CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF DELAYS IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

IMPLEMENTED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND

HIGHWAYS, CATANDUANES ENGINEERING OFFICE, FY 2022

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A Thesis
Presented to the
Faculty of the Graduate School
Catanduanes Colleges
Virac, Catanduanes

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In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the
Degree Master in Management

JUAN DELA CRUZ

June 2023
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
TITLE PAGE
RECOMMENDATION SHEET FOR ORAL PRESENTATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER
1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Introduction
Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
Conceptual Model
Statement of the Problem
Statement of Hypothesis
Scope and Delimitation
Importance of the Study
Definition of Terms

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Synthesis of the Reviewed Literature

Gap to be Bridged by the Present Study

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Sources of Data
Population of the Study
Instrumentation and Validation
Evaluation and Scoring
Data Gathering Procedure
Statistical Treatment of Data
Ethical Considerations
 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

5 SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary
Findings
Conclusions
Recommendations

REFERENCES

APPENDICES
A Letters
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B Questionnaire
C Attribution Table
D Population and Sample

Chapter 1
 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction

Global Data (2021) holds a positive view on the outlook for the global construction

industry following the historic collapse in activity in 2020 amid the severe disruption caused

by restrictions imposed to contain the spread of COVID-19. The central forecast for growth

in global output is 5.2%, which means that in real value terms, output in 2021 will be 2.5%

higher than the 2019 level. Although recovering from the COVID-19 crisis, the global

industry has borne a huge cost in terms of foregone revenue; compared to the pre-COVID-19

predictions for construction output value, the sum of output in 2020-2021 is close to US$1.1

trillion lower than it would otherwise have been. There is still great uncertainty over how the

COVID-19 crisis will play out, with positive news on the one hand stemming from the

successful rollout of vaccines in many markets and concerns on the other hand over the

reports of new variants of the virus and challenges in getting vaccines supplies to developing

markets. However, the forecast for the global construction output is predicated on the

assumption that governments and public health authorities will not reintroduce strict

lockdown policies and that construction sites will be able to continue to operate with

minimal disruption. This report provides a detailed analysis of the prospects for the global

construction industry up to 2025, including an assessment of the impact of COVID-19.

The short-term outlook for the global construction industry is clouded by high levels

of uncertainty. With a looming economic recession in major markets due to soaring energy

prices and high interest rates, prospects for growth will be muted in 2023. Tighter monetary

policy and lower household purchasing power will weigh on demand for new buildings.

Aggressive policy tightening by central banks in 2022 has lifted borrowing rates and thereby
reduced the demand for building construction work. However, a large backlog of work will

help to mitigate somewhat the impact on construction work done during 2023.

Infrastructure investment will drive growth in construction activity. Governments

worldwide continue to champion major infrastructure projects to boost their economy’s

productive potential and drive the post-Covid economic recovery. This will see civil

engineering be the fastest-growing sector in the construction market (Industry Trends

Construction, 2023)

After experiencing a steep decline due to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in

2020, the Philippines’ construction industry is expected to bounce back as projects resume.

The industry is projected to grow 21.2% from 2020 to 2023, and then a further 9.6% until

2025 at a value of 8.4 billion USD.

The Philippine government views the industry as a key pillar to economic growth

and has heavily prioritized infrastructure development across the nation. As the country

bounces back from the pandemic after 2020, double-digit growth rates are seen across the

various sectors of construction, most notably among Industrial buildings, driven largely by

the booming logistics and warehousing market. This growth, however, is expected to taper

and stabilize from 2023 onwards, returning to the levels seen prior to the pandemic.

Development of new infrastructure will be crucial to the Philippines’ economic outlook, and

as such, collaborators—particularly players in related industries who can offer innovative

and technologically advanced ways of working—are needed (Market Research for the

Philippines Construction Industry, 2022).

In the Philippines, the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) is the

government organization in charge of organizing, designing, constructing, and maintaining

the nation's public infrastructure, including its highways, bridges, and administrative

buildings. The DPWH construction projects cover a wide range of infrastructure projects,

including motorways, airports, seaports, flood control systems, and other public buildings

and structures. The national government funds these projects, which aim to improve

transportation, boost economic development, and increase public safety and welfare.

