(eBook PDF) Kidner's Casebook on

Torts 15th Edition

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New to this edition

The fifteenth edition of Kidner’s Casebook on Torts has been thoroughly revised to reflect
all recent developments in the law of torts since publication of the last edition, including
new case extracts:

• on duty: Darnley v Croydon Health Services NHS Trust [2018]

• on psychiatric harm: YAH v Medway NHS Foundation Trust [2018]
• on breach: FB (Suing by her Mother and Litigation Friend, WAC) v Princess Alexandra
Hospital NHS Trust [2017]
• on occupier’s liability: Spearman v Royal United Bath Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
[2017]
• on defamation: Economou v de Freitas [2018]; Lachaux v Independent Print Ltd [2017]
• on non-delegable duties of care: Armes v Nottinghamshire County Council [2017]
• on vicarious liability: Barclays Bank v Various Claimants [2018]
Guide to the online resources

www.oup.com/uk/horsey_casebook15e/

Lecturer resources
Using the online resources saves you time by providing you with ready-made teaching
and testing materials, while facilitating blended learning and enhancing the student
experience.
Lecturer resources are only available to lecturers who are adopting the book, to safe-
guard the content and ensure that students cannot access material which could be used for
assessment. Please visit www.oup.com/uk/horsey_casebook15e/ if you have adopted or are
thinking of adopting this book, for information on how to access the lecturer resources.

Test bank
The test bank is a fully customisable resource containing ready-made assessments with
which to test your students and aid their learning. Each answer is accompanied by feed-
back to explain to the student why their answer is correct or incorrect, and where in this
book they can find further information.

Student resources
The online materials allow you to check your understanding, extend your knowledge and
ensure you are up to date with the latest developments in the field. You can use them to
consolidate your learning after each lecture, to prepare for seminars, as a starting point to
research a coursework essay and of course during your revision. The student resources are
completely open access, with no registration, meaning you can use them whenever and
wherever.
 Guide to the online resources   ix

Twitter feed
Keep abreast of changes and developments in this fast-moving area of law with updates
at @horseyrackley. Section references enable you to easily identify the relevant material
in the book.

Annotated web links

A selection of annotated web links, chosen by the authors and organised by chapter, direct
you to video and audio clips of news reports and ‘talking heads’ with politicians, claim-
ants and lawyers. The authors also include direct links to key cases on BAILII; with just
one click you can access the full text of the case being discussed.

Flashcard glossary
Test yourself on the legal terms used in the book: click on a term and the ‘card’ will flip
to reveal the definition—or vice versa! You can even download these to your iPhone or
similar small screen device to use on the move.

General guidance on how to answer problem questions and

essays
The authors have provided essential guidance on how to approach both types of question
you will encounter during your degree: essays and problem questions.

Annotated judgments and Acts

Further judgments annotated with explanatory notes and points for students to consider.
This innovative resource will help you to develop the skills of reading and analysing
judgments.
Acknowledgements

The publishers and authors would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce
extracts from the publications listed below:

The Incorporated Council of Law Reporting for England and Wales—The Law Reports,
The Weekly Law Reports and the Industrial Cases Reports.
Supreme Court of Canada Canada Supreme Court Reports, reproduced with the permis-
sion of the Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada.
Keith Stanton, The Modern Law of Torts (Sweet & Maxwell, 1994), pp 11–12, reproduced
by permission of Thomson Reuters (Professional) UK Limited.
Extracts from the European Court of Justice © European Union, 1995-2019
Extracts from HUDOC © Council of Europe/European Court of Human Rights

Every effort has been made to trace and contact copyright holders prior to publication.
Where this has not proved possible, if notified, the publisher will undertake to rectify any
errors or omissions at the earliest opportunity.
Contents in brief

TABLE OF CASES x vii

TABLE OF LEGISL ATION x x xiii

1 Introduction 1

PART I The tort of negligence 11

2 Duty of care: basic principles 13
3 Special duty problems: omissions and acts of third parties 49
4 Special duty problems: psychiatric harm 60
5 Special duty problems: public bodies 93
6 Special duty problems: economic loss 127
7 Breach of duty: the standard of care 163
8 Causation and remoteness of damage 197
9 Defences to negligence 224

PART II Special liability regimes 251

10 Occupiers’ liability 253
11 Product liability 288
12 Breach of statutory duty 307

PART III The personal torts 317

13 Intentional interferences with the person 319
14 Invasion of privacy 346
15 Defamation 380

PART IV The land torts 439

16 Trespass to land and nuisance 441
17 Actions under Rylands v Fletcher 476

PART V Liability, damages and limitations 491

18 Vicarious liability 493
19 Damages for death and personal injuries 524

INDE X 541
Contents in full

TABLE OF CASES x vii

TABLE OF LEGISL ATION x x xiii

1 Introduction 1

1.1 The reach of tort law 1

1.2 The aims of the law of torts 4

1.2.1 Deterrence 5
1.2.2 Compensation 6

1.3 Studying tort law and reading cases 9

PART I The tort of negligence 11

2 Duty of care: basic principles 13

2.1 The rise and fall of the general duty of care 24

2.2 Reasonable foreseeability 33

2.3 Policy 39

3 Special duty problems: omissions and acts of third parties 49

3.1 No general duty for omissions 49

3.2 Exceptions to the rule 51

3.3 No general duty in respect of third party actions 53

4 Special duty problems: psychiatric harm 60

4.1 Primary victims 63

4.2 Secondary victims 74

4.3 Beyond primary and secondary victims 84

5 Special duty problems: public bodies 93

5.1 The fundamentals of the common law 94

5.2 Specific problematic areas: emergency services 106

5.3 The human rights effect 120

 C ontents in f ull   xiii

6 Special duty problems: economic loss 127

6.1 ‘Pure’ economic loss 127

6.2 The Hedley Byrne exception 133

6.2.1 Statements and advice 142
6.2.1.1 Assumption of responsibility 143
6.2.1.2 Reasonable reliance 148

6.3 Liability to third parties 155

7 Breach of duty: the standard of care 163

7.1 The level of reasonable risk—an objective standard 165

7.2 The skill of the defendant 168

7.2.1 The under-skilled 169
7.2.2 Special skills and common practice 174
7.2.3 Children 188

7.3 Setting the standard of care 190

7.3.1 Probability and seriousness of injury 191
7.3.2 Cost of prevention 194
7.3.3 Social value of the activity 195

8 Causation and remoteness of damage 197

8.1 Causation 197

8.1.1 An exception to the ‘but for’ rule—material increase in risk 206
8.1.2 ‘Lost chance’ claims 210

8.2 Remoteness of damage 213

8.2.1 The ‘egg shell skull’ rule 217
8.2.2 The kind of damage 218

9 Defences to negligence 224

9.1 Contributory negligence 224

9.2 Voluntarily assuming the risk 238

9.2.1 Consent to a specific harm 239

9.3 Illegality 242

xiv Contents in f ull

PART II Special liability regimes 251

10 Occupiers’ liability 253

10.1 Occupiers’ liability and negligence 257

10.2 Who is an occupier? 259

10.3 The status of the entrant: visitor or non-visitor? 263

10.4 The duty owed to visitors 265

10.5 The duty owed to non-visitors, including trespassers 278

10.6 Warnings and exclusions of liability 285

11 Product liability 288

11.1 Liability for negligence 288

11.2 Strict liability 291

12 Breach of statutory duty 307

12.1 Does the statute give rise to a claim in tort law and is a duty owed to the claimant? 307

12.2 Has the duty been breached and does the harm fall within the scope of the duty? 314

PART III The personal torts 317

13 Intentional interferences with the person 319

13.1 Trespass and negligence 319

13.2 Trespass to the person 322

13.2.1 Battery and assault 322
13.2.2 False imprisonment 326
13.2.3 Defences 332

13.3 Intentional infliction of physical harm or distress 335

14 Invasion of privacy 346

14.1 Privacy and common law 346

14.2 The Human Rights Act and the reasonable expectation of privacy 348
 C ontents in f ull   xv

14.3 Remedies 373

14.3.1 Damages 373
14.3.2 Injunctions 376

15 Defamation 380

15.1 Who can sue? 381

15.2 Who can be liable? 391

15.3 The meaning of ‘defamatory’ 399

15.4 What do the words used mean? 401

15.5 Do the words refer to the claimant? 412

15.6 Truth 414

15.7 Honest opinion 416

15.8 Privilege 422

15.9 Publication on a matter of public interest 424

15.10 Offer of amends 432

15.11 Damages 434

PART IV The land torts 439

16 Trespass to land and nuisance 441

16.1 Trespass to land 441

16.2 Private nuisance 448

16.2.1 Comparison with public nuisance 449
16.2.2 Private nuisance: who can sue? 451
16.2.3 Reasonable user 458
16.2.3.1 Statutory authority and planning permission  460

