Nature and Meaning

Fulgent Life - 6" x 6" - Acrylic on Wood Panel

Source: http://www. thaneeya.com/colorful-abstract-art
The ternm art (from Latin word ars) is often used to describe the fine arts,
which consist of painting, sculpture, architecture, literature, dance, music, and
film. Works of arts can be classified as verbal or non-verbal. Missed arts are
the combination of two or more basic arts like dance, drama, and film (Webster
International Encyclopedia)
Art is an expression of our thoughts, emotions, intuitions, and desires, but it is
even more personal than that: it's about sharing the way we experience the world,
which for many is an extension of personality.
It is the communication of intimate concepts that cannot be faithfully portrayed
by words alone. And because words alone are not enough, we must find some
other vehicle to carry our intent.
But the content that we instill on or in our chosen media is not in itself the
art. Art is to be found in how the media is used, the way in which the content is
expressed. (Wm. Joseph Nieters, Lake Ozark, Missour)
Art is a way of grasping the world. Not merely the physical, which is what
science attempts to do; but the whole world, and specifically, the human world,
society and spiritual experience.
Art emerged around 50,000 years ago, long before cities and civilization, yet in
forms to which we can still directly relate. The wall paintings in the Lascaux caves,
which so startled Picasso, have been carbon-dated at around 17,000 years old.
Now, following the invention of photography and the devastating attack made by
Duchamp on the self-appointed Art Establishment, art cannot be simply defined
on the basis of concrete tests like 'fidelity of representation' or vague abstract
concepts like 'beauty. So how can we define art in terms applying to both cave-dwellers and modern city
sophisticates?

The Liberal Arts

Originally, the term liberal arts (from Latin Liberalis,) which means "suitable
for a freeman") refers to seven courses of university study that were offered
during the medieval period' grammar, rhetoric, arithmetic, geometry, music and
astronomy. The primary and mist basic aim of liberal arts education is the fullest
possible development of the individual is-not only its fundamental aim but also
for democracy to work.
By exploring issues, ideas and methods across the humanities and the arts, and
the natural and social sciences, you will learn to read critically, write cogently and
think broadly. These skills will elevate your conversations in the classroom and
strengthen your social and cultural analysis; they will cultivate the tools necessary
to allow you to navigate the world's most complex issues..

Nature of Art
Art is used in many varies ways. It covers those areas of artistic creativity that
seek to communicate beauty or ugly subjects primarily through the sense. An art
embraces the visual arts, paintings, sculpture, architecture, and graphic arts, and
the auditory and performing arts, music, dance, theater, opera and cinema, and
literature.
In a more specialized sense, arts apply to such activities that expresses aestheic
ideas using skills and imagination in the creation of objects through experiences
about the environment or through other personal collective experiences, which
can be shared worthy to others.
Throughout history, art is seen as a realm of pure emotion, the unfathomable
territory of a "dark mystery" (Rand 1975, 15) -- a human product whose nature and
function are impervious to reason and objective definition. Yet, recent times have
witnessed phenomena that heightened urgency to the question of the nature of
art.
For ours is a period driven by total abstraction in painting and sculpture,
serialism in music, the abandonment of meter in poetry, and similar movements in
the other arts -- as well as Socialist Realism and propagandistic art in general, strong
undercurrents of nihilismn and irrationalism, the opposition between the "two
cultures'" of science and art, the rise of technological competitors to the traditional
arts (portraiture, for example, largely having been supplanted by photography),
the centering of artistic activity in the universities, government subsidies for and
influence over the arts, and the increasingly theory-laden perception of
aestheticians, art historians, and critics. All this has left art that strives for "joy and
reason and meaning" (Rand 1943, 543) without a voice and, famously, without a
theory (Wolfe 1975).
Anything accomplished with great art skills. Hence, there are, the specialized
arts such as those arts of teaching, and the art of acupuncture.
These are also the art of speaking, sartorial art (dressing), culinary art (cooking)
and the other practical arts such as the art of metallurgy. Art is present in almost
all human activities. We have also different forms of martial arts - judo,
karate, taekwondo, arnis, etc., -- even in modern technology, the phrase 'state or
the art means quintessential or technically perfect workmanship.
Beardsley points out that an artwork is something produced with the intention
of givin8 it; capacity to satisfy aesthetic interest. The word intention' means a
combination of desire and belief, with the goal of producing a work capable ol
satistying the aesthetic interest. A work of art may serve as an exercise in S
ad manual dexterity but skill itself does not define art, though it is posSibe
examine the products of an artist as the result of skilled manipulation of material