One among the most critical construction projects are in transportation sector which

primarily focused on roads. Roads are key infrastructural components that connect to other

types of transportation such as railways, boats, and airplanes (Quezon, 2017). Its principal

function is to enable mobility and accessibility. Currently, developing countries all over the

world are focusing on improving and connecting their road networks. Because a solid road

network benefits to economic development and national growth, road improvements are

prioritized in their national budget (Rivera, Baguec, & Yeom, 2020). The completion of the

Catanduanes province's circumferential road brought about a number of advantages for the

eleven (11) municipalities, including better connectivity, less traffic congestion, increased

economic growth, emergency access, and tourism promotion. Unfortunately, the several

strong typhoons that have sadly hit the province over the past five years have damaged

roadways, which have inconvenienced the stakeholders. In order to return the road networks

to full passable operations, various road construction projects have been undertaken by the

DPWH, Catanduanes District. However, the implementation of several road construction

projects has resulted in a number of challenges and delays, particularly for stakeholders.

The word “delay” can be defined as “unplanned deferment of a scheduled activity

because of something or an occurrence that impedes its commencement or continuation”.

Delay usually has time-associated cost effects on a construction project and can be measured
in terms of time, money, or a combination thereof (Shinghal & Paliwal, 2020). It is also

defined as a time overrun that occurs either after the project's completion date or after the

time frame set by the parties for its delivery. Losses or negative effects on any or all of the

project participants could result from a delay in a project outcomes (Quezon, 2017).

Construction delays are typical and recurring in poor countries, and the reasons for these

delays are comparable. It is caused by a lack of capital, technically untrained and less

experienced local enterprises, an immature business climate, and legal and regulatory system

issues (Carlito, 2021; Rivera et al., 2020). Construction project delays are a common

occurrence in the construction industry, as time, money, and quality are all competing factors

(Ajayi & Chinda, 2022). It has been demonstrated that the inability to complete projects on

time and within budget is a global issue (Rivera et al., 2020).

Various studies have been conducted relative to causes of delays and their effects.

For instance, in the study of Khair et al. (2016) involving 100 experts and professionals

drawn from Sudan’s roads construction industry, it was found that cost-overrun and time-

overrun factors have the highest delay impact on road construction projects in Sudan, with

RII values of 0.840 and 0.780 respectively. Furthermore, the study found that each delay

factor has a different level of impact on the overall project delay, and that the most effective

method to minimize delays in road construction projects in Sudan is the choice of a project

manager with sufficient knowledge and experience relevant to project management, and the

use of appropriate tools and techniques for the project.

The study of Karimi and Piroozfar (2022) identified the causes of delays that affect

highway and road projects in Afghanistan and provided recommendations in order to

minimize or control delays in such projects. One hundred (100) construction participants and
79 representatives from government participated in the study. The findings of the study

revealed that the top 10 significant factors causing a delay in road projects in Afghanistan

are; security (war, theft, kidnapping, etc.), shortage of equipment and material or financial

status of contractors, land acquisition, corruption in the procurement process, progress

payment delays by owners/clients, non-consideration of security risks in the procurement

process, Inaccurate design and bills of quantities, insufficient contractors’ experience, poor

qualification of the contractors’ technical staff and award project to lowest bids.

Bounthipphasert et al. (2020) investigated the main causes of delays in road

construction projects in Laos. A total of 53 causes of delay were identified as important in

Laos and the respondents included 35 contractors, 31 owners and 24 consultants in total. The

survey results indicated that the five top factors causing road construction delays were:

contractor cash flow; delayed payment by owner; difficulties in financing project by

contractor; financial issues related to owner; and insufficient equipment and vehicles for the

work.

San Santoso and Soeng (2016) analyzed the delay factors in road construction

projects in Cambodia and their effects on project time, cost, and quality. In general, there

was no significant difference between contractors and consultants in assessing the delay

factors. The top-10 list was dominated by factors related to the contractor and the project.

However, two external factors, rain and flood, were the first two factors on the list, which

also had a high impact on the three project objectives. The remaining factors on the list were

land acquisition, award of project to lowest bidder, equipment breakdowns, poor site

arrangement, management and supervision, unexpected ground condition and terrain, low

quality of the contractor human resources, late progress payments, and low productivity of
labor. Significant relationships between the delay factors and the three project objectives

also were observed.