16.2.4 The effect of the Human Rights Act 1998 464

16.2.5 Remedies 468
xvi Contents in f ull

17 Actions under Rylands v Fletcher 476

17.1 Merging Rylands, nuisance and negligence? 484

PART V Liability, damages and limitations 491

18 Vicarious liability 493

18.1 A relationship of, or akin to, employment 495

18.2 The course of employment 504

18.3 Liability for independent contractors 518

19 Damages for death and personal injuries 524

19.1 Types of action for damages 524

19.2 Calculation of loss of earnings and other losses 531

19.3 Intangible losses 537

INDE X 541
Table of cases
Case names in bold indicate that the case appears in a case feature (which can be found on
the page numbers given in bold).
United Kingdom
8 Representative Claimants and others v MGN Ltd
[2016] EWHC 855 (Ch) . . . 356
A v B plc [2002] EWCA Civ 337; [2003] QB
195 . . . 352, 353, 367
A v Essex CC [2004] 1 WLR 1881 . . . 97
A v Hoare [2008] UKHL 6 . . . 322
A v National Blood Authority [2001] 3
All ER 289; [2001] Lloyd’s Rep Med 187
(QBD) . . . 299–305
A-G see Attorney-General
AAA v Associated Newspapers [2013] EWCA Civ
554 . . . 363
AB v Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust [2005]
EWHC 644 (QB); [2005] QB 506 . . . 85
ABK v KDT & FGH [2013] EWHC 1192 (QB) . . . 343
Abouzaid v Mothercare (2001) The Times, 20
February . . . 305
Adam v Ward [1917] AC 309 (HL) . . . 422
Admiralty Commissioners v SS Volute [1922] 1
AC 129 . . . 191
Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1993] AC 789 . . . 182
Al Saudi Banque v Clarke Pixley [1990]
Ch 313 . . . 149
Al-Kandari v Brown [1988] QB 665 . . . 136
Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire
[1992] 1 AC 310 (HL) . . . 1, 40, 45, 60, 61, 63,
65, 68, 69, 71, 72, 74, 75–9, 81, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89,
90, 91, 92, 107
Aldred’s Case (1610) 9 Co Rep 57b . . . 456
Aliakmon, The see Leigh and Sillavan Ltd v
Aliakmon Shipping
Allen v Gulf Oil Refining Ltd [1980] QB 156
(CA) . . . 462
Allen v Gulf Oil Refining Ltd [1981] AC 1001
(HL) . . . 102, 460–71, 462
Allied Maples Group Ltd v Simmons & Simmons
[1995] 1 WLR 1602 (CA) . . . 212
American Cyanamid v Ethicon [1975] AC
396 . . . 468
Ames v The Spamhouse Project [2015] EWHC 127
(QB); [2015] 1 WLR 3409 . . . 387, 388
Ancell v McDermot [1993] 4 All ER 355 . . . 107
Anchor Brewhouse v Berkley House [1987] 2
EGLR 172 (Ch) . . . 445–6, 447
Andrews v Hopkinson [1957] 1 QB 229 . . . 291
Andrews v Schooling [1991] 3 All ER 723 . . . 138
Anns v Merton LBC [1978] AC 728 (HL) . . . 27,
28, 29, 30, 31, 45, 94, 95, 99, 102, 103, 105, 110,
138, 139, 140, 141
Archer v Williams see Lady Archer v Williams
Arenson v Arenson [1977] AC 405 . . . 107
Armes v Nottinghamshire County Council [2017]
UKSC 60 . . . vii, 503, 523
Arthur JS Hall & Co v Simons [2002] 1 AC
615 . . . 175
Ashley v Chief Constable of Sussex [2008] UKHL
25; [2008] 2 WLR 975 . . . 374
Askey v Golden Wine Co Ltd [1948] 2 All ER
35 . . . 242
Aswan Engineering v Lupdine Ltd [1987] 1 WLR
1 . . . 291
Atkinson v Newcastle Waterworks Co (1877) LR 2
Ex D 441 . . . 308, 313
Attorney-General v Guardian Newspapers Ltd (No
2) (Spycatcher) [1990] 1 AC 109 . . . 351
Attorney-General v PYA Quarries Ltd [1957] 2 QB
169 . . . 451
Attorney-General v Tod-Heatley [1897] 1 Ch
560 . . . 485
Attorney-General’s Reference (No 6 of 1980)
[1981] QB 715 . . . 333
Attorney-General’s Reference (No 3 of 1994)
[1998] AC 245 . . . 69
AXB v BXA [2018] EWHC 588 (QB) . . . 343
Bailey v Ministry of Defence [2007] EWHC 2913
(QB) . . . 205
Bailey v Ministry of Defence [2008] EWCA Civ
883 . . . 202, 205
Bailey and another v HSS Alarms (2000) The
Times, 20 June (CA) . . . 49
xviii TAB LE OF CA SES
Baker v Quantum Clothing [2011] UKSC 17; [2011]
4 All ER 273 . . . 176
Baker v TE Hopkins & Sons Ltd [1959] 1 WLR 966
(CA) . . . 37–8, 241
Baker v Willoughby [1970] AC 467 (HL) . . . 233,
236, 237
Balfron Trustees Ltd v Peterson [2001] IRLR
758 . . . 515
Bamford v Turnley (1862) 3 B & S 62 . . . 479
Banca Nazionale del Lavoro SPA v Playboy Club
London Ltd [2018] UKSC 43 . . . 153
Banque Keyser SA v Skandia (UK) Insurance [1989]
3 WLR 25 (CA) . . . 136
Banque Keyser SA v Skandia (UK) Insurance [1990]
2 All ER 947 (HL) . . . 136
Barber v Somerset County Council [2004] UKHL
13; [2004] 1 WLR 1089 . . . 92
Barclays Bank v Various Claimants [2018] EWCA
Civ 1670 . . . vii, 518
Barings v Coopers and Lybrand [1997] 1 BCLC
427 . . . 153
Barker v Corus [2006] UKHL 20; [2006] 2 WLR
1027 . . . 209, 210
Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington Hospital
Management Committee [1969] 1 QB 428
(QBD) . . . 2, 17, 197–8
Barr and others v Biffa Waste Services Ltd [2012]
EWCA Civ 312 . . . 464
Barrett v Enfield LBC [2001] 2 AC 550
(HL) . . . 32, 40, 96, 97–9, 101, 118, 119, 520
Barrett v Ministry of Defence [1995] 1 WLR
1217 (CA) . . . 53
Barron v Collins [2017] EWHC 162 (QB) . . . 390, 435
Barron v Vines [2016] EWHC 1226 (QB) . . . 387
Bartonshill Coal Co v McGuire (1858) 3 Macq
300 . . . 500
Basely v Clarkson (1682) 3 Lev 37 (Ct of Common
Pleas) . . . 443
Baten’s Case (1610) 9 Co Rep 536 . . . 448
Beach v Freeson [1971] 2 All ER 860 . . . 423
Beattie v Halliday (1982), unreported, 4
February . . . 235
Benham v Gambling [1941] AC 157 . . . 538
Benjamin v Storr (1874) LR 9 CP 400 . . . 312
Bennett v Tugwell [1971] QB 267 . . . 240
Berkoff v Burchill [1996] 4 All ER 1008
(CA) . . . 399–403
Bernstein v Skyviews and General Ltd [1978]
QB 479 (QBD) . . . 443–5, 446
Bilta (UK) Ltd v Nazir (No 2) [2015] UKSC 23 . . . 249
Birch v University College London Hospital
NHS Foundation Trust [2008] EWHC 2237
(QB) . . . 181
Bird v Jones (1845) 7 QB 742 (Ct of Queen’s
Bench) . . . 2, 326
Blacker v Lake & Elliot (1912) Ld 106 LT 533 . . . 25
Blake v Galloway [2004] EWCA Civ 814; [2004] 1
WLR 2844 . . . 333
Blennerhasset v Novelty Sales Service (1933) 175
LTJo 393 . . . 414
Blyth v Proprietors of the Birmingham
Waterworks (1856) 11 Ex 781 (Ex Ct) . . . 165
Bocardo SA v Star Energy UK Onshore Ltd [2010]
UKSC 35; [2010] 3 WLR 654 . . . 445
Bolam v Friern Hospital Management
Committee [1957] 1 WLR 582 (QBD) . . . 108,
109, 173, 174–5, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 183, 184,
185, 186, 188
Bolitho v City and Hackney Health Authority
[1998] AC 232 . . . 176, 212
Bolton v Stone [1951] AC 850 (HL) . . . 191–3, 282
Bonnick v Morris [2002] UKPC 31; [2003] 1 AC
300 . . . 426, 427
Bonnington Castings Ltd v Wardlaw [1956] AC
613 (HL) . . . 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204,
205, 208
Bookbinder v Tebbit (No 1) [1989] 1 WLR
640 . . . 383
Boston v Sandford (1691) 2 Salk 440 . . . 515
Bottomley v Bannister [1932] 1 KB 458 . . . 262
Bottomley v Todmorden Cricket Club [2003]
EWCA Civ 1575 . . . 258
Bourhill v Young 1941 SC 395 . . . 76
Bourhill v Young [1943] AC 92 (HL) . . . 34–6, 60,
63, 64, 74, 76, 166, 216
Boyce v Paddington Borough Council [1903] 1 Ch
109 . . . 312
Brannan v Airtours plc (1999) The Times, 1
February . . . 236
Brent Walker Group Plc v Time Out Ltd [1991] 2
QB 33 . . . 420
Brice v Brown [1984] 1 All ER 997 (QBD) . . . 66
Bridlington Relay Ltd v Yorkshire Electricity Board
[1965] Ch 436 (Ch D) . . . 455–6, 457
Brink’s Global Services v Igrox [2010] EWCA Civ
1207 . . . 496, 510
Britannic Merthyr Coal Co v David [1910] AC
74 . . . 309
British Celanese v Hunt Capacitors [1969] 2 All ER
1253 . . . 129
British Chiropractic Association v Singh [2010]
EWCA Civ 350; [2011] 1 WLR 133 . . . 421
British Railways Board v Herrington [1972] AC 877
(HL) . . . 56, 264, 278, 283
Brooks v Commissioner of Police of the
Metropolis [2005] UKHL 24; [2005] 1 WLR
1495 . . . 59, 111

