A Course Project Report on:

“Design of Evaporator for Manufacturing of Phosphoric Acid”

Submitted
To
Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune
(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University.)
In partial fulfillment of the requirements
B. Tech. (Chemical Engineering)

Made By
Shivraj Pardeshi
(Gr. No.1220181)

Harsh Mule
(Gr. No.12110083)

Aditya Pawar
(Gr. No.12220243)

Atharv Nagre
(Gr.No.12220297)

Department of Chemical Engineering

BRACT’S Vishwakarma Institute of Technology,
666, Upper Indiranagar, Bibwewadi, Pune – 411 037
 ABSTRACT

Phosphoric acid is a crucial chemical compound widely used in various industries,

including agriculture, food production, and the pharmaceutical sector. The
manufacturing of phosphoric acid involves several complex processes, one of
which is the concentration of phosphoric acid solution through evaporation. This
course project report presents a comprehensive study on the design of an
evaporator system tailored for the production of phosphoric acid.

The primary objective of this project is to optimize the evaporator's design to

enhance the efficiency of the concentration process while ensuring safety and
sustainability. The report begins by providing an overview of the importance of
phosphoric acid in industry and its manufacturing process, highlighting the critical
role of the evaporator in the overall production chain.

The design phase involves a detailed analysis of key factors, such as the
concentration of the feed solution, temperature requirements, flow rates, and heat
transfer considerations. Various evaporator types, including single-effect and
multiple-effect evaporators, are evaluated in terms of their suitability for
phosphoric acid concentration.
 Acknowledgement

In the preparation of this project, first of all we would like to thank the Head of
Chemical Engineering Department, Prof. Dr.M.P.Deosarkar, for the opportunity to
explore such an interesting topic in detail and present a project on the same.

We are extremely thankful and hope for similar opportunities in the near future.
We would also like to acknowledge the efforts and guidance of Prof. Dr. Hemlata
Karne who was our guide for the purpose of this Project, and who is constantly
pushing us to achieve higher goals than the ones we have set for ourselves.
Without her encouragement, this project could not have been successful.

I would like to thank all the staff members of the Chemical Engineering
Department of VIT Pune, who have always been helpful and supportive. Lastly, we
would like to thank our family and friends who have always been the source of our
motivation.
 Bansilal Ramnath Agarwal Charitable Trust’s
VISHWAKARMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to University of Pune)
666, Upper Indiranagar, Bibvewadi, Pune – 411 037

CERTIFICATE
It is certified that the project work entitled

“Design of Evaporator for Manufacturing of Phosphoric Acid”

Submitted by
Shivraj Pardeshi (Gr. No. 12220181)
Harsh Mule (Gr. No. 12110083)
Aditya Pawar (Gr. No. 12220243)
Atharv Nagre (Gr. No. 12220297)

Is the original work carried out by them under the supervision of Prof. Dr Hemlata Karne
and is approved for the partial fulfilment of the requirement of Vishwakarma Institute of
technology Pune, Pune for the award of the,

Degree of Bachelor of Technology (Chemical).

This Project Work has not been earlier submitted to any other Institute or University for
the award of any degree

Guide,
Department of Chemical Head,
Engineering Department of Chemical Engineering
 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

Abstract

Acknowledgements

Certificate

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Chapter 3 PROCESS DISCRIPTION

Chapter4 Calculation

Chapter 5 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION

REFERENCE .
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Evaporation falls into the concentration stage of downstream processing and

is widely used to concentrate foods, chemicals, and salvage solvents. The goal of
evaporation is to vaporize most of the water from a solution containing a desired
product, or in the case of drinking water from seawater, an undesired product.
After initial pre-treatment and separation, a solution often contains over 85%
water. This is not suitable for industry usage because of the cost associated with
processing such a large quantity of solution, such as the need for larger equipment.
If a single evaporator is used for the concentration of any solution, it is called a
single effect evaporator system and if more than one evaporator is used in series
for the concentration of any solution, it is called a multiple effect evaporator
system. Unlike single stage evaporators, these evaporators can be made of up to
seven evaporator stages or effects. Adding one evaporator to the single effect
decreases the energy consumption to 50% of the original amount. Adding another
effect reduces it to 33% and so on. The number of effects in a multiple-effect
evaporator is usually restricted to seven because after that, the equipment cost
starts catching up to the money saved from the energy requirement drop.
 CHAPTER 2
LITRETURE REVIEW
Multiple effect evaporators (MEEs) have been widely used to improve energy efficiency and
lower operating costs in a variety of industrial processes, including phosphoric acid production.
The purpose of this literature review is to provide an overview of relevant studies and insights
into the design aspects of MEEs for use in phosphoric acid plants, with a focus on calculating
heat transfer area and the number of tubes required.