In Tolstoy, "What is art?" (1986) he made the following observations: "To evoke
in oneself a feeling one has once experienced, and having evoked it in oneself,
then by means of movements, lines, colors, sounds, or forms expressed through
words, so to convey this so that others may experience the same feeling- this is the
activity of art. Hence, there is a difference between an artisan and artist."
When we speak of art, we must not delude ourselves into believing that the
term corresponds to some natural, objective and fixed body works 'out there'
to which the category of art is made to operate merely as descriptive rubric.
Remember, rather, we must understand it is a concept, not as natural, pre-ordained
'creation' but a theoretical construction of circumscribed sorts of exts felt to be
special value (Benneth, 1989).
Traditionally, there have been two opposing theories of art: the mimetic and
expression theories. While Rand saw value in each of these approaches, she did
not accept these theories as the only alternatives. In aesthetics, as in so many other
areas of philosophy (Sciabarra, 1995),
Rand sought to overcome the traditional dichotomies. So let us investigate the
texts to see how Rand went about finding a third way in aesthetics.
"Art brings man's concepts to the perceptual 1level of his consciousness and
allows him to grasp them directly, as if they were precepts." (Rand 1975, 20)

Jmportance of Art
A. Timeless of Art
The art constitutes of the oldest and most importarnt means of expression
developed by man. Art is not only found in all ages; but it is present in all
countries. No matter what epoch or country, there is always art.
Works of arts have been preserved because they meet the needs of people
and because they are appreciated and enjoyed. The timelessness about art
makes people feel it is not old; art does not grow old.
B. Art Imitates Life and Reality
Art is born in experience; it is the footprint of fingerprints of the artists
experience life in a reality. Artists live in green time, place and culture. Some
artworks, therefore, are statements, which probed and analyzed concepts of
life and reality during their time.
C. Art has Intrinsic Worth
Humanities are generally regarded as the areas in which human values and
a person's creativity are celebrated. Every creative work of art as a "lifetime
enhancing" value (Berenson, 1957). Although art can be used as spiritual values, it cannot be used up nor
be exhausted. A great masterpiece of art is
never out of date; they tend to magnify their value through the ages, and the
agers to come (Maguigad et. al., 2005)
Lourdes Sanchez (UE CAS Horizon, 1992) enumerates art as:
1. Aesthetic Value or art for the sake as championed by Oscar Wilde. John
this with poetic lines:
Keats expresses
"Bauty is truth, truth is beauty; that is all you know on earth and all you need to kuow'"
2. Didactic Value advocates that art can be an effective means to show
what is moral, that art can improve the moral fiber of society. This
stands of Bernard Shaw who was Oscar Wilde's contemporary and rival in
the theater. Wilde, however, persisted in the contention that art has nothing
to do with morality. The didactic value prevailed during the medieval age
when the church was mandated fount of knowledge.
3. Religious Value of art is supposed to increase awareness of man's
relationship with God and to promote better and stronger bonds
between God and man.
4. Historical Value is present if an art tells us something significant aspects
about the past such as the painting of the first holy mass at Limasawa.
5. Socio-Political Value such as that can be gleaned from Juan Luna's
painting, "spolarium" from Jose Rizal's novel "Noli Me Tangere" and "EI
Filibusterismo" which clarify some problems of society and government.
6. Scientific Value is an art if it informs us about the earth, outer space,
psychology, numbers, etc.
7. Commercial Value exist if the artwork can sell for a fortune.
8. Pragmatic Value of art considers not only aesthetic but also its practical
value of artwork. For instance, a porcelain figure is used as paperweignt
or painting covers a crack in the wall or carved copper cup used in to hold
your dentures art night.
9. Therapeutic Value of art has been explored by medical sciences. It is wel
known, for instance, that music, "scotches the savage breast."
10. Personal Value is Fexible. It can be Socratic in approach. Socrates "know
thyself" theory through art can lead to self-discovery, greater sel
awareness, self-development, self-expression which at the same time 5
form of communication and ideally self-fulfillment.