Broom v Morgan [1953] 1 QB 597 . . . 500
Brown v David Robinson, Sentry Service Co Ltd
[2004] UKPC 65 . . . 510, 511
Bryant v Lefever (1879) 4 CPD 172 . . . 456
Bunt v Tilley [2006] EWHC 407 (QB); [2006] 3 All
ER 336 . . . 397
Burrell v Clifford [2016] EWHC 294 (Ch) . . . 376
Burstein v Times Newspapers Ltd [2001] 1 WLR
579 . . . 436
Burton v Islington Health Authority [1993] QB
204 . . . 69
Burton v Winters [1993] 1 WLR 1077
(CA) . . . 447–8
Bussey Law Firm PC and Timothy Raymond
Bussey v Page [2015] EWHC 563 (QB) . . . 392–4
Butchart v Home Office [2006] EWCA Civ 239;
[2006] 1 WLR 1155 . . . 85
Butler (or Black) v Fife Coal Co Ltd [1912] AC
149 . . . 312
Bybrook Barn Centre Ltd v Kent County Council
[2001] BLR 55 (CA) . . . 490
Byrne v Deane [1937] 1 KB 818 (CA) . . . 401
Cairns v Modi [2012] EWCA Civ 1382; [2013] 1
WLR 1015 . . . 394, 435, 437
Calgarth, The [1927] P 93 . . . 264, 269
Calvert v William Hill Credit Ltd [2008] EWCA
Civ 888 . . . 85
Cambridge Water Co v Eastern Counties Leather
plc [1994] 2 AC 264 (HL) . . . 459, 478, 480, 481,
482, 484
Campbell v MGN Ltd [2003] QB 633 (CA) . . . 347
Campbell v MGN Ltd [2004] UKHL 22; [2004] 2
AC 457 . . . 114, 346, 349, 351–4, 355, 356, 360,
361, 362, 363, 364, 366, 367
Campbell v MGN Ltd (No 2) [2005] UKHL 61;
[2005] 4 All ER 793 . . . 356
Candler v Crane, Christmas & Co [1951] 2 KB
164 . . . 154
Candlewood Navigation v Mitsui OSK Lines (The
Mineral Transporter) [1986] AC 1 (PC) . . . 45
Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1989] QB 653
(CA) . . . 59
Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] 2 AC
605 (HL) . . . 15, 17, 22, 27, 28–30, 31, 32, 33,
43, 45, 87, 95, 97, 99, 119, 136, 144, 146, 148–52,
153, 156, 157, 160, 161, 489, 521
Capital and Counties Bank Ltd v Henry & Sons
(1882) 7 App Cas 741 . . . 407
Capital and Counties v Hampshire CC [1997]
QB 1004 (CA) . . . 106–9
Carmarthenshire County Council v Lewis [1955]
UKHL 2 . . . 49
TABLE OF C ASES   xix
Carstairs v Taylor (1871) LR 6 Ex 217 . . . 480, 481
Cattle v Stockton Waterworks (1875) LR 10 QBD
453 (Ct of Queen’s Bench) . . . 127–8, 130
Cavalier v Pope [1906] AC 428 (HL) . . . 262
Central Motors (Glasgow) Ltd v Cessnock Garage
& Motor Co 1925 SC 796 . . . 499
CG v Facebook Ireland Ltd and Joseph McCloskey
[2015] NIQB 11 . . . 343
Chadwick v British Railways Board [1967] 1 WLR
912 (QBD) . . . 85, 89
Chaplin v Hicks [1911] 2 KB 786 . . . 210
Chase v Newsgroup Newspapers Ltd [2002] EWCA
Civ 1772; [2003] EMLR 218 . . . 400, 415
Chatterton v Gerson [1981] QB 432
(QBD) . . . 332–3
Chester v Afshar [2004] UKHL 41; [2005] 1 AC
134 . . . 176, 180, 181, 184, 374
Christian Brothers case see Various Claimants v
Catholic Child Welfare Society
Christmas v Hampshire CC see X (Minors) v
Bedfordshire CC
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
(Great Britain) v West Yorkshire Fire and Civil
Defence Authority see Capital and Counties v
Hampshire CC
Clunis v Camden and Islington Health Authority
[1998] QB 978 (CA) . . . 243
CN and another v Poole Borough Council [2017]
EWCA Civ 2185 . . . 54, 97
Co-operative Group (CWS) Ltd v Pritchard [2011]
EWCA Civ 329 . . . 226, 335
Cockroft v Smith (1705) 2 Salk 642 . . . 335
Coco v AN Clark (Engineers) Ltd [1968] FSR 415
(Ch D) . . . 349
Cole v Turner (1704) 87 ER 907 . . . 320, 323, 324
Collier v Anglian Water Authority (2003) The
Times, 26 March . . . 261
Collins v Wilcock [1984] 1 WLR 1172
(CA) . . . 322, 323, 324, 325
Colls v Home and Colonial Stores Limited [1904]
AC 179 . . . 468–9, 473, 474
Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis v
DSD and another [2018] UKSC 11 . . . 11, 58,
120, 126
Conarken v Network Rail Infrastructure [2011]
EWCA Civ 644 . . . 130–2
Cook v Swinfen [1967] 1 WLR 457 (CA) . . . 92
Cooke v MGN Ltd [2014] EWHC 2831
(QB) . . . 384–6
Cookson v Knowles [1979] AC 556 . . . 535
Corby Group Litigation v Corby Borough
Council [2008] EWCA Civ 463; [2009] 2 WLR
609 . . . 457
xx TAB LE OF CA SES
Corr v IBC Vehicles Ltd [2006] EWCA Civ 331;
[2008] 2 All ER 943 . . . 60
Corr v IBC Vehicles Ltd [2008] UKHL 13; [2008]
1 AC 884 . . . 221–2, 223
Costello v Chief Constable of Northumbria Police
[1999] 1 All ER 550 (CA) . . . 53
Coventry and others v Lawrence and another
[2015] UKSC 50 . . . 475
Coventry and others v Lawrence and another (No
2) [2014] UKSC 46 . . . 475
Coventry v Lawrence [2014] UKSC 13 . . . 445,
460, 464, 468, 472–4
Cox v Ministry of Justice [2016] UKSC
10 . . . 494, 498–503, 514
Craven v Davies [2018] EWHC 1240 (QB) . . . 229
Crockfords Club (Fisher v CHT Ltd) [1965] 1 WLR
1093 . . . 261
Cross v Kirkby [2000] CA Transcript No 321 . . . 244
Crump v Lambert (1867) 3 Eq 409 . . . 450
Customs and Excise v Barclays Bank [2006]
UKHL 28; [2007] 1 AC 181 . . . 30, 145–7, 148
Cutler v Wandsworth Stadium [1949] AC
398 . . . 311, 313
D v East Berkshire Community NHS Trust [2003]
EWCA Civ 1151; [2004] QB 558 . . . 114
D v East Berkshire Community NHS Trust [2005]
UKHL 23; [2005] 2 AC 373 . . . 96, 97, 101
D & F Estates Ltd v Church Commissioners for
England [1989] AC 177 (HL) . . . 139, 141
Daborn v Bath Tramways Motor Co Ltd [1946] 2
All ER 333 . . . 195
Daiichi UK Ltd v Stop Huntington Animal Cruelty
[2004] 1 WLR 1503 . . . 343
Dalton v Angus (1881) 6 App Cas 740 . . . 456
Dann v Hamilton [1939] 1 KB 509 . . . 171
Darby v National Trust [2001] PIQR 372 . . . 281, 282
Darnley v Croydon Health Services NHS Trust
[2015] EWHC 2301 (QB) . . . 15
Darnley v Croydon Health Services NHS Trust
[2018] QB 783 (CA) . . . 16
Darnley v Croydon Health Services NHS Trust
[2018] UKSC 50 . . . vii, 9, 13–22, 23, 33
Davies v Powell Duffryn Collieries Ltd [1942] AC
601 . . . 533
Davies v Swan Motor Co (Swansea) Ltd [1949] 2 KB
291 . . . 226, 227, 228
Davis v Radcliffe [1990] 1 WLR 821 . . . 112
Davis Contractors v Fareham Urban District
Council [1956] AC 696 (HL) . . . 163
Delaware Mansions Ltd v Westminster
City Council [2001] UKHL 55; [2002] 1 AC
321 . . . 490
Dennis v Ministry of Defence [2003] EWHC 198
(QB) . . . 467, 472
Department of Environment v T Bates Ltd [1990] 3
WLR 457 . . . 141
Derbyshire CC v Times Newspapers [1992] QB
770 (CA) . . . 381–3
Derbyshire CC v Times Newspapers [1993] AC 534
(HL) . . . 383
Derry v Peek (1889) 14 App Cas 337 . . . 135
Desmond v Chief Constable of
Nottinghamshire [2011] EWCA
Civ 3 . . . 99–101
Digital Equipment Co Ltd v Hampshire County
Council and others see Capital and Counties v
Hampshire CC
Dobson v Thames Water Utilities Ltd [2008]
EWCA Civ 473 . . . 467
Doe d. Murray v Bridges (1831) 1 B &
Ad 847 . . . 312
Donoghue v Folkestone Properties Ltd [2003] QB
1008; [2003] 2 WLR 1138 . . . 279, 282
Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562
(HL) . . . 24–6, 27, 31, 34, 35, 50, 77, 135, 139,
140, 146, 151, 185, 190, 257, 288–90
Dooley v Cammell Laird [1951] 1 Lloyd’s Rep
271 . . . 85, 90
Dorset Yacht Co Ltd v Home Office see Home
Office v Dorset Yacht
Doughty v Turner Manufacturing Co [1964] 1
QB 518 (CA) . . . 220–1
Douglas v Hello! Ltd [2001] QB 967 (CA) . . . 352,
364, 367
Douglas v Hello! Ltd (No 3) [2003] 3 All ER 996
(Ch) . . . 355, 367, 376
Douglas v Hello! Ltd (No 3) [2005] EWCA Civ 595;
[2005] 4 All ER 128 . . . 355, 356
Dowson v Chief Constable of Northumbria [2010]
EWHC 2612 (QB) . . . 344
DPP v Smith [1961] AC 290 . . . 339
Dryden and others v Johnson Matthey plc [2018]
UKSC 18 . . . 539
DSD v The Commissioner of Police for the
Metropolis [2014] EWHC 436 (QB) . . . 115
Dubai Aluminium Co Ltd v Salaam [2002] UKHL
48; [2003] 2 AC 366 . . . 496, 499, 500, 501, 509,
512
Duce v Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust
[2018] EWCA Civ 1307 . . . 186
Duke of Brunswick v Harmer (1849) 14 QB 185;
117 ER 75 (QB) . . . 391
Dulieu v White & Sons [1901] 2 KB 669 . . . 34,
60, 63
Duncan v Findlater (1839) 6 Cl & Fin 894; (1839)
MacL & Rob 911 . . . 500