Seboru (2015) investigated the factors causing delays in road construction projects

in Kenya, which were a common problem internationally in the construction industry in

modern times. It was revealed in the study that the top five causes of project delays were

observed to be payment by client, slow decision making and bureaucracy in client

organization, inadequate planning and scheduling, and rain. It was recommended that

bureaucracy and red tape should be reduced in client organizations in order to speed up the

slow decision-making process. Efficient management of the construction process would also

lead to a reduction in incidences of claims. Contractors should prepare adequate plans and

schedules which can also be used to minimize the effects of rain.

However, despite the numerous studies that investigated the variables, causes of

delays and effects of delays in construction of public and private projects, no study yet has

been conducted that delved into the same variables particularly in regard to the road

construction projects implemented by the Department of Public Works and Highways

Engineering Office in the province of Catanduanes. The construction industry plays a critical

role in the economic development of many countries, with billions of dollars invested in

various construction projects every year. Despite the importance of the construction industry,

project delays continue to be a major challenge, leading to significant cost overruns,

disputes, and even project cancellations. The causes of these delays are often complex and

multifaceted, making it challenging for stakeholders to identify and mitigate risks

effectively. Therefore, there is a pressing need to investigate the causes and effects of delays

in construction projects to develop strategies that can minimize their impact.

 Hence, this study aims to investigate the causes and effects of delays in the road

construction projects implemented by the Department of Public Works and Highways

Engineering Office in the province of Catanduanes for Fiscal Year 2022. The goal of this

study is to provide an in-depth analysis of the key causes of delays in construction projects

and their effects on project outcomes. By understanding the factors that contribute to project

delays, stakeholders can take proactive measures to minimize the risks and improve project

performance.

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

This study will be anchored on Davis Hume’s theory of causation (as cited in

Andreas & Guenther, 2021), which is defined as "the act or process of causing something to

happen or exist". In other words, causality indicates that one occurrence is guaranteed to

cause another. The theory of causation is a relationship that arises between two temporally

contemporaneous or sequential occurrences when the first (the cause) produces the second

(the effect). Unlike the concepts of continuity and succession, however, the concept of

necessary connection is subjective in the definition that it emanates from the deception of

reflecting objects or any events that you have encountered as being constantly conjoined and

succeeding one another in a certain order, rather than from any observable properties in the

objects or events themselves.

Based on the above-cited theory of the conceptual model of the study was

configured. Shown in Figure 1 are the variables of the study and their interrelationships. The

group assessment of the DPWH personnel and the contractors will serve as basis in

comparing the perceived causes and perceived effects of delays in road construction projects.
Perceived causes of delays will the independent variable when associated with the perceived

effects of delays, the dependent variable.

Conceptual Model

Dependent/Independent Variable

Causes of
Independent Variable Delay in Road
Construction
Projects

Assessment by

DPWH Personnel
Operational
Contractors Strategies

Effects of
Delay in Road
Construction
Projects

Dependent Variable

Figure 1. Conceptual Model of the Study

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to assess the causes and effects of delays in the implementation of

road construction projects by the Department of Public Works and Highways Engineering

Office in the province of Catanduanes for Fiscal Year 2022 with end in view of formulating

workable operational strategies that will seek to mitigate or curb the causes of delay and

cushion their impact.

Specifically, it will seek answers the following research questions:

 1. What are the perceived causes of delays in the road construction projects as assessed

by DPWH personnel and contractors?

2. What are the perceived effects of delays in the road construction projects as assessed

by DPWH personnel and contractors?

3. Is there a significant difference between the DPWH personnel’s and contractors’

perceived causes of delays in the road construction projects?

4. Is there a significant difference in between the DPWH personnel’s and contractors’

perceived effects of delays in the road construction projects?

5. Is there a significant relationship between the causes and effects of delays in the road

construction projects of DPWH?

6. What operational strategies may be formulated to mitigate the impact of delays on

road construction projects of the DPWH?

Statement of Hypothesis

The following hypotheses, which are the tentative answers to the problem, will be

tested in their null form at 0.05 significance level:

1. There is a significant difference between the DPWH personnel’s and contractors’

perceived causes of delays in the road construction projects.

2. There is a significant difference in between the DPWH personnel’s and contractors’

perceived effects of delays in the road construction projects.

3. There is a significant relationship between the causes and effects of delays in the road

construction projects of DPWH.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

 The locale of the study will be the province of Catanduanes where the road

construction projects are located. The variables of the study consist of the causes of delays

and effects of delays in road construction. The respondents of this study will include selected

DPWH personnel and the concerned contractors. The study will be undertaken during the

second semester of academic year 2022-2023.