Assumptions of Arts
1. Art is Universal
Art is a universal phenomenon and is as old as human being. Every society
has its own art, which is encouraged and molded by the patronage it gets
from its members. Artists as members of society create such works,of art in
accordance with the existing relations in the society.
Art is available to everyone.
Itis a means of communication.
Is timeless
Addresses human needs
2. Art is Cultural
The sensitivity and imagination of an artist is what can make a culture.
Art defines culture
Art is an articulation and transmission of new information and values.
Example, when you think of Paris, you usually think about Eiffel tower
Culture - Pattern of behaviors, idea and values.
Art - The tastes in art and manners that are favored by a social group.
3. Art is Experience
Art then is not merely the process by artist; it involves both the artist and the
active observer who encounter each other, their mental environments, and
their culture at large.
The creation of art must be something of personal and knooledgeable value.
"A work of an art then cannot be abstracted from actual doing. In order to
know what an artwork, we have to sense it, see and hear it."
Creatiuity
• It is a phenomenon whereby something new and somehow valuable is
formed. The created item may be intangible (such as an idea, a scientific
theory, a musical composition, or a joke) or a physical object (such as an
invention, a printed literary work, or a painting).
Scholarly interest in creativity is found in a number of disciplines,
primarily psychology, business studies, and cognitive science, but also
education, technology, engineering, philosophy, sociology, linguistics, economics, and mathematics,
covering the relations between creativity
and general intelligence, personality type, mental and neural processes.
mental health, or artificial intelligence; the potential for fostering creativity
through education and training; the fostering of creativity for national
economic benefit, and the application of creative resources to improve the
effectiveness of teaching and learning.
• The English word creativity comes from the Latin term creare, "to create
make": its derivational suffixes also come from Latin. The word "create"
appeared in English as early as the 14h century, notably in Chaucer, to
indicate divine creation.
• However, its modern meaning as an act of human creation did not emerge
until after the Enlightenment.
Jmagination
It is the ability to produce and simulate novel objects, peoples and ideas in
the mind without any immediate input of the senses.
• It is also described as the forming of experiences in one's mind, which can
be re-creations of past experiences such as vivid memories with imagined
changes, or they can be completely invented and possibly fantastic scenes.
Imagination helps make knowledge applicable in solving problems and is
fundamental to integrating experience and the learning process. A basic
training for imagination is listening to storytelling (narrative), in which the
exactness of the chosen words is the fundamental factor to "evoke worlds".
Imagination is a cognitive process used in mental functioning and
sometimes used in conjunction with psychological imagery. It is considered
as such because it involves thinking about possibilities.

Values of Art in Society

Art appreciation helps to open the mindset of the people by listening to
different perspectives and views a will as interpretations of art.
Art affects culture and society in various ways and promotes communication
between cultures, being a universal language that breaks cultural barriers and give
people respect for the beliefs and tradition of others.
The significance of art in society is to serve and fulfill our sense of beauty
and wonder about the world and provides an outlet for creative expression and
documentation of history.

It brings different people together as will or understanding each other. Lessons

acquired from these subjects can be applied in learning positive behaviours and
life style that needs consistency.
Scientific students have proven that art appreciation improves our quality of
life and make us fell good, creating an art elevated our mood and improve our
ability to solve problems and lead to open our minds to new ideas.
Art influences society by changing opinions, instilling values and expressing
experiences across the space and time. Research have shown that art affects the
fundamental sense of self. Painting, sculpture, music, literature and other arts are
considered to be the repository of a society's collective memory.

Chapter 2
Functions and Theories of Art

Functions of Art
Art is an important element of people's lives since it may communicate feelings
and motivate them. The arts serve a variety of purposes, which can be classified
as physical, personal, or social. The physical purpose of the arts can be seen in
architecture, which decorates with art. Therapeutic art, self-expression, relaxation,
and entertainmernt are all personal functions of the arts.
Finally, art's social role is what makes it so essential; it has the ability to
influence people and raise awareness about social concerns, and examples of this
form of art include political art and forum theater.