Dunnage v Randall [2015] EWCA Civ 673 . . . 172
Dunne v North Western Gas Board [1964] 2 QB
806 . . . 480
Dutton v Bognor Regis Urban District Council
[1972] 1 QB 373 . . . 139, 140, 141
E v English Province of Our Lady of Charity
[2012] EWCA Civ 938 . . . 501, 502
E (a minor) v Dorset County Council see
X (Minors) v Bedfordshire CC
Eagle v Chambers [2003] EWCA Civ 1107; [2004]
RTR 115 . . . 234, 236, 237
East Suffolk Rivers Catchment Board v Kent [1941]
AC 74 (HL) . . . 100, 102, 103, 105, 107
Economou v de Freitas [2018] EWCA Civ
2591 . . . vii, 427–31
Edwards v London Borough of Sutton [2016]
EWCA Civ 1005 . . . 259, 285
EETPU v The Times [1980] QB 585 . . . 383
Ehrari v Curry [2007] EWCA Civ 120 . . . 237
Electrochrome v Welsh Plastics [1968] 2 All ER
205 . . . 128, 129
Elguzouli-Daf v Commissioner of Police [1995] 1
All ER 833; [1995] 2 WLR 173 . . . 41, 111
English Heritage v Taylor [2016] EWCA Civ
448 . . . 285–7
Environment Agency (formerly National Rivers
Authority) v Empress Car Co (Abertillery) Ltd
[1999] 2 AC 22 . . . 480
Esso Petroleum v Southport Corporation [1956]
AC 218 . . . 442
Esterhuizen v Allied Dunbar Assurance plc [1998]
2 FLR 668 . . . 162
ETK v Newsgroup Newspapers [2011] EWCA Civ
439 . . . 363
F, Re [1990] 2 AC 1 (HL) . . . 325
Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd [2002]
1 WLR 1052 (CA) . . . 207, 208, 258, 271
Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd
[2002] UKHL 22; [2003] 1 AC 32 . . . 202,
206–9, 210, 211, 212, 213
Farley v Skinner [2001] UKHL 49 . . . 153
FB (Suing by her Mother and Litigation Friend,
WAC) v Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust
[2017] EWCA Civ 334 . . . vii, 172
Fearn and others v The Board of Trustees of the Tate
Gallery [2019] EWHC 246 (Ch) . . . 458, 459, 460
Fennelly v Connex South Eastern Ltd [2001] IRLR
390 . . . 510, 511
Ferguson v British Gas Trading [2009] EWCA Civ
46 . . . 343, 344
Ferguson v Welsh [1987] 1 WLR 1553
(HL) . . . 257–8
TABLE OF C ASES    xxi
Fish v Kelly (1864) 144 ER 78 . . . 135
Fitzgerald v Lane and Patel [1989] AC 328
(HL) . . . 231–2
Fletcher v Rylands and Horrocks (1865) 3 H&C
774 . . . 479
see also Rylands v Fletcher
Flood v Times Newspapers Ltd [2012] UKSC 11;
[2012] 2 AC 273 . . . 427, 428, 431
Flood v Times Newspapers Ltd [2014] EWCA Civ
1574 . . . 356
Flymenow Ltd v Quick Air Jet Charter GmbH
[2016] EWHC 3197 (QB) . . . 435–6
Fowler v Lanning [1959] 1 QB 426 . . . 319, 321
Fraser v Evans [1969] 1 QB 349 . . . 364
French v Chief Constable of Sussex [2006] EWCA
Civ 312 . . . 84
Froom v Butcher [1976] QB 286 (CA) . . . 2, 227–9
Frost v Chief Constable of Yorkshire see White v
Chief Constable of South Yorkshire
Fullam v Newcastle Chronicle & Journal Ltd
[1977] 1 WLR 651 (CA) . . . 409, 410
G v G (Minors: Custody Appeal) [1985] 1 WLR
647 . . . 235
Galli-Atkinson v Seghal [2003] EWCA Civ 697 . . . 79
Galoo v Bright Grahame Murray [1995] 1 All ER
16 . . . 152
Garrett v London Borough of Camden [2001]
EWCA Civ 395 . . . 91, 92
Geddis v Proprietors of Bann Reservoir (1878) 3
App Cas 430 . . . 460, 480
Gee and others v DePuy International Ltd [2018]
EWHC 1208 (QB) . . . 305
George v Skivington (1869) LR 5 Ex 1 . . . 25
Giggs (formerly known as CTB) v NGN Ltd and
another [2012] EWHC 431 (QB) . . . 379
Gilbert v Stone (1647) Sty 72; 82 ER 539 . . . 443
Gillick v BBC (1995) The Times, 20 October . . . 408
Gillingham Borough Council v Medway
(Chatham) Dock Co Ltd [1993] QB 343
(QBD) . . . 460, 463
Glasgow Corporation v Muir [1943] AC 448
(HL) . . . 166–7, 170
Godfrey v Demon Internet [2001] QB 201
(QBD) . . . 395–7
Goldman v Hargrave [1967] 1 AC 645 (PC) . . . 51,
57, 486, 487, 488, 489
Goldsmith v Bhoyrul [1998] 2 WLR 435 . . . 383
Google Inc v Vidal-Hall and others [2015]
EWCA Civ 311 . . . 2, 346, 349, 366–8
Gorham v BT [2000] 4 All ER 867 . . . 162
Gorringe v Calderdale MBC [2004] UKHL 15;
[2004] 2 All ER 326 . . . 100, 101, 105, 112
xxii TAB LE OF CA SES
Gorris v Scott (1874) LR 9 Ex 125 (Ex Ct) . . . 309,
314
Gough v Thorne [1966] 1 WLR 1387 (CA) . . . 189
Gould v McAuliffe [1941] 2 All ER 527 . . . 270, 271
Governors of Peabody Donation Fund v Sir Lindsay
Parkinson & Co Ltd [1985] AC 210 . . . 28
Grant v Australian Knitting Mills Ltd [1936] AC 85
(PC) . . . 135, 151, 290, 291
Gravil v Carroll [2008] EWCA Civ 689 . . . 510
Gray v Thames Trains [2009] UKHL 33; [2009] 1
AC 1339 . . . 242–4
Greatorex v Greatorex [2000] EWHC 223 (QB) . . . 84
Green v Chelsea Waterworks Co (1894) 70 LT
547 . . . 480
Greene’s case [1954] 2 QB 127 . . . 261
Gregg v Scott [2005] UKHL 2; [2005] 2 AC
176 . . . 210–13
Gregory v Piper (1820) 9 B & C 591 (Ct of King’s
Bench) . . . 441–2
Grobbelaar v News Group Newspapers [2002]
UKHL 40; [2002] 1 WLR 3024 . . . 415
Groves v Lord Wimborne [1898] 2 QB 402
(CA) . . . 307–8, 309, 310, 311
Gulati and others v MGN [2016] EWHC 1482
(Ch) . . . 376
Hale v Jennings Bros [1938] 1 All ER 579 . . . 481
Haley v London Electricity Board [1965] AC 778
(HL) . . . 36, 195
Hall v Brooklands Auto-Racing Club [1933] 1 KB
205 (CA) . . . 167, 190
Halsey v Esso Petroleum [1961] 1 WLR 683
(QBD) . . . 449–51, 458
Hambrook v Stokes Brothers [1925] 1 KB 141
(CA) . . . 60, 78
Hammersmith and City Railway Co v Brand
(1867) LR 2 QB 223 . . . 479
Hammersmith and City Railway Co v Brand
(1869) LR 4 HL 171 . . . 460, 479
Harrath v Stand for Peace Ltd [2017] EWHC 653
(QB) . . . 436
Harris v Birkenhead Corporation [1976] 1 All ER
279 . . . 261
Hartwell v Grayson, Rollo and Clover Docks Ltd
[1947] KB 901 . . . 260
Harvey v Plymouth City Council [2010] EWCA
Civ 860 . . . 265
Harvey v The Singer Manufacturing Co Ltd 1960
SC 155 . . . 219
Haseldine v CA Daw & Son Ltd [1941] 2 KB
343 . . . 168, 291
Hatton v Sutherland [2002] EWCA Civ 76 . . . 85,
91–2
Hawley v Luminar Leisure Ltd [2006] EWCA Civ
18 . . . 504
Hayes v Willoughby [2013] UKSC 17 . . . 345
Haynes v Harwood [1934] 2 KB 240 . . . 35
Haynes v Harwood [1935] 1 KB 146 (CA) . . . 35, 37,
39, 56, 57
Hays Plc v Hartley [2010] EWHC 1068 (QB) . . . 429
Hayward v Thompson [1982] QB 47 . . . 437
Healthcare at Home Ltd v The Common Services
Agency [2014] UKSC 49 . . . 401
Heasmans v Clarity Cleaning Co [1987] ICR
949 . . . 516, 517
Heaton’s Transport (St Helens) Ltd v Transport and
General Workers’ Union [1973] AC 15 . . . 496
Heaven v Pender (1883) 11 QBD 503 . . . 25
Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners
Ltd [1963] UKHL 4; [1964] AC 465 . . . 3,
27, 115, 117, 133–5, 136, 140–1, 143, 144, 145,
146, 147, 148, 150, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159,
160, 161, 162
Henderson v Henry E Jenkins & Sons [1970] AC
282 . . . 170
Henderson v Merrett Syndicates [1995] 2 AC
145; [1994] 3 WLR 761 (HL) . . . 96, 136, 143–4,
145, 146, 147
Herd v Weardale Steel, Coal and Coke Co [1913] 3
KB 771 (CA) . . . 327, 328, 329
Herd v Weardale Steel, Coal and Coke Co [1915]
AC 67 (HL) . . . 327, 328
Herring v Boyle (1834) 1 Cr M & R 377 . . . 330
Herrington v British Railways Board see British
Railways Board v Herrington
Hicks v Chief Constable of the South Yorkshire
Police [1992] 2 All ER 65 . . . 455, 539
Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire [1988]
QB 60 (CA) . . . 111
Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire [1989]
AC 53 (HL) . . . 28, 29, 31, 41, 59, 95, 101, 108,
110–11, 112, 113, 117, 118, 125
Hillen v ICI (Alkali) Ltd [1936] AC 65 . . . 264
Hinz v Berry [1970] 1 All ER 1084 . . . 62
Holbeck Hall Hotel v Scarborough BC [2000]
QB 836 (CA) . . . 486–9
Hollywood Silver Fox Farm v Emmett [1936] 2 KB
468 (KBD) . . . 460
Holman v Johnson (1775) 1 Cowp 341 . . . 245
Holtby v Brigham & Cowan (Hull) Ltd [2000] 3 All
ER 421 (CA) . . . 210
Home Office v Dorset Yacht [1970] UKHL 2; [1970]
AC 1004 . . . 27, 29, 50, 54, 94, 95, 98, 102, 141
Horrocks v Lowe [1975] AC 135 (HL) . . . 161
Hotson v East Berkshire Area Health Authority
[1987] AC 750 (HL) . . . 204, 210, 211, 213

Hounga v Allen [2014] UKSC 47 . . . 249
Hourani v Thomson and others [2017] EWHC 432
(QB) . . . 431
Howitt v Heads [1973] 1 QB 64 (QBD) . . . 530,
532–4
Howmet Ltd v Economy Devices Ltd and others
[2016] EWCA Civ 847 . . . 291
HRH Prince of Wales v Associated Newspapers
[2006] EWCA Civ 1776 . . . 355
Hubbard v Pitt [1975] ICR 308 . . . 468
Hucks v Cole (1968) Times Law Reports, 9
May . . . 173
Hughes v Lord Advocate [1963] AC 837
(HL) . . . 217, 218–20, 221, 222, 276
Hulton (E) & Co v Jones [1910] AC 20 (HL) . . . 412,
413, 414
Hunt v Star Newspaper Co Ltd [1908] 2 KB
309 . . . 420
Hunter v British Coal [1998] 2 All ER 97 . . . 90
Hunter v Canary Wharf [1997] AC 655
(HL) . . . 2, 337, 348, 452–7, 458, 464, 481
Hunter v Hanley 1955 SC 200; 1955 SLT
213 . . . 175, 177
Hussain v Lancaster City Council [1999] 4 All ER
125 . . . 490
Hutcheson (Formerly Known As ‘KGM’) v News
Group Newspapers Ltd and others [2011] EWCA
Civ 808 . . . 379
Ilkiw v Samuels [1963] 1 WLR 991 . . . 499, 506
Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd v Shatwell
[1965] AC 656 . . . 240
Invercargill City Council v Hamlin [1996] 1 All ER
756; [1996] 2 WLR 367 (PC) . . . 105, 142
Iqbal v Dean Manson Solicitors [2011] EWCA Civ
123 . . . 344
Iqbal v Prison Officers Association [2009]
EWCA Civ 1312; [2010] QB 732 . . . 321, 327–9
Jackson v Murray [2015] UKSC 5 . . . 233–8
Jaggard v Sawyer [1995] 2 All ER 189; [1995] 1
WLR 269 (CA) . . . 447, 473, 474
Jain v Trent SHA [2009] UKHL 4; [2009] 1 AC
853 . . . 101, 106
Jameel v Dow Jones & Co [2005] EWCA Civ
75 . . . 385, 388
Jameel v Wall Street Journal Europe Sprl [2006]
UKHL 44; [2007] 1 AC 359 . . . 364, 426, 427
James v Woodall Duckham Construction Co Ltd
[1969] 1 WLR 903 (CA) . . . 61
James-Bowen and others v Commissioner of
Police of the Metropolis [2016] EWCA Civ
1217 . . . 148
TABLE OF C ASES    xxiii
James-Bowen v Commissioner of Police of the
Metropolis [2018] UKSC 40; [2018] 1 WLR
4021 . . . 17, 148
Janvier v Sweeney [1919] 2 KB 316 (CA) . . . 337,
339, 340, 341, 455
Jeynes v News Magazines Limited [2008] EWCA
Civ 130 . . . 410
JGE v The Trustees of the Portsmouth Roman
Catholic Diocesan Trust [2012] EWCA Civ
938 . . . 493–4, 495, 496, 497, 513
JIH v News Group Newspapers [2010] EWHC 2818
(QB) . . . 378
JIH v News Group Newspapers [2011] EWCA Civ
42; [2011] 1 WLR 1645 . . . 377–9
Jobling v Associated Dairies Ltd [1982] AC 794
(HL) . . . 243
John Munroe (Acrylics) Ltd v London Fire and
Civil Defence Authority and others see Capital
and Counties v Hampshire CC
John v MGN Ltd [1997] QB 586 (CA) . . . 374, 437
Jolley v Sutton London Borough Council [2000]
3 All ER 409; [2000] 1 WLR 1082 (HL) . . . 220,
276–7
Jones v Berkshire Area Health Authority (1986),
unreported, 2 July . . . 44
Jones v Boyce (1816) 171 ER 540 . . . 229
Jones v Hulton & Co [1909] 2 KB 444 . . . 413
Jones v Livox Quarries Ltd [1952] 2 QB 608
(CA) . . . 226–7
Jones v Ruth [2011] EWCA Civ 804 . . . 345
Jones v Skelton [1963] 1 WLR 1362 . . . 409
Joseph v Spiller [2012] EWHC 2959 (QB) . . . 436
Junior Books Ltd v Veitchi Co Ltd [1983] 1 AC 520;
[1982] 3 All ER 201 . . . 127, 151
Junior v McNicol (959) Times Law Reports, 26
March . . . 173
Kapfunde v Abbey National [1998] IRLR 583 . . . 162
Kaye v Robertson [1991] FSR 62 (CA) . . . 114,
346, 348
Keating v Bromley London Borough Council see
X (Minors) v Bedfordshire CC
Kelly v Metropolitan Rly [1895] 1 QB 944 . . . 49
Kemsley v Foot [1952] AC 345 . . . 419
Kennaway v Thompson [1981] QB 88
(CA) . . . 468–70, 471
Kent v Griffiths [2001] QB 36; [2000] 2 All ER
474 . . . 18, 19, 109, 117, 120
Keown v Coventry Healthcare Trust [2006] EWCA
Civ 39; [2006] 1 WLR 953 . . . 269, 284
Kerry v Carter [1969] 1 WLR 1372 . . . 236
Khorasandjian v Bush [1993] QB 727 . . . 348,
454, 455
xxiv TAB LE OF CA SES
Khuja (formerly known as PNM) v Times
Newspapers [2017] UKSC 49 . . . 379
Kine v Jolly [1905] 1 CH 480 . . . 473
King v Phillips [1953] 1 QB 429 . . . 216
Kirby v National Coal Board 1958 SC 514 . . . 508
Kirkham v Chief Constable of Manchester [1990]
2 QB 283 (CA) . . . 52, 240
Kitechnology BV v Unicor [1995] IL Pr 568 . . . 367
Knightley v Johns [1982] 1 WLR 349 (CA) . . . 58,
107, 112
Kolasa v Ealing Hospital NHS Trust [2015] EWHC
289 (QB) . . . 268, 271
Lachaux v Independent Print Ltd [2017] EWCA
Civ 1334 . . . vii, 390
Lady Archer v Williams [2003] EWHC 1670
(QB) . . . 376
Lady Archer v Williams [2003] EWHC 3048
(QB) . . . 376
Lagan Navigation Co v Lambeg Bleaching, Dyeing
and Finishing Co Ltd [1927] AC 226 . . . 448
Lamb v Camden Borough Council [1981] QB 625
(CA) . . . 58
Lambert v Barratt Homes Ltd [2010] EWCA Civ
681 . . . 490
Lane v Capsey [1891] 3 Ch 411 . . . 448
Lane v Holloway [1968] 1 QB 379 (CA) . . . 333,
334, 335
Latimer v AEC Ltd [1952] 2 QB 701 (CA) . . . 194
Latter v Braddell (1880) 50 LJQB 166 . . . 334
Laugher v Pointer (1826) 5 B & C 547 . . . 504
Law Society v Kordowski [2011] EWHC 3185
(QB) . . . 343
Law Society v KPMG [2000] 4 All ER 540 . . . 153
Laws v Florinplace [1981] 1 All ER 659
(Ch D) . . . 468
Lawson v Glaves-Smith [2006] EWHC 2865
(QB) . . . 319
Le Lievre v Gould [1893] 1 QB 491 (CA) . . . 25
League Against Cruel Sports v Scott [1986] 1 QB
240 (QBD) . . . 442–4
Leakey v National Trust [1980] QB 485
(CA) . . . 486, 487, 488, 489
Leigh and Sillavan Ltd v Aliakmon Shipping (The
Aliakmon) [1986] AC 785 (HL) . . . 133
Les Laboratoires Servier v Apotex Inc [2014] UKSC
55 . . . 246, 249
Letang v Cooper [1965] 1 QB 232 (CA) . . . 320–1,
322
Levi v Bates [2015] EWCA Civ 206 . . . 343
Lewis v Daily Telegraph [1964] AC 234
(HL) . . . 400, 406–8
Ley v Hamilton (1935) 153 LT 384 . . . 394
Lippiatt v South Gloucestershire Council [1999] 4
All ER 149 . . . 489–90
Lister v Hesley Hall Ltd [2001] UKHL 22; [2002]
1 AC 215 . . . 494, 496, 499, 504–8, 510, 511, 512,
514–15, 516, 517
Lister v Romford Ice and Cold Storage Co Ltd
[1957] AC 555 . . . 109, 500, 503
Liverpool Women’s Hospital NHS Foundation
Trust v Ronayne [2015] EWCA Civ 588 . . . 80–3
Lloyd v Grace, Smith & Co [1912] AC 716 . . . 505,
506, 515
LMS v East Lancashire Hospitals NHS Trust [2017]
(unreported) . . . 537
London Artists Ltd v Littler [1969] 2 QB 375 . . . 417
Lonrho v Shell Petroleum (No 2) [1982] AC 173
(HL) . . . 311, 312–13
Losinjska Plovidba v Transco Overseas Ltd (The
Orjula) [1995] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 395 (QBD) . . . 142
Loutchansky v The Times Newspapers (No 2) [2001]
EWCA Civ 1805; [2002] 2 QB 783 . . . 399, 426
Lowe v Associated Newspapers [2006] EWHC 320
(QB); [2007] QB 580 . . . 418
Lumley v Gye (1853) 2 E & B 216 . . . 127
M (a minor) v Newham London Borough Council
see X (Minors) v Bedfordshire CC
McAlpine v Bercow [2013] EWHC 1342
(QB) . . . 383, 399–401, 409
McCauley v Bristol City Council [1991] 1 All ER
749 . . . 263
McCluskey v Wallace 1998 SC 711 . . . 234, 237
McColl v Strathclyde Regional Council 1983 SC
225 . . . 182
McCrone v Riding [1938] 1 All ER 137 . . . 172
McCusker v Saveheat Cavity Wall Insulation Ltd
1987 SLT 24 . . . 235
McDonald (Deceased) v National Grid Electricity
Transmission plc [2014] UKSC 53 . . . 314
McFarlane v Scottish Borders Council 2005 SLT
39 . . . 236
McFarlane v Tayside Health Board [1999] UKHL
50; [2000] 2 AC 59 . . . 32, 39, 44–6, 47, 48
McGhee v National Coal Board [1973] 1 WLR 1
(HL) . . . 199, 201, 202, 204, 207, 208
McGuinn v Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust
[2017] EWHC 88 (QB) . . . 176
McHugh v Okai-Koi [2017] EWHC 710
(QB) . . . 226, 250
McKenna v British Aluminium [2002] Env LR 30
(Ch D) . . . 464, 467
McKennitt v Ash [2006] EWCA Civ 1714; [2007] 3
WLR 194 . . . 355, 362, 376
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Barley-sugar, 564
Barley-water, excellent (poor Xury’s receipt), 583
Basket, wire, for frying, 177
Batter, French, for frying meat and vegetables, &c., 130
cod’s sounds fried in, 63
salsify, fried in, 341
spring fruit, fried in, 383
to mix for puddings, 397
Béchamel, 108
Beans, French, to boil, 321
à la Française, 321
another excellent receipt for, 322
Windsor, to boil, 322
Beef, à la mode, 192
breslaw of, 206
cake (very good), 190
to choose, 184
minced collops of, au naturel, 201
savoury minced collops of, 201
Scotch minced collops of, 202
richer minced collops of, 202
divisions of, 184
Dutch or hung, 197
extract of, Baron Liebig’s, 6
fillet of, braised, 180
fillet of, roast, 187
hashed, French receipt for, 206
cold, common hash of, 205
cold, excellent hash of, 205
collared, 198
collared, another receipt for, 198
gravy, Baron Liebig’s, 96
Norman hash of, 206
heart, to roast, 204
Jewish (smoked), 606
kidney, to dress, 204
kidney (a plainer way), 205
marrow, clarified for keeping, 208
marrow, to prepare for frying croustades, &c., 388
marrow-bones, to boil, 207
marrow-bones, baked, 208
minced, baked, 207
palates (Entrée), 194
palates (Neapolitan mode), 195
Hamburg pickle for, 197
another pickle for, 197
ribs of, to roast, 185
roll, or canellon de bœuf, 201
miniature round of, 200
round of, to salt and boil, 196
round of, spiced, 199
round of, roast, 186
rump of, to roast, 186
rump of, to stew, 194
to salt and pickle, various ways, 196
common receipt for salting, 198
saunders of, 207
shin of, to stew, 192
shin of, for stock, 97
sirloin of, to roast, 185
sirloin of, stewed, 193
spiced (good and wholesome), 199
smoked, 606
steak, roast, 187
steak, stewed, 189
steak, stewed in its own gravy, 189
steaks, best and most tender, 185
steaks, broiled, 187
steaks, broiled, sauces appropriate to, 188
steaks, fried, 189
steaks, à la Française, 188
 steaks, à la Française, another receipt for, 189
steak pie, 354
steak puddings, 399, 401
good English stew of, 191
German stew, 190
Stufato, 615
Welsh stew of, 191
tongue (Bordyke’s receipt for stewing), 203
tongue potted, 305
tongues (various modes of curing), 202
tongues, to dress, 203
tongues, Suffolk receipt for, 203
Beet-root, to bake, 339
to boil, 339
to stew, 340
Belgrave mould, 469
Bengal currie powders, 615
Bermuda witches, 491
Birthday syllabub, 581
Biscuits, Aunt Charlotte’s, 561
Captain’s, good, 560
Colonel’s, 561
cheap ginger, 560
Threadneedle-street, 560
wine, 560
Bishop, Oxford receipt for, 580
Black-cap pudding, 407
Black-caps par excellence, 460
Black cock, and gray hen, to roast, 291
Blamange, or blanc manger, apricot, 479
good common (author’s receipt), 476
calf’s feet, to make, 454
 currant, 479
quince (delicious), 478
quince, with almond cream, 478
rich, 477
strawberry (extremely good), 477
strengthening, 476
Blanc, a, 169
Blanch, to, meat, vegetables, &c., 182
Blanquette, of sucking pig, 250
of veal or lamb with mushrooms, 229
Boil, to, meat, 167
a round of beef, 196
Boiled, calf’s head, 210
chestnuts, 274
custards, 481
eels (German receipt), 83
fowls, 273
leeks, 318
rice, to serve with stewed fruit, &c., 422
rice-pudding, 419, 420
turnip radishes, 318
breast of veal, 218
fillet of veal, 217
knuckle of veal, 221
loin of veal, 218
Boiling, general directions for, 167
scientific, Baron Liebig’s directions for, 168
Bonbons, palace, 567
Bone, to, calf’s head for brawn, 24, 215
calf’s head, the cook’s receipt, 211
calf’s head for mock turtle soup, 24
a fowl or turkey without opening it, 265
a fowl or turkey, another mode, 265
fowls, for fricassees, curries, and pies, 266
 a hare, 285
a leg of mutton, 236
a loin of mutton for pies, 355
a breast of veal, 618
a shoulder of veal or mutton, 219
neck of venison for pies, 352
Boning, general directions for, 182
Bottle Jack, 170
Bottled fruits, for winter use,
gooseberries,
tomatas, or tomata-catsup, 151
Boudin, à la Richelieu, 288
Boudinettes of lobsters, &c., 92
Boulettes, potato, 314
Bouilli, French receipt for hashed, 206
Bouillon, observations on, 9
Brain cakes, 162
another receipt for, 162
Braise, to burn, 180
Braised fillet of beef, 180
leg of mutton, 236
Braising, directions for, 180
Brandy, cherry (Tappington Everard receipt), 579
lemon, for flavouring sweet dishes, 153
peaches preserved in, 571
trifle, or tipsy cake, 274
Brandied morella cherries, 571
Brawn Brack, cake (Irish), 546
good, light, 554
Brawn, calf’s head (author’s receipt), 215
 Tenbridge, 260
Bread, Bordyke receipt for, 597
to know when baked, 604
Bavarian brown, Liebig’s, 599
brown, English, 599
crumbs, fried, 131
crumbs, to prepare for frying fish, 131
dairy, without yeast, 602
to freshen stale, 603
to fry for garnishing, 131
to fry for soups, 5
with German yeast, 598
home-made, remarks on, 594
household, 596
to keep, 603
partridges served with, 279
patties, 387
potato, 600
puddings, 418, 430
and butter puddings, 428, 429
rules to be observed in making, 596
sauce, 112
sauce with onion, 113
unfermented, 599
to purify yeast for, 595
Bream, sea, to dress, 75
Brioche paste, 349
Brill, to boil, 58
Broccoli, 326
Broiled beef steak, 187
bacon, 259
cutlets, mutton, 241
cutlets, pork, 251
eels with sage (German), 617
 fowl, 274
mackerel, 71
red mullet, 76
partridge, 290
partridge (French receipt), 290
Broiling, general directions for, 175
Broil, the Cavalier’s, 240
Broth, or bouillon, 6
veal, or mutton, 44
Browned flour for thickening soups and sauces, 131
Browning, with salamander, 183
Brown, rich, English gravy, 99
apple sauce, 125
caper sauce, 121
chestnut sauce, 129
mushroom sauce, 123
onion sauce, 125
rabbit soup, 31
Brown to, with salamander, 183
Brussels sprouts, 340
Buns, light, of different kinds, 559
Exeter, 559
excellent soda, 561
Geneva, 601
Burdwan, an Indian, 612
Burlington Whimsey, 212
Burnt coffee, or gloria, 592
Buttered apples, 488
cherries, 490
Butter, anchovy, 138
burnt, or browned, 109
 clarified, for storing and for immediate use, 110
to cool for crust, 345
creamed, and otherwise prepared for cakes, 543
lobster, 138
melted, good common, 108
melted, French, 109
melted, rich, 108
melted, rich, without flour, 109
melted, white, 109
loin of lamb stewed in, 246
truffled, 139
Buttermilk, for bread, 602
Cabbage, to boil, 332
stewed, 333
red, to stew (Flemish receipt), 340
red, to pickle, 539
Café noir, 592
Cake, fine almond, 545
apple, 362
beef or mutton, 190
breakfast, French, 549
a cheap common, 555
cream cake, 554
thick, light gingerbread, 551
a good light luncheon cake, 554
cheap nursery, 555
a good Madeira, 548
pound, 546
rice, 546
sausage-meat, or pain de porc frais, 261
a good soda, 556
a good sponge, 547
a smaller sponge, 547
tipsy, 474
veal, 222
 veal, good (Bordyke receipt for), 222
Venetian or Neapolitan (super-excellent), 547
white, 546
Cakes, Banbury, 549
to colour sugar candy for, 542
flead, or fleed, 558
cocoa-nut gingerbread, 552
common gingerbread, 553
richer gingerbread, 553
queen, 556
general remarks on, 540
very good small rich, 558
to prepare butter for rich, 543
to whisk eggs for light rich, 543
small, sugar, various, 558
small Venetian, 548
Calf’s head, à la Maître d’Hôtel, 214
boiled, 210
brawn (author’s receipt), 215
to clear the hair from, 210
cutlets of, 213
hashed, 213
a cheap hash of, 213
prepared, the cook’s receipt, 211
soup, 27
The Warder’s way, 211
Calf’s feet jelly (entremets), 461
another receipt for, 462
jelly, apple, 464
jelly, orange, 464
modern varieties of, 463
to prepare for stock, 453
stewed, 228
stock, 453
stock, to clarify, 454
Calf’s liver, stoved or stewed, 228
roast, 229
sweetbreads, 227
Cambridge milk punch, 581
Candy, cocoa-nut, 566
ginger, 565
orange-flower, 565
orange-flower (another receipt for), 566
Canellon de bœuf, 201
Canellons, filled with apricot or peach marmalade, 385
of brioche paste, 385
Caper sauce, 121
sauce for fish, 121
Capillaire in punch, 580
Caramel, to boil sugar to, 563
the quickest way, 563
Carp, to stew, 82
Carrots, au beurre, 336
to boil, 335
in their own juice 337
mashed, or buttered (Dutch), 336
in plum pudding, 417
sweet, for second course, 336
the Windsor receipt (Entrée), 335
Carrot, soup, common, 20
soup, a finer, 20
Casserole of rice, savoury, 351
of rice, sweet, 438
Catsup, the cook’s, or compound, 149
lemon, 150
mushroom, 146,148
mushroom, double, 148
 pontac, for fish, 150
tomato, 151
walnut, 149, 150
Cauliflowers, to boil, 325
French receipt for, 325
à la Française, 326
with Parmesan cheese, 325
Cavalier’s, the, broil, 240
Cayenne, vinegar, 153
Celery, boiled, 341
salad, to serve with pheasants, 341
sauce, 128
stewed, 341
Chantilly baskets, 474
Charlotte de pommes, or apple Charlotte, 486
à la Parisienne, 487
Chatnies (Mauritian), 144, 610
Cheese, damson, 520
in fondu, 379
Italian pork, 260
with maccaroni, 392
with maccaroni, à la Reine, 393
in ramakins, 375
to serve with white and maccaroni soup, 13
cheese-cakes, cocoa-nut (Jamaica receipt), 371
Madame Werner’s Rosenvik, 372
Cherries, brandied, morella, 571
Cherries, compote of Kentish, 458
compote of morella, 458
morella, to dry, 504
dried with sugar, 502
dried without, 503
 dried, superior receipt, 503
to pickle, 532
brandy, 579
cherry, cheese, 504
cherry, paste, 504
Chestnuts, boiled, 574
roasted, 574
stewed, 342
Chestnut forcemeat, No. 15, 162
sauce, brown, 129
sauce, white, 129
soups, 19
Chetney, various ways of making, 144
Chicken, broiled, 274
cutlets, 275, 276
fried, à la Malabar, 276
patties (good), 359
potato pasty, 350
Chicken pie (common), 353
modern pie, 353
Chickens, boiled, 273
fricasseed, 275
in soup, 29
China chilo of mutton, 241
Chocolate, almonds, 568
drops, 567
to make, 592
Spanish receipt for making, 592
Chops, lamb or mutton, broiled, 241
mutton, stewed in their own gravy (good), 240
pork, 251
Chorissa, or Jewish sausage, with rice, 607
Christopher North’s own sauce for many meats, 119
Cocoa, to make, 593
Cocoa-nut candy, 566
cheese-cakes, 371
in curries, 296
Doce, 490
gingerbread, 553
macaroons, 545
puddings, 424
soup, 19
Cod fish, to boil, 61
slices of, fried, 61
stewed, 62
stewed in brown sauce, 62
Cod’s sounds, to boil, 63
to fry in batter, 63
Coffee, to boil, 591
breakfast, French, 590
burnt, or coffee à la Militaire, vulgarly called Glosia, 592
to filter, 590
directions for making, 589
strong, clear, to serve after dinner, called café noir, 592
remarks on, 587
to roast, 588
roaster, 588
Cold, calf’s head, to re-dress, 214
Cold, fowls, ditto, 276, 277
leg of mutton, ditto, 207
Maître d’Hôtel, sauce, 133
meat, excellent sauces to serve with, 133, 134, 136
salmon, to dress, 59
turbot, ditto, 59
Collops minced, au naturel, 201
savoury minced, 201
 sauté-pan for frying, 176
Scotch, 226
Scotch minced, 202
Compote of apples, baked (our little Lady’s receipt), 572
of green apricots, 457
of bullaces, 458
of cherries, 458
of Kentish cherries, 458
of Morella cherries, 458
of green currants, 457
of red currants, 457
of damsons, 458
of figs, 492
of green gooseberries, 457
of magnum bonum, or other large plums, 458
of peaches, 459
of peaches, another receipt, 459
Compote de pigeons, 619
Compote de pigeons aux petits pois, 619
of Siberian crabs, 458
of spring fruit (rhubarb), 457
Confectionary, 562
Conjurer, a, its uses, 175
Consommé, 10
Constantia jelly, 467
Cookery (English), common causes of its failure, 167
Cool cup, a, 582
Corn, Indian green, to boil, 329
Counsellor’s cup, 585
Crab, cold, dressed, 88
hot, 89
Creamed tartlets, 375
spring fruit, or rhubarb trifle, 486
Cream, Chantilly basket filled with, 474
Cream cake, delicious, 554
crust, 347
Devonshire, or clotted, 451
jelly, filled with, 469
lemon, made without cream, 475
Nesselróde, 471
remarks on, 450
Swiss, 473
in soups, 19, 22, 29, 30
Creams, lemon (very good), 475
fruit, 475
Italian, 475
Crême à la Comtesse, or the Countess’s cream, 272
Crême, Parisienne, 479
patissiere, 373
Crisped potatoes, or potato-ribbons, to serve with cheese, 313
Croquettes of rice (entremets), 385
of rice, filled with preserve,
of rice, savoury, 386
Croustades, or Dresden patties, 387
of various kinds, 387
small, dressed in marrow, 388
small, à la bonne maman, 389
to prepare marrow for frying, 388
Croûte aux-champignons, or mushroom-toast, 330
Crust butter, for puddings, 398
cream, 347
flead, 347
French, for hot or cold meat pies, 347
excellent short, 349
 rich short, for tarts, 349
Crust, common suet for pies, 348
very superior suet, for pies, 348
suet, for puddings, 398
Crusts, to serve with cheese, 398
Cucumber (author’s receipt), to dress, 323
soup, 38
vinegar, 152
Cucumbers à la Crème, 324
à la Poulette, 324
dressed, 323
fried, 324
stewed, 323
Curds and whey, 451
Currants, to clean for puddings and cakes, 397
green, stewed, 457
red, stewed, 457
Currant, blamange, 479
custard, 482
dumplings, 421
jam, red (delicious), 509
jam, white, 510
jelly, fine black, 511
jelly, French, 509
jelly, superlative red, 509
jelly, white, very fine, 510
jelly, tartlets, 375
paste, 510
pudding, 408
syrup, or sirop de groseilles, 579
Curried eggs 301
gravy, 302
maccaroni, 300
oysters, 302
 toasts, with anchovies, 389
sweetbreads, 301
Currie, Mr. Arnott’s, 297
a Bengal, 298
a dry, 298
common Indian, 299
Currie powder, Mr. Arnott’s, 297
Curries, remarks on, 296
Selim’s (Capt. White’s), 300
Custard, baked, common, 483
a finer 483
currant, 482
the Duke’s, 482
the Queen’s, 481
veal, or a Sefton, 362
Custards, boiled, good, old-fashioned, 481
boiled, rich, 481
chocolate, 483
French, 484
quince, or apple, 482
Cutlets of calf’s head, 213
Chicken, English, 275
of fowls, partridges, or pigeons (Entrée), 276
lamb, in their own gravy, stewed, 246
lamb, or mutton, with Soubise sauce, 246
mutton, broiled, 241
of cold mutton, 243
mutton, in their own gravy, stewed, 240
pork, 251
veal à la Française, 226
veal à l’Indienne, or Indian fashion, 225
veal à la mode de Londres, or London fashion, 226
veal, plain, 225
of sweetbreads, 227
Damson, cheese, 520
jam, 519
jelly, 519
solid, 519
pudding, 408
Des Cerneaux, or walnut salad, 141
Devonshire junket, 452
Dough nuts, Isle of Wight, receipt for, 556
Dresden patties, or croustades, 387
Dried apples, to stew, 572
apricots, French receipt, 517
cherries, with sugar, 502, 503
cherries, without sugar, 503
gooseberries, with and without sugar, 501
mushrooms, 153
plums (Pruneaux de Tours), to stew, 573
Dry, to apricots, a quick and easy method, 517
Imperatrice plums, 521
Mogul plums, 515
peaches or nectarines, 518
Duck, stewed, 279
Ducks, to roast, 279
stuffing for, No. 9, 160
wild, to roast, 294
Dumplings, apple (fashionable) 420
currant, light, 421
lemon, 421
Norfolk, 421
Suffolk, or hard, 421
Dutch, or hung beef, 197
custard, 438
flummery, 477
Eels, boiled, German receipt, 83
Cornish receipt, 84
to fry, 83
Egg balls, 162
sauce, for calf’s head, 111
sauce, common, 110
sauce, good, 110
a swan’s, to boil hard, 448
swan’s, en salade, 448
Eggs, to boil in the shell, 445
to cook in the shell, without boiling, 445
continental mode of dressing, or œufs au plat, 450
Eggs, to dress Guinea fowls or Bantams, 416
to dress turkeys, 417
curried, 301
forced turkey’s or swan’s, 447
forced, for salad, 137
to preserve for many weeks, 444
poached, with gravy, 449
to poach, 449
to whisk, for cakes, 543
Elderberry wine, 584
Elegant, the Economist’s, pudding, 415, 428
lobster salad, 142
English, brioche, 349
brown gravy, 99
game pie, 352
puff paste, 346
stew, 191
Entrées, beef cake, 190
beef collops, 201
beef palates, 194, 195
beef roll, or canellon de bœuf, 201
beef steaks à la Française, 188, 189
beef tongues, 202
Bengal currie, 298
blanquette of sucking pig, 250
blanquette of veal or lamb, with mushrooms, 229
broiled mutton cutlets, 241
broiled ox-tail, 195
boudinettes of lobsters, shrimps, &c., 92
calf’s head à la Maître d’Hôtel, 214
calf’s head, the Warder’s way, 211
calf’s liver, stewed, 228
casserole of rice, 351
chicken cutlets, 275
chicken patties, 359
compote de pigeons, 299
curries, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 615
croquettes of savoury, of rice, 386
croustades filled with mince, 387
cutlets of calf’s head, 213
cutlets of fowls, partridges, or pigeons, 275
Dresden patties, 387
fillets of mackerel, 71
fillets of mackerel in wine, 72
fillets of soles, 65
fillets of whitings, 68[194]
fowls, à la Carlsfors, 273
fricandeau of veal, 223
fricasseed fowls or chickens, 274
fried chicken à la Malabar, 275
hashed fowl, 276
lamb cutlets in their own gravy, 246
lamb or mutton cutlets, with soubise sauce, 246
lobster cutlets, 91
lobsters fricasseed, 89
loin of lamb stewed in butter, 216
minced fowl, 276
minced veal with oysters, 231
mutton cutlets in their own gravy, 210