Importance of the study

This study on the causes and effects of delays in the implementation of road

construction projects by the Department of Public Works and Highways Engineering Office

in the province of Catanduanes for Fiscal Year 2022 is intended to benefit the following

stakeholders:

Project Contractors. Results of the study will serve as formal feedback on the causes

and effects of delays in road construction, which can be a basis in the formulation of

workable strategies to reduce the likelihood of delays in road projects.

DPWH Personnel. Results of the study will serve as basis for the development of

best practices and guidelines that can be applied across the construction industry to ensure

full implementation and successful completion of road construction projects.

Researcher. The study results will enrich the researcher’ knowledge on the causes

and effects of delays in road construction which will serve him well in his professional

practice as an engineer in the DPWH.

Future Researchers. The results of this study can be used as benchmark information

by those who intend to embark on a similar study on other construction projects.

Definition of Terms
 To ensure clarity and consistency throughout this study on the causes and effects of

delays in construction projects, the following terms are defined are defined both

conceptually and operationally:

Road Construction is the construction of a new roadway or the conversion of an

existing unpaved road to a paved road. It also refers to the establishment of any new

subgrade including widening, realignment, or modification of an existing road prism, with

the exception of replacing or installing drainage structures.

Cause/s is an action or event that brings about or contributes to a specific outcome.

Effect/s is a change, reaction, or impression that is caused by something or is the

result of something.

Construction delays are considered as time lag in completion of activities from its

specified time as per contract or can be defined as late completion or late start of activities to the

baseline schedule, directly affecting specified cost. Types of delays in construction projects are:

1) Critical or non-critical Delays: 2) Excusable & non-excusable Delay; 3) Concurrent

Delays in Construction Projects; and 4) Compensable or non-compensable Delays in

Construction Projects

Causes of construction delays, in this study, may include factors such as design

changes, unexpected site conditions, supply chain disruptions, and labor shortages.

Effects of construction delays, in this study, may include factors such as overtime,

disputes, negotiations, lawsuits, litigations, overcost, and abandonment.

 DPWH personnel refer to the employee of DPWH with permanent/regular status who

are involved in the construction projects/phase.

Contractors, third party construction company who are awarded with the construction

project and are in-charge of its implementations

 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the conceptual and research literature which have bearing on the

topic of the present investigation. Theories, concepts, and pertinent ideas taken from

published materials and media are included in this chapter. Towards the end of the chapter, a

synthesis of the reviewed literature and gap/s to be bridged by the present study are

presented.

Global Construction Industry

The Global construction industry was set to reach 12.4 trillion US$ last year (Amiri &

Bausman, 2018). Accordingly, with globalization and technological development,

construction industries were recommended to operate beyond their local, regional, and

national boundaries. This required international firms to enhance understanding of the key

trends in construction internalization. Understanding these trends and their interplay in

shaping global construction market will make companies leverage global institutions and

capture new opportunities in international markets. Conduct of further research on in-depth

statistical analysis of opportunities and challenges on internalization of construction is also

suggested.

Global construction poses distinct challenges and opportunities in Denmark (Pink &

Tutt, 2019). Rise of populism, hard borders, and revised trade agreements were perceived in

recent years. Hence, mobility and migration are constantly re-patterned based on the

international context of economic and political reforms. To conclude, researchers called for

more constructive dialogue with other academicians who can employ critical-interpretative
approaches in the study to conduct construction-related formula, to confront diverse

epistemological barriers, and to contemplate what issues to address and engage with in the

community.

Mercer (2021) further reported global construction output growth by 6.6% in 2021 to

42% by 2030 through government stimuli and the demand for residential construction.

However, as the sector grows, so too does the risk for greater pollution and waste.

Nowadays, construction accounts for around 40% of the world’s global greenhouse gas

emissions. Therefore, there’s a need to reduce the amount of carbon embedded in new

construction. Meanwhile, academicians believe that the pandemic pave way to change

traditional policies in project management. This is since most of the programs move towards

modernity and automation through integration of technologies and computer application. It

also now focuses on the occupational safety and safety factor of workforce; hence their

formulation of revised contracts and new legislations (Borisovich, Husien, & Naji, 2021).