1. Personal Function
• Arts opens and educate the senses and sharpen the perception.
Arts serves as a vehicle for the expression of feelings, emotions, motivations
and ideas.
• Arts provides awareness for other ways of thinking, feeling and imagining
2. Social Function
•. Art seeks to influence proper human behavior. It helps promote g0od
manners and right conduct.
• The audio-visual nature of arts can be used primarily for public consumption
and enjoyment.
• Arts express or describe individual, social or collective, and universal
aspects of existence.
3. Physical Function
Many attempts have been made to answer the basic questions about man,
his physical existence and his environment, yet until now it seems that no
one has found the absolute answer to what man really is.
• His physical existence becomes more complicated, since machines, and
modern technology are replacing his traditional physical functions.
• Art and skilled workmanship, however, help mitigate the automatic or
robotic effects of technology on mankind.
4. Public Display
On 2D displays, such as computer monitors and TVS, the display size is the
physical size of the area where pictures and videos are displayed.
The size of a s screen is usually described by the length of its diagonal, which
is the distance between opposite corners, usually in inches.
• It is also sometimes called the physical image size to distinguish it
the "logical image size," which describes a screen's display resolution a
A
is measured in pixels.
5. Expression
• The view that "art is imitation (representation)" has not only been
challenged,
• It has been moribund in at least some of the arts since the 19th century.
It was subsequently replaced by the theory that art is expression.
• Instead of reflecting states of the external world, art is held to reflect the
inner state of the artist.
• This, at least, seems to be implicit in the core meaning of expression: the
outer manifestation of an inner state.
Art as a representation of outer existence has been replaced by art as an
expression of humans' inner life.
• But the terms express and expression are ambiguous and do not always
denote the same thing. Like so many other terms, express is subject to the
process-product ambiguity: the same word is used for a process and for the
product that results from that process.
"The music expresses feeling" may mean that the composer expressed
human feeling in writing the music or that the music when heard is
expressive of human feeling.
6. Faith (Humanism)
"Art is a lie that makes us realize truth, at least the truth that is given us to understand"
- Pablo Picasso
One of the most significant changes brought about by the Renaissance
was the realization that people are ultimately responsible for their conduct
and beliefs toward God and other people, and that the Church was never the
source of those behaviors or beliefs. Our belief in religion, art, and culture
revolves on one of the fundamental aspects of what makes us human.
One of Raphael's most potent depictions of this turning point in human
history is The School of Athens, which also captures the Renaissance's classical
essence.
7. Beauty
"Love of beauty is taste. The creation of beauty is art" - Ralph Waldo
Beauty is what you make of it, what your preference is, what calls
your heart, soul, and mind. What is beauty in art? - Beauty is what we see
characteristic and harmonious.
8. Freedom
"Art is meant to disturb. Science reasstures"- Georges Braque, painter
One decides to express the imagination is brave. The value of freedomn in
our creative expression cannot be overstated.

Theories of Art
Art and Nature
Art is not nature. The skill of an artist is not a naturally found or inherently
endowed characteristics in all men. Although artists make use of nature as
their inspiration and medium, yet nature in itself is not automatically art.
The artist's perception of the nature of things and the world may differ
from others perspectives, a result of socio-cultural diversities. It is this inspired
perception and vision, however, that produce

It is arguable that all works of art are imitative. AIl visual arts like landscape,
painting and portrait, sculpture may be imitative but some abstract paintings
not. Most musical works of musical works are created originally, although
few are imitations or versions of the original. This is another argument against
the theory of imitation.
Art as Pleasure
Neither Plato nor Aristotle ignored the role of pleasure in art. On the
contrary both believed that in representing the physical world, art give
pleasure. Aristotle explained the connection between imitation, learning, and
pleasure.
"Imitation is natural to man from childhood. One of his advantages over
the lower animals is that man is the most imitative creature in the world, and
learns at first by imitation. The truth of this point is shown by experience,
through the objects themselves may be painful to see, we delight to view the
most realistic representations of them in art," (Ross, vol. 60,) (Maguigad et
al.,2005).
The idea is that imitation and pleasure can go together. This does not mean,
however, that what is not imitated will not give pleasure, According to Faurot
(1978), painting, sculpture and music have strictly speaking, no function to
perform in life except that of giving pleasure and life enhancement.
Art as Play
Every one needs an outlet to vent their passions, emotions and other forms of
uncontrolled expressions of energy. Artists offer entertainment to audience or
viewers through the expression of the art. Plato likewise observed that art is a form
of play for the artist.

Art as an Expression
The expressionist views are found in Leo Tolstoy, a Russian novelist who wrots
War and Peace and Anna Karanina; and Beneddetto Croce, an Italian philosopher
who wrote Theory of Aesthetic. For Tolstoy, a man receiving through his sense of
hearing or sight another man's expression of feeling, and experience those feelings
is capable of experiencing the emotion. It is on this ability of man to receive another
man's expression of feeling, and experience those feelings himself, that the activity
of art is based.
Benedetto Croce saw art as "intuitive knowledge"
of mental states. For him, it is important to distinguish
between two forms of knowledge: intuitive and logical.
Intuitive knowledge is obtained through imagination in
contrast to logical knowledge, which is obtained through
the intellect. Croce connects intuitive knowledge also called
"expressive" with art; that every true intuition is also an
expression. In summary, the enjoyment of art is not merely
an experience of "casual sensualism" but an imaginative
or in Croce's observation, an intuitive experience. The
perceiver or the viewer recreates or reproduces the artist's
expression of his work.
Art as an Empathy or Experience
The Emphatic Theory of art posts that art makes an
individual feels what she/he would experience if she
he is actually involved in which it artistically presented
or depicted. Arguing for a more inclusive concept of
empathy-related response and integrating four distinct
bodies of literature, we discuss contextual, and personal
factors which modulate empathic response to depicted
people.
It has been generally accepted that art is experience; that
all arts demand and involve experience, the same way that
there can be no appreciation of arts without experience. As in life, experience
practice is the best education, so is art. It is then necessary and worthwhile tor
anybody to learn about in any artwork, to know what the critics have said about it
and to understand that were the conditions influencing its creation or production.
Unless one knows the artwork itself, has experience of it, one may have just
insignificant knowledge of it.
For John Dewey (1934), art must not be separated from experience. The point of
art is to elevate common experience .It accomplished this by unifying and ordering
experience for the mind. For the human, the aesthetic experience resides in the
Tecognition of the wholeness of the inter-relationship among the things presented
or depicted .The artist intention, therefore, is not nor the only artworks meaning
but also does the quality of the experience that is elicit. The more widespread and
intense the experience depicted, the more expressive is the art.
Dewey defines art as nature transformed by entering into new relationship
where it evokes a new emotional response. He believes that the object should not
be seen in isolation from the process that produced it, nor from the individuality
of vision from which it came.

Dimension of Art
A. Social Dimension of Art
The social dimension of art consists of communication or dialogue; this is
the art of transmitting and exchanging information or opinion. This dimension
is also found in literary and dramatic works that represent conversation,
interaction, mutual or reciprocal action, and influence in a person's relationship
with other men in the community
Relationship have several types:
Objective relationship which relates people as an object, existing outside
and independent of the mind and dealing with the fact without distortion. The
object relations suggests that the way people relate to others and situations in
their adult lives is shaped by family experiences during infancy.
Manipulative relationship uses other people for vested interest, its influence
or at worst to deceive functional relationship is a purpose - oriented personal
relationship is related to thing or ideas that are personal; in nature. Basic
elements of social dimension of art are the family, community, age grouping,
class phenomena, religion, and a race or ethnicity.
B. Economic Dimension of Art
Human existence is primarily concerned with the satisfaction of material
wants. It focused on the task of making a living- the most absorbing interest
of human being. An artist interesting with an economic experience or subject
(planning rice, barter trade, trading caravans, etc.) translates and conveys it
into a medium using its elements and the techniques in order to produce an
artwork.
A painting is not only something to be appreciated; a poem or a musical
composition is not only something to be savored or heard of; an architectural
marvel is not only as something to be built and seen; at has useful or practical
function and one of which is its economic value-it can be sold or exchanged for
a piece.
Art is also form of profession. Artist men improve quality of life throueh
sales and mass production of his opuses. Auctions, art exhibits and galleries ara
marketing conduits for the artworks of a painter, sculptor and photographers
Concerts, recitals and movie TV shows showcase the works of musiciane
dancers and actors for a free.
C. Psychological Dimension of Art
An artist gives objective physical form to subjects that have to do with the
subconscious or to what they dream, feel, imagine, or urge.This covers the
psychological realm or dimension of arts such as subjects of arts attempt to
show the inside of the human psyche and to reveal thoughts and dream that
are not controlled by rational or conscious behavior. In painting, this kind of
woks falls under surrealism (beneath the real pioneered by the Spanish painter
Salvador Dale "Last Supper" and the Jewish Marc Chagall "The Green Violinist
Plato regards poetry either as "a kind of madness" or an "inspired vision
". Aristotle considers it as "strain of madness". However, what these two
philosophers called "madness" is equivalent to that many artist now consider
as "inspiration" which is directed by forces from within or within them.
D. Politico-Military and Ideology Dimension of Art
Many artist made use to their work to convey their idea, feeling and at
some cases their partisan consciousness and reaction about political or military
event. Picasso's anger and revulsion is felt in his mural Guernica, which shows
two days or relentless, barbaric, and senseless Nazi bombing of the Basque
town. The painting is Picasso's political statement of protest against the
barbarity and evils of war.
To some artist who does not adhere to Oscar Wilde "Art for art's "they would
rather cater to the dictum "Art for life sake". Thus, there were artist who made
use to their artworks as vehicle to air their misgiving or grievances against the
political or economic system of their times. As furthermore examples, the two
novels of Jose Rizal were scaring indictments of the Spanish colonial system
during his time.
Functions of Arts and Philosophy
The study of philosophy enhances a person's problem-solving capacities. It
helps us to analyze concepts, definitions, arguments and problems. It contributes
to our capacity to organize issues and ideas, to deal with questions of value and to
extract what is essential from large quantities of information.
"The practice of philosophy is a process benefiting the whole of society. It
helps to build bridges between peoples cultures and heightens demand for quality
education for all."; Irma Bokova, Director General of the UN Educational Scientific
and Scientific Organization (UNESCO) Nov. 17, 2011.
Philosophy helps students to develop students to develop both their
capacity and their inclination to do critical thinking, It contributes distinctively,
insensitivity, and extensively to a students ability to think critically. Philosophy
also investigates the principles and rules of language and attempts to clarify the
meaning of vague words and concepts, Philosophy examine the role of language
in communication and thought and the problem on how to identify or ensure the
presence of meaning in our use of language.
Philosophy, like art has also a profound communicative function. People
communicate to one another. Their feelings, their intimate and infinitely varied and
poignant thoughts. Philosophy can not be considered as an art, instead philosophy
itself is art just a much as art is philosophy.

Understanding Art Forms

Visual Arts
The visual arts are art forms that create works which are primarily visual
in nature, such as ceramics, drawing, painting, sculpture, printmaking, design,
crafts, photography, video, film making and architecture. These definitions
should not be taken too strictly as many artistic disciplines (performing arts,
conceptual art, textile arts) involve aspects of the visual arts as well as arts
of other types. Also included within the visual arts are the applied arts such
as industrial design, graphic design, fashion design, interior design and
decorative art.
The current usage of the term "visual arts" includes fine art as well as the
applied, decorative arts and crafts, but this was not always the case. Before
the Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain and elsewhere at the turn of the 20-h
century, the term 'artisť was often restricted to a person working in the fine
arts (such as painting, sculpture, or printmaking) and not the handicraft,
craft, or applied art media.
The Elements of Visual Arts
1. Line - used to lead the viewers eyes throughout the artwork. There are five
basic kinds of lines: vertical, horizontal, diagonal, curved and zigzag.
2. Shapes and Forms -A shape is a 2D area that is defined in some way. It may
have an outline of a boundary around it, or may cover an area.
3. Dimension - An amount of space an object takes up in one direction
4. Texture - how things feel when touched. The appearance of roughness
smoothness of visual texture is determined by the light or dark values
has.
waves reflected from
5. Color - is an element of art that results from the light
objects to your eyes. Three properties of. color make up the colors we s
hue, value, and intensity.
6. Space and Movements - Space refers to both outer and inner space H
emptiness or area between, around, above, below, or within objects.
Movement is shown through the direction of the line or the arrangement
of color within the artistic frame.

Meaning of Painting
Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a
solid surface (support base). The medium is commonly applied to the base with a
brush, but other implements, such as knives, spornges, and airbrushes, can be used.
The final work is also called a painting.
Painting is an important form in the visual arts, bringing in elements such
as drawing, gesture (as in gestural painting), composition, narration (as in
narrative art), or abstraction (as in abstract art). Paintings can be naturalistic and
representational (as in a still life or landscape painting), photographic, abstract,
narrative, symbolistic (as in Symbolist art), emotive (as in Expressionism), or
political in nature (as in Artivism).
Types of Painting Styles
1. Realism - is a painting art style that aims to to give the viewers the reflection
of the real world.
2. Photorealism - is a genre of art that encompasses painting, drawing ana
other graphic media, in which an artist studies a photograph.
3. Expressionism - refers to art in which the image of reality is distorted in
order to make it expressive of the artist inner feelings of ideas.- ( Kandinsky
Gossacks 2010-1)
4. Impressionism - describes a style of painting developed in France durin,
the mid-to-late 19th century.
5. Abstract - is from visual references in the world especially visual language
of shape, form, color and line to create a composition which may exist with
a degree of independence
6. Surrealism - it is a practice of producing fantastic or incongruous ima8
or effects in art, literature, film, or theater by means of natural or irrational just a positions and
combinations. It is a style in art and literature in which
ideas, images, and objects are combined in a strange way.
7. Pop Art - from popular and mass culture such as is an art movement that
emerged in the United Kingdom and the United States during the mid to
late 1950's. The movement presented a challenge to traditions of fine art
by including imagery from popular and mass culture such as advertising,
comic books, and mundane mass produced objects.
8. Op Art- short for optical art, is a style of visual art that uses optical illusions..
It gives the viewers the impression of movement, hidden images, flashing
and vibrating patterns or swelling or warping. (Wikipedia)

