pleasure craft or
houseboats
• Socket-outlets for the connection of the hook-up cables to supply
pleasure craft or houseboats from the shore are required to be
provided on the basis of one socket outlet per pleasure craft or
houseboat. Each socket-outlet is to be located as close as
practicable to the berth to be supplied and is either to be provided in
an enclosure or form part of a distribution board. No more than four
socket-outlets are to be grouped together in any one enclosure, so
that hazards due to long hook-up cables from moored craft are
avoided.
Requirements for Marinas and Similar Locations…….
Overcurrent protection
• Each fixed final circuit for the supply to a houseboat, and each
socket-outlet for the supply to a pleasure craft or houseboat, is
to be protected by an individual overcurrent protective device
• Additional Protection by means of an RCD Each fixed final
circuit for the supply to a houseboat, and each socket-outlet for
the supply to a pleasure craft or houseboat, is to be protected
individually by an RCD. This means the RCD must have a rated
residual operating current (I∆n) not exceeding 30 mA and an
operating time not exceeding 40 ms at a residual current of 5
I∆n. The RCD is to disconnect all live (line and neutral)
conductors.
Types of wiring system
• The wiring systems suitable for distribution circuits include:
• underground cables
• sheathed or non-sheathed overhead cables
Requirements for Marinas and Similar Locations…….
Types of wiring system ……………………..
• mineral insulated cables with a thermoplastic covering
• thermoplastic or elastomeric insulated armoured cables with
extruded non hygroscopic fillers
• cables that are at least equivalent to the above

However, wiring systems on or above a jetty, wharf, pier or

pontoon must not use:
• cables suspended in free air or incorporating a support wire
• non-sheathed cables in cable management systems (this is to
prevent chafing of the cables)
• cables with aluminium conductors
• mineral insulated cables
Requirements for Marinas and Similar Locations…….
Types of wiring system ……………………..
• Cables are to be selected and installed so that mechanical
damage due to the movement of floating structures, caused by
waves or tide for example, is prevented. Where there is such
movement, consideration should be given to the use of
equipment such as flexible cable and flexible conduit. Special
consideration is needed for wiring systems passing from one
pontoon to another, due to the relative movement of the
pontoons.
Assignment 2 : Submission Date:24.3.2020 at 1659hrs
Submit both soft and Hardcopy (Bind) to the class president
before 25th. 03.2020
Explain the installation Requirements applicable to following special
installations

i. Locations containing a bath or shower

ii. Swimming pools and fountains

iii. Rooms and cabins containing sauna heaters

iv. Construction and demolition site installations

v. Agricultural and horticultural premises

vi. Electrical installations in caravans and motor caravans

vii. Mobile or transportable units

viii. Medical locations

 END OF SLIDES

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