Moreover, Crosthwaite (2000) as cited by Abdul-Ghani, et al. (2022) connoted

construction as a major industry due to its sizeable proportion of several countries’ Gross

Domestic Product (GDP). Their findings showed growth of construction spending in GDP of

less developed countries (LDCs), its attainment on newly industrialized country (NIC) and

its advancement on advanced industrialized country (AIC). This asserts that construction

firms fail to maintain shares of GDP during the countries’ development from NIC to AIC.

Similarly, Hutton, et al. (2022) initiated global construction industry as worlds’ largest

industrial sector with approximately 7% of global workforce. Unfortunately, mental health

issues were reported as ubiquitous problem in the industry as workers are at risk of mental
illness. Ergo, initiatives for mental health literacy and treatments should be provided for the

benefit of these construction workers.

Local Construction Industry

Reyes (2018) then investigated the relationship of capital structure to Philippines’

construction companies’ performance and characteristics. His research aims to identify

factors which affect capital structure from 1998 to 2016. From his findings, size and tang

had positive relationships and significantly affected leverage during those years. The capital

structure choice is manifested through trade-off theory. Yip (2019) then identified

organizational-related factors which influence project performance of local construction

firms. To address gaps, policies on construction development should be drafted and

additional research on better understanding of construction challenges should be conducted.

Baccay, et al. (2019) and Dimaculangan (2023) then claimed Philippine construction

firms’ exposure to Building Information Modeling (BIM) as well as its low level of

utilization. From their research, only half of construction stakeholders accepted BIM. They

further cited accuracy, drawing quality, reduced time, and cost as important benefits of BIM

in the building process, and 3D parametric modeling capabilities, accurate costing, clash

detection, and reduction of human resources as prospects and opportunities of using BIM on

lean construction. Abante, et al. (2021) likewise upheld that Philippines face massive public

transport shortage as the national government budgeted too much on roads and not on its

users. Unfortunately, despite the trillion-budget of road construction, commutes continue to

become longer and harder for non-homebased workers who depend on public transport.

From these, five key recommendations were given such as (a) for the government to shift
focus from private motor vehicle dependency to walking, cycling, and road-based public

transport, (b) for local government units to be involved in road-based public transport

program management and development, and (c) for civil society to continue being involved

in feedback loops of public programs.

Similarly, the International Monetary Fund (2021) expressed that despite ranking

among best performers in Asia, the Philippines still face economic constraints due to its

outdated and insufficient public infrastructure. An example of which is that it still takes

about five minutes to drive one kilometer in Metro Manila. Henceforth, the government

should ensure the proper disbursement of funds for their infrastructure project, while private

sectors should participate in its investment execution. Further, developed domestic capital

markets, strengthened public procurement process, and minimized obstacles to foreign

investment should be considered and done to stimulate investment and assure continuation of

construction projects.

The Build, Build, Build project has taken construction firms in Catanduanes province

to full blast. Unfortunately, both the occupational and health safety of their workers were

neglected and disregarded by these industries (Toyado, 2021). And while the Department of

Labor and Employment (DOLE) provided safety and health training to construction

personnel, efforts have still been far from satisfactory. Wherefore, workers were

recommended to be obliged to attend health and safety training and to be assessed on the

development of their good habits and positive outlook on their safety and well-being.

Road Construction Projects

Road constructions convey economic growth (Laborda & Sotelsek, 2019).

Consequently, the findings determined that medium-developed countries have greater efforts
in improving paved road networks. Yusupov (2020) backed this up and stated that expansion

of roads increases wealth and creates new opportunities for local business and households.

Their results supported conjecture about construction of national roads having positive

impact on household’s wellbeing and economic growth.

These were expounded by Adugbila, et al. (2020) who claimed that road development

changes were used to improve connectivity, scale up cities’ competitiveness and attract

investments. This is true in both Kisumu and Accra where roads contributed to increase

house rents and land prices as well as employment opportunities. On the other hand, these

projects led to the gentrification and displacement of poor residents to hinterlands. Thus,

place-based, and people-based policies should be combined in addressing diverse impacts of

these infrastructure projects.

Some municipalities experience positive development impacts after road development

(Tveter & Welde, 2022). These include increase on communing, population, firms, and

employment which measures local growth. With these conditions, better roads can increase

the attractiveness of an area, but may lead to deprived are even worse off. Therefore,

knowledge of past schemes’ performance is needed for future appraisals.

Meanwhile, road construction also has environmental effects (Bridget, et al., 2021).