ELEMENTS OF PAINTING
Color and Tone
Color made of hue, saturation, and value, dispersed over a surface is the essence
of painting, just as pitch and rhythm are the essence of music. Color is highly
subjective, but has observable psychological effects although these can differ from
one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but in the
East, white. Some painters, theoriticians, writers and scientists, including Goethe,
Kandinsky, and Newton, have written their own color theory.
Painters deal practically wit pigments, "blue" for a painter can be any of the
blues: phthalocyanine blue, Prussian blue, indigo, Cobalt blue, ultramarine, and so on.
Psychological and symbolical meanings of color are not strictly speaking, means
of painting. Color only add to the potential, derived context of meanings, and
be; rather, they can add different context to it, because of this, the perception of
a painting is highly subjective. The analogy of music is quite clear-sound in
music (like a C note) is analogous to "ight" in painting, "shades" to dynamics
and "coloration" is to painting as the specific timbre in musical instruments is to
music. These elements do not necessarily form a melody (in music) of themselves.
Rather they can add different contexts to it.
HISTORY
The oldest known paintings are at the Grotte Chauvet in France, which some
historian believed are about 32,000 years old. They are engraved and painted
using red ochre and clack pigment, and they show horses, rhinoceros, lions,
buffalo, mammoth, abstract designs and what are possibly partial human figures.
However,
the earliest evidence of the act of painting has been discovered in
two rock-shelters in Amhem Land, in Northern Australia. In the lowest layer of
material at these sites, there are used pieces of ochre estimated to be 60,000 years
old. Archaeologists have also found a fragment of rock painting preserved in a
lime stone rock-shelter in the Kimberly region of North-Western Australia, that is
dated 40,000 years old.
Painting is mentioned in the 15th century writings of 1 1 Libro dell'Arte by Tuscan
painter, Cennino Cennini with his concepts on Late medieval and Renaissance art
The invention of photography had a major impact on painting. In the decade
after the first photograph was produced in 1829,photographic processes improved
and became more wildly practiced, depriving painting of much of its historic
purpose to provide an accurate record of the observable world.
Modern and contemporary arts have moved away from the historic value of
craft and documentation in favour of concept, leading some to say, in the 1060s.
that painting as a serious art form is dead. This has not deterred the majority of
living painters from continuing to practice painting either as whole or part of
their work. The vitality and versatility of painting in the 21* century defies the
previous "declarations" of its demise. In an epoch characterized by by the idea
of pluralism, there is no consensus as to a representative style of the age. Artists
continue to make important works of art in a wide variety of styles and aesthetic
temperaments-their merits are left to the public and the marketplace to judge.
AESTHETICS AND THEORY
Aesthetic is the study of art and beauty; it was an important issue for 18h and 19th
century of Philosophers such as Kant and Hegel. Classical philosophers like Plato
and Aristotle also theorized about art and painting in particular. Plato disregarded
painters (as well as sculptors)) in his philosophical system; he maintained painting
cannot depict the truth, it isa copy of reality (shadow of the world of ideas) and
is nothing but a craft, similar to a shoemaking or iron casting. By the time of
Leonardo, painting had become a closer representation of the truth than painting
was in Ancient Greece
PAINTING MEDIA
1. Oil
Oil painting is the process of painting with pigments that are bound with
a medium of drying oil, such as linseed oil, which was widely used in early
modern Europe. Often the oil was boiled with a resin such as pine resin or
even frankincense; these were called varnishes and were prized for their body
and gloss. Eventually oil paint became the principal medium used for creating
artworks as its advantages became widely known.
2. Pastel
Pastel is a painting medium in the form of a stick, consisting of pure
powdered pigment and a binder. The pigments used in pastels are the same as
those
used to produced all colored art media including oil paints, the binae
is of neutral hue and low saturation. The color effect of pastel to le closer to trie
natural dry pigments.
3. Acrylic
Acrylicpaint is a fast drying paint containing pigment suspension in acrylic
polymer emulsion. Acrylic paints can be diluted with water but become water-
resistant when dry.
4. Water Color
Water color a painting method in which the paints are made of pigments
suspended in a water-soluble vehicle. The common traditional support for
water color paintings is paper, papyrus, bark papers, plastic, vellum or leather,
fabric wOod and canvass.
5. Ink
Ink paintings one with a liquid that contains pigments and/or other dyes
used to color a surface to produce an image ,text, or design. Ink is used for
drawing with a pen, brush or quill.
6. Hot wax or encaustic
Encaustic known as hot wax painting, involves using heated beeswax to
which colored pigments are added. The liquid paste is then applied to a
surface-usually prepared wood, though canvass and other materials are often
used.
7. Fresco
Fresco is any of several related mural painting types, done on plaster on
walls or ceilings.
8. Gouache
Gouache is a water-based paint containing of pigment and other materials
designed to be used in an opaque painting method.
9. Enamel
Enamel are made by painting a substrate, typically metal, with powdered
glass, minerals called color oxides that provides coloration, after firing at a
temperature of 750-850 degrees Celsius (1380-1560) degrees Fahrenheit), the
result is a fused lamination of glass and metal.
10. Spray paint
Aerosol paint ( (also called spray paint) is a type of paint that comes in
a several pressurized container and is released in a fine spray mist when
depressing a valve button.
11. Tempera
Tempera, also known as egg tempera, is a permanent, fast-drying paintin
medium consisting of colored pigment mixed tinous material such as an egg
with a water soluble binder medium (usually an egg yolk.
12. Water miscible oil paint
Water miscible oil paint (also called "water soluble" or water mixable i
a modern variety of oil paint engineered to be thinned and cleared up with
water, rather than having to use chemicals such as turpentine.

Sculpture
Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. It
is one of the plastic arts. Durable sculptural processes originally used carving (the
removal of material) and modeling (the addition of material, as clay), in stone,
metal, ceramics, wood and other materials but, since Modernism, there has been
an almost complete freedom of materials and process. A wide variety of materials
may be worked by removal such as carving, assembled by welding or modeling,
or molded, or cast.
Sculpture in stone survives far better than works of art in perishable
materials, and often represents the majority of the surviving works (other than
pottery) from ancient cultures, though conversely traditions of sculpture
in wood may have vanished almost entirely. However, most ancient sculpture was
brightly painted, and this has been lost. Sculpture has been central in religious
devotion in many cultures, and until recent centuries large sculptures, too
expensive for private individuals to create, were usually an expression of religion
or politics. Those cultures whose sculptures have survived in quantities include the
cultures of the ancient Mediterranean, India and China, as well as South America
and Africa.
The term "sculpture" is often used mainly to describe large works, which are
sometimes called monumental sculpture, meaning either or both of sculpture that
is large, or that is attached to a building. But the term properly covers many
types of small works in three dimensions using the same techniques, including
coins and medals, hard stone carvings, a term for small carvings in stone that can
take detailed work.
The very large or "colossal" statue has had an enduring appeal since antiquity;
the largest on record at 128 m (420 ft) is the 2002 Chinese Spring Temple Buddha.
Another grand form of portrait sculpture is the equestrian statue of a rider on
horse, which has become rare in recent decades.
The smallest forms of life-size portrait sculpture are the "head", showing just
that, or the bust, a representation of a person from the chest up. Small forms of sculpture include the
figurine, normally a statue that is no more than 10
inches (46 cm) tall, and for reliefs the plaquette, medal or coin.
Types of Sculpture
a. Free Standing Sculpture- can stand freely.
b. the form is embossed or raised above the surface of background.
C. Low Relief Sculpture- the figure is raised only a little form the background
Example: "Pieta" by Michelangelo, "Statue of Liberty" by Federic Auguste
Bartholdi, "The Oblation" in UP by Guillermo Tolentino, "Bonifacio
Monument".
Sculpting Methods and Processes
1. Carving
The sculptor starts with a block of material and cuts or chips a shape from
it. Often a hard material like stone is used.
2. Casting
The sculptor starts by making a mold. He or she then pours in a melted-
down metal or some other liquid. Eventually, the liquid hardens. The mold
is broken to reveal the newly created work within. One of the most commonly
used media in casting is bronze.
3. Modelling
The. sculptor builds up and shapes a soft material. Clay and fresh plaster
are the two common materials.
Assembling - also known as constricting, the sculptor glues or in some
other way join together pieces of material.

Architecture
Architecture is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or any
other structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural
symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural
achievements. This form of art provides us the physical structure we lived.
It is a profound expression of human culture in a particular period, and it will endure and outlive us in
forms of monuments that future generations will study and strive to understand. It is an art form that
reflects how we present ourselves across the earth's landscape, and like other expressive mediums, it
changed with styles, technologies and cultural adaptations.
Examples: Intramuros, Fort Santiago, mosques, and The San Agustine
Church in Manila.