Production and Evaporation of Phosphoric Acid Phosphoric acid is an important chemical that is
used in many industries, most notably the production of fertilisers, food additives, and
detergents. One of the critical processes in the production of phosphoric acid is the evaporation
of dilute phosphoric acid solutions. MEEs are chosen for their ability to recover latent heat from
vapour efficiently.
Considerations for Heat Transfer and Design Efficient heat transfer is a critical component of
MEE design. Heat transfer calculations in MEEs are based on thermodynamic and fluid
dynamics principles, which include mass and energy balances. Heat transfer coefficients,
temperature differences between effects, overall heat transfer coefficients, and the choice of
suitable heat exchanger designs such as shell-and-tube, falling film, or rising film are all factors
that influence design.
Effects Count and Energy Efficiency The number of effects to use is an important design
decision. Feedstock properties, desired product concentration, and the trade-off between energy
savings and capital costs all influence the decision. A greater number of effects improves energy
efficiency but may raise the initial investment.
Different types of evaporators:
Evaporators are broadly classified to four different categories:

1. Evaporators in which heating medium is separated from the evaporating liquid

by tubular heating surfaces.

2. Evaporators in which heating medium is confined by coils, jackets, double walls

etc.

3. Evaporators in which heating medium is brought into direct contact with the
evaporating fluid.

4. Evaporators in which heating is done with solar radiation.

Horizontal tube evaporators

This was the first kind of evaporator to receive general recognition and was a
design utilizing horizontal tubes. This type is seldom used except for a few special
applications. It has the simplest of designs with a shell and horizontal tube
arrangement with heating medium in the tubes and evaporation on the shell side.

Horizontal spray film evaporators

The liquid in the horizontal, falling-film evaporator when distributed by

recirculation through a spray system, gives the horizontal spray film evaporators.
Gravity helps the sprayed liquid fall from one tube to another.

.Short tube vertical evaporators

It was the first type to become really popular commercially. The first was built by
Robert and the vertical tube evaporator is often called Standard Evaporator. It is
also called calandria. Circulation of liquid past the heating surface is induced by
boiling (natural circulation). Since the circulation rate through the evaporator is
many times the feed rate the downcomers are required to permit liquid flow from
the top tube sheet to the bottom tube sheet. Downcomers should be so sized that it
reduces the liquid holdup above the tube sheet as this setup improves fluid
dynamics, reduces foaming and increases heat transfer rate

Basket type evaporators

The only difference between a standard evaporator and this one is that in the basket
type the downcomer is. The annual downcomer is more economical as it allows the
evaporator to be removed for cleaving and repair. Also, a deflector is installed to
reduce “burping” which is caused due to entrainment. A difficulty sometimes is
associated with the steam inlet line and the condensate outlet line and differential
thermal expansion associated with them.

Rising or climbing film evaporators

These operate on a "thermo-siphon" principle. Feed enters from the bottom and the
heating gives raise to steam. The steam moves upwards and boiling causes the
liquid and vapours to flow upward. Simultaneously vapour is produced and the
product is pushed as a thin film on the walls of the tubes and forces the liquid to
raise vertically upwards. This movement against gravity causes a lot of turbulence
and is highly beneficial. This is useful during while dealing with viscous or highly
fouling products
Plate evaporators

Instead of tube and shell heat exchangers, framed plates can be used as an heating
surface. These plate assemblies are similar to plate heat exchangers, but are
equipped with large passages for the vapour flow. These evaporators are
constructed of flat plates or corrugated plates. One of the reasons of using plates is
that scales will flake off the plates more readily than they do so from curved
surfaces. In some flat evaporators, plate surfaces are used such that alternately one
side can be used as the steam side and liquor side so that when a side is used as
liquor side and scales are deposited on the surface, it can then be used as steam
side in order to dissolve those scales. In these units a product plate and a steam
plate are connected alternately. The product passage is designed for even
distribution of liquid on the plate surfaces and low pressure drop in the vapour
phase.

Forced circulation evaporators

Sometimes we need to avoid the boiling of the product on the heating surface
because of the fouling characteristics of the liquid. We use this evaporator
especially in these cases. And to achieve this high capacity, pumps are used to
maintain high velocity of the liquids in the tubes.

A multiple effect evaporator

A multiple effect evaporator is an apparatus that efficiently uses the heat from
steam to evaporate water. In a multiple effect evaporator, water is boiled in a
sequence of vessels, each of which is at a lower pressure than the last. As the
boiling point of the water decreases with pressure, the vapor produced in one
vessel can be used to heat the next vessel. Only the first vessel requires a source of
external heat.
 Chapter 3
PROCESS DISCRIPTION

PRODUCTION OF PHOSPHORIC ACID

PROCESS OF MANUFACTURE

Phosphoric acid is manufactured and produced by two distinct and popular

methods: (1) the thermal process and (2) the wet process, the third method which is
the dry-kiln process which is a promising and alternative method because of its
reduced environmental footprint and effect and potential cost saving.

WET PROCESS

The wet process is the most popular process of producing phosphoric acid and this
acid is used in phosphate fertilizers production such as Mono-Ammonium
phosphate (MAP), Di-Ammonium phosphate (DAP), Triple-Superphosphate (TSP)
and single superphosphates, which this due to low purity of phosphoric acid
produced as range (P2O5) 32%-52%.

In wet acid process, the concentrated phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and calcium
sulphate (CaSO4), which is known as gypsum, are produced by acidulation the
phosphate ore in concentrated sulfuric acid and dilute phosphoric acid.

The process of production phosphoric acid is the sulfuric acid and phosphate rock
are fed to the reactor, which the reactor temperature range is 70°C - 100°C , which
the reaction that presented in the equation below and done in the reactor is self-
limiting because an insoluble layer of calcium sulphate form on the surface of the
particles of the rock so to minimum this problem, the phosphate rock could be in
contact with recirculated phosphoric acid to convert it as much as possible to
soluble mono calcium phosphate

then precipitating it with sulfuric acid to form concentrated phosphoric acid and
gypsum, Then to separate phosphoric acid from gypsum is send to filtration and
recycle the dilute acid to reactor, finally the filtrated phosphoric acid is sent to
evaporator to concentrate the phosphoric acid and then go to storage tank.

Ca10(PO4)6 F2 CaCO3 + 11H2SO4 +11xH2O → 6H3PO4 + 11CaSO4xH2O +

2HF + CO2 + H2O

The phosphoric acid production from wet process is done by the Di-hydrate (DH)
and hemihydrate (HD) process.

HEMI-HYDRATE WET PROCESS ACID PRODUCTION (HH)

Hemi-hydrate Phosphoric acid production is the new invented technology at which

it is being applied in many phosphoric acid production plants. In this process
phosphoric acid can be produced directly with a concentration of 40-52% with
consequent valuable saving in energy consumption and that is what make this
 process the leading process in wet phosphoric acid production.

DI-HYDRATE WET PROCESS ACID PRODUCTION (DH)

Dihydrate processes for Phosphoric acid production are still the most popular one
until now. Many plants for phosphoric acid production nowadays still operate
using this process due to its ease and simplicity, the major advantage of this
process is its flexibility and reliability. Since it has high adaptability to phosphorus
ore, and it accepts any kind of phosphorus ore.

In this process more moisture is allowed and permissible in the phosphate feed,
and there is more acceptance to the use of weak sulfuric acid since the overall
water balance in the dihydrate system is not so critical.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES FOR HH AND DH
The advantages and disadvantages of both methods are listed in the table below, at which it
shows the best method depending on both advantages and disadvantages for both methods listed
in the following table:

The process The advantages The disadvantages

DH  Simple design and  Product Acid has high levels

Application  Single stage of Foresails, but is low
filtration comparing to HH

 Easy removal of gypsum  High energy consumption in

slurry as by-product the acid concentration stage

 Ease of operation
  Low maintenance cost
 Wet rock grinding possible
(simplicity and acceptance to
the feed grade)
HH Pure acid (40-52%P2O5)  No
need or low need of rock
grinding  Capital saving 
Lower heat requirements for
concentration stage
 Require rock grinding
 Difficulty in separating the
by-product crystals which are
hemi-hydrate
 Corrosion due to higher
temperature which is the real
problem
 Tight water balance
 High maintenance cost
BLOCK FLOW DIAGRAM (BFD)

Fig -1

The previous Block Flow Diagram is a brief description of the selected process. In
general, the phosphate rock is introduced to the miller with the dilute Phosphoric
acid to reduce the size of the rock, the resulting phosphate slurry product is then
introduced to the reactor with the sulfuric acid solution to give phosphoric acid and
gypsum with other emission gases such as HF, H2SiF6 and air, then the stream
which contains the gases are fed to the absorber to absorb the required gas
(H2SiF6) by the water solvent because it found in high percent. the other stream
that contains the phosphoric acid and gypsum and comes out from the reactor is
fed to the filter to separate the phosphoric acid from the Di-hydrated gypsum, then
the dilute phosphoric acid that is produced from the filtration stage, is fed to multi-
effect evaporator to concentrate the acid by use the steam to evaporate water and at
the final the concentrated phosphoric acid is produced with 75 wt% percent.
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)

Fig -2
T-100: Phosphoric Acid Solution Storage Tank V-101: Absorption and
Stripping Column
T-104: Sulfuric acid Solution storage Tank T-101: Phosphate Rock
Storage Tank
C-100: Air Cooler P-102 A/B: Pump
V-100: Ball Mill P-101 A/B: Pump
E-100: Reboiler R-100: CSTR Reactor
F-100: Tilting Pan Filter E-101: Evaporator one
P-100 A/B: Pump T-103: Wash Water Storage
Tank
E-102: Evaporator two T-105: Water Storage Tank
MIX-100: Mixing Tank E-103: Evaporator three
PROCESSES DESCRIPTION
PHOSPHATE ROCK GRINDING (BALL MILL)
The stream L1 with T=25°C, P=1atm and flowrate=26Kmol/day
(Ca3(PO4)2=75wt%, CaF2= 20wt%, SiO2= 5wt%) which came out from the
storage tank(T-101) at which is fed to the ball mill (V-100), it enters the miller to
reduce the size of phosphate rock to (42mm ~ -35 mesh), the importance of
preparation and grinding of phosphate rock is to create adequate large surface area
with pores to complete dissolution of the phosphate rock in a short period of time
with sulfuric acid, also to reduce the power input to the agitators and achieve a
uniform suspension.

THE REACTOR STAGE

The stream L3 with T=25°C and P=1atm and that is coming out from the miller(V-
100) containing phosphate slurry, is fed to the reactor(R-100), the range of suitable
temperature is (25°C to 90°C) to control the rate of the chemical reactions that
occur in the acid dilation of the Phosphate Rock and the concentration of the acid.

The stream L15 with T=31°C, P=1atm enters the reactor, at which is coming from
the mixing tank containing sulfuric acid with (94% wt%) concentration and water,
this stream (stream L15) is produced from mixing stream L16 with T=25°C,
P=1atm that contains H2SO4 solution, with the recycle stream L13 with T= 72°C,
P=1atm from the filter. The importance of the mixing tank, is to mix and prepare
the sulfuric acid with water in a homogenous form, and to ease the dispersion
process before sulfuric acid is introduced to the reactor, the concertation in the
stream must be in the range of (93% 64 wt% - 98 % wt%) to ensure the production
of highly strength phosphoric acid at which enhances energy saving in the
evaporator. However, the concentration of H2SO4 control important to heat
regulation inside the reactor and crystallization of gypsum.
FILTRATION STAGE

The stream L4 with a temperature of 70°C, pressure of 1atm, is pumped by a pump

and introduced as stream L10 with a temperature of 70°C, pressure of 4atm, The
stream L10 enters the packed absorption tower (V-101), a common absorber used
in wet process plants, filled with a packing material. The flow through the packed
column is counter current, with pure water liquid entering the absorber at the top
and gas entering the bottom. This results in the highest efficiency and 99%
recovery of H2SiF6, as the solute concentration decreases as it rises through the
tower. The chosen solvent is water due to its commonness and affordability, and
H2SiF6 acid's higher solubility in water. The outlet water stream L7 contains
H2SiF6 flowrate of 3.54Kmol/day, while the outlet air stream L8 contains HF gas.

MULTIPLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR

A multi-effect evaporator is a unit designed to increase the concentration of a

desired product by evapotranspiration water from a solution. The energy of the
evaporator is supplied by heated steam. The process begins with a stream L12,
which contains dilute phosphoric acid, fed to a pump (P-102). The pumped dilute
phosphoric acid is fed to the first effect evaporator (E-101), which raises its
temperature to reach the boiling point (B.P.) of the solution. The output stream
from the reboiler (stream L25) is fed to a heat exchanger tubes section, where the
heat is transferred from steam to the solution.

The solution temperature increases and reaches the boiling point (B.P.), causing
the water in the solution to evaporate. The vapor generated is then used in the
second effect (stream L19), which evaporates water in stream L19. When the
temperature and pressure of the solution and steam become almost equal, the heat
transfer and evaporation rate decrease until almost stopped. The concentrated
liquid (stream L19) produces H3PO4 with 47% wt%, and it is fed to the next effect
evaporator (E-102) for more evaporation.

The process is repeated in the second effect (stream L21) with vapor steam L18
from the first stage, but with reduced temperature and pressure. The amount of
water evaporated in the second stage is fed to the third effect (stream L20), which
consumes 58% wt% energy to produce H3PO4.

Finally, the concentrated acid is produced with H3PO4 with 75% wt% of H3PO4.
The final product (stream L23) is delivered to a storage tank with a temperature of
80°C, pressure of 1atm, The evaporated water is then fed to the third effect (stream
L22.

Conservation of energy is one of major factors that taken in the design of an

evaporation unit. As the evaporation duty increase the conservation of energy
increase. the main advantages is the recovery of heating fluid, and gives more
concentrated product with low cost, easier to future expansion by adding another
effect.
 Chapter4
Calculation

MATERIAL BALANCE OF EVAPORATOR

Parameter kg/day
Feed F 2498.5788
water evaporated V1 388.6678133
Flow rate of stream 19 L1 2109.910987
concentration of H3PO4 in stream 19 XP2O5
0.473684211
Concentration of H3PO4 in stream 19 in percentage 47.36842105

Parameter kg/day
Feed F 2109.910987
water V2 388.6678133
flow rate of stream 21 L2 1721.243173
concentration of H3PO4 in stream 21 XP2O5 0.580645161
Concentration of H3PO4 in stream 19 in percentage 58.06451613

Parameter kg/day
1721.24
Feed F 3
388.667
water V3 8
1332.57
flow rate of stream 23 L3 5
Concentration of H3PO4 in stream 23 in
percentage 75
 Evaporator 𝝀𝒔 ( 𝒌𝒋/ 𝒌𝒈) 𝐐(𝐤𝐰) 𝐦s( 𝒌𝒈/ 𝒔)
First Effect 2202 12.56388819 0.005705671
Second Effect 2281.8 10.27338194 0.004502315
Third Effect 2377 10.70200231 0.004502315

Sample of calculation

The general material balance used in all following calculations is:

Input + generation - output – consumption = accumulation

In stream 17 H3PO4= 40%(wt%), H2O = 60% (wt%)

 In stream 23 (H3PO4 = 75% wt% )

 V1= stream 18, V2= stream 20, V3= stream 22
 L1= stream 19, L2= stream 21, L3= stream 23 112
 F (Feed stream 17) = 93.4093645 kmole/day = 2498.5788 kg/day

Assuming

V1=V2=V3(equal amount vaporized)

Making overall and H3po4 balance to calculate the total amount of vaporized (V1 +V2 +V3)
and L3

H3PO4 balance XH3PO4 in stream 23 = 75wt%

XH3PO4 in stream 17 = 40 wt%

F* XH3PO4=L3*XH3PO4+(V1+V2+V3)* XH3PO4

2498.5788 kg/day * (.4) = L3 *(.75) + 0

L3 (stream 23) = 1332.57536kg/day

Overall balance:
F = L3 + (V1+V2+V3)

2498.5788 kg/day = 1332.57536kg/day+(V1+V2+V3)

(V1+V2+V3) = 1166.0034 kg/day

V1= 𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔.𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟒𝟒/ 𝟑 = 388.6678133 kg/day =V1=V2

Stream 19 (L1 )

F= V1 + L1

2498.5788 kg/day = 388.6678133 kg/day + L1

L1 (stream 19)= 2109.910987 kg/day

Stream 21 (L2)

L1= V2+L2 2109.910987= 388.6678133 + L2

L2=1721.243174 kg/day

Stream 22 (V3)

Flowrate stream 23

L3 =1332.57536 kg/day

H3PO4 = stream 23 * .75 = 1332.57536kg *.75 = 999.5 kg/day = 1 tonne/day

H2O = stream 2 * .25 = 333.1425 kg/day

To find concentration of H3po4 in stream 19: Balance on H3PO4

F * XH3PO4 = L1 * XH3PO4 + V1* XH3PO4

2498.5788 * .4 = 2109.910987* XH3PO4 + 0

XH3PO4(concentration in stream 19) = .474

Concentration of H3PO4 in stream 19(output of evaporator 1) = 47 % wt%

To find concentration of H3PO4 in stream21:Balance on H3PO4

L1 * XH3PO4 = L2 * XH3PO4 + V2 * XH3PO4

L1 * .47 = 1721.243174 * XH3PO4 + 0

XH3PO4 = .576

XH3PO4 concentration of H3PO4 in stream 21 (output of evaporator 2 ) = 58 % wt%

ENERGY BALANCE:

Sample of calculations:

General energy balance equation :

𝑸𝑰𝑵 = 𝑸𝑶𝑼𝑻 – 𝑸𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐

Q =𝜆𝑠* ms

 The Temperature of the first evaporator approximately = 106 c

 The reference temperature is 379 k.

 The following table show the balance on stream S17(input) at reference temperature (379k).

Given data :

STREAM NO TEMPERATURE°K
L17 345.15
L18 379.15
L19 379.15
L20 363.15
L21 363.15
L22 353.15
L23 353.15

Latent heat (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 ) ( 𝒌𝒋/ 𝒌𝒈)

𝝀𝒔 First effect 2202
𝝀𝒔 second effect 2281.8
𝝀𝒔 Third effect 2377

Mass flow rate of steam kg/day

 ms =492.97 First effect 492.97
m𝒔=389 Second effect 389
ms=389 Third effect 389

U= 1400
U= 1200
U= 1000

For First Effect:

Q =𝜆𝑠* ms

=2202* 0.005705671
= 12.56388819 (𝐤𝐰)

For Second Effect:

Q =𝜆𝑠* ms

= 2281.8* 0.004502315
= 10.27338194 (𝐤𝐰)

For Third Effect:

Q =𝜆𝑠* ms

=2377* 0.004502315

= 10.70200231 (𝐤𝐰)
Area Calculations of effects:1

Q = U*A* ΔT

Here ΔT is the temperature difference between steam inlet temperature and product outlet temperature.

A=Q/U* ΔT

= 12.56388819/1400*(379-345)

=0.305122999M2

Area Calculations of effects:2

A=0.305122999M2

Area Calculations of effects:3

A=0.10702002M2

CHAPTER 4
RESULT
The project should be thorough and well-structured, demonstrating the feasibility of the multiple
effect evaporator for phosphoric acid production in the plant and providing a clear understanding
of the design process.

Material Balance :
Parameter kg/day
Feed F 2498.5788
water evaporated V1 388.6678133
Flow rate of stream 19 L1 2109.910987
concentration of H3PO4 in stream 19 XP2O5
0.473684211
Concentration of H3PO4 in stream 19 in percentage 47.36842105
Parameter kg/day
Feed F 2109.910987
water V2 388.6678133
flow rate of stream 21 L2 1721.243173
concentration of H3PO4 in stream 21 XP2O5 0.580645161
Concentration of H3PO4 in stream 19 in percentage 58.06451613

Parameter kg/day
Feed F 1721.243
water V3 388.6678
flow rate of stream 23 L3 1332.575
Concentration of H3PO4 in stream 23 in
percentage 75
Energy Balance:

Evaporator 𝝀𝒔 ( 𝒌𝒋/ 𝒌𝒈) 𝐐(𝐤𝐰) 𝐦s(𝒌𝒈/ 𝒔)

First Effect 2202 12.56388819 0.005705671
Second Effect 2281.8 10.27338194 0.004502315
Third Effect 2377 10.70200231 0.004502315

Area Calculations of Effects:1

A= 0.305122999 m2

Area Calculations of Effects:2

 A= 0.107020023 m2

Area Calculations of Effects:3

A= 0.107020023 m2

No of tubes Effect 1:

N= 0.971729296

No of tubes Effect 2:

N= 0.340828099

No of tubes Effect 3:

N= 0.107020023

CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES

 AGENCY, U. E. (1980). THERMAL PROCESS PHOSPHORIC ACID MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY. USA:

EPA.
 Becker, p. (1983). phophates and phosphoric acid, In t. derek A. palgrave, fertilizer science and
technology series (p. vol. 3). paris,france.

 Jeremy VanAntwerp, AC 2009-2140: NONITERATIVE DESIGN OF MULTIPLE EFFECT

EVAPORATORS USING EXCEL ADD-INS

 R. M. Behbahani∗,Heat Exchanger Fouling in Phosphoric Acid Evaporators - Evaluation of Field

Data .

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