These include dust pollution, waste disposal dumping, nuisance noise, soil erosion, natural

vegetation removal, damage to residential houses, and disturbance to wildlife. Moreover,

lack of awareness and limited capacity on environmental audits as well as weak enforcement

and institutional linkages were also cited as its detrimental effect. From these, the institution

is recommended (a) to give more attention on road design, (b) to apply and comply on basic

safeguard documents – particularly giving awareness on the project to affected communities

and stakeholders, (c) to rationally select for material sites, and (d) to take rehabilitation

measures in assisting affected communities to improve their living standards and earning

capacities.

Annette, et al. (2022) also highlighted the need to conduct measurements on fuel

consumption and air pollution emissions. Likewise, they generally observed that workers do

not wear personal protective equipment (PPE) which made them directly exposed to toxic

emissions, noise, and vibration effects during the construction. This increases their chance of

being in danger. Hence, regulatory bodies should provide PPEs such as N95 masks,

earplugs, antivibration gloves and install vibration damping seats to and for them.

Dept. of Public Works and Highways

The Ministry of Public Works and Housing is tasked to build infrastructures for the

Republic of Indonesia’s productivity (Abdullah, et al., 2018). Likewise, the Department of

Public Works and Highways (DPHW) served as its counterpart in the Philippines as it is

assigned to monitor public buildings, roads, and bridges (Mabaquiao, 2019). Although from

the establishment, the productivity of these agencies has not yet reached 100% due to their

weak organizational effectiveness. Thus, internal communication and the technical and

financial audit of the institutions must be improved.

Cunanan (2020) strengthened the claim when he expressed that the Commission on

Audit (COA) distinguished deficiencies worth of billions of pesos in some DPWH projects.

Results of this study asserted that the bloating corruption had been part of the department’s

norm for a while now. It also indicated the poor relationship between engineers and

constructors as well as the systematic misreporting of their accomplished projects. Njeru

(2022) then corroborated this and cited more challenges amidst efforts and measures of

Kenyan government to improve performance and allocate more funds for Nairobi’s Ministry

of Public Works and Highways. In lieu, continuous evaluation of gaps should be done and

several strategies to bridge should be performed.

These negated Choi and Jung (2017) and Bronuela-Ambrocio, Dacanay, and Ramos

(2022) who showed the high effectiveness of these so-called highway managers. This is

since they were observed effectively managing the expenditures which positively influence

respondents’ perception on their mobility, safety, and program management. Accordingly,

researchers suggested measuring the inefficiency of the institution’s input, output, and

outcome to determine additional gaps and ways to overcome these barriers. An in-depth

interview with their working professionals can also be done to validate research in the future.

Causes of Delays in road constructions

Delays are connoted as unplanned events which make projects fall behind their

planned schedule. In Northern Mindanao (Region X), DPHW is accounted for 70% delayed

projects due to peace and order, heavy rain, and road right of way. The institution prioritizes

their workers’ safety. Hence, during conflicts which involves military activities, road

construction is suspended until the matter has been settled down and was confirmed by the

Regional Director of the concerned Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG)

and the commander of the Philippine National Police (PNP). Bad weather also causes delays

in road construction due to safety issues. Heavy rain might lead to collapse of excavations,

damage of exposed building finishing, impassable roads, and malfunctioning equipment.

These then may cause discomfort and weak physical health to workers (Arquita, et al.,

2018).
 Poor project planning and scheduling as well as design changes, unforeseen additional

work, shortage of materials, failure of equipment, poor communication, labor issues, and

improper construction methods were also added in the list of causes of delayed road

construction projects in the Peninsula of Malaysia (Karunakaran, Malek, & Ramli, 2019).

This backed previous studies which asserted that lack of proper site investigation will result

in hustle during project implementation and affects project timeline. Thus, firms are

recommended to conduct frequent site investigations on the earlier process to effectively

execute project within estimated cost and given timeline.

Baguec, Rivera, and Yeom (2020) further distinguished lack of experienced construction

manager and influence on peoples’ land as frequent causes of delayed road construction.

Additionally, delayed payment, project grant to lowest bidder, equipment shortage and

laborers’ low productivity rate are identified as other causes (Cheng, Zhang, & Zhang,

2020). Nevertheless, these may be prevented through appropriate pre-project planning and

effective project management. For instance, the agency should address disputes on land

acquisition and do proper checking of equipment as well as laborers.

Consequently, Bouraima, et al. (2022) and Dharma and Rauzana (2022) found scarce

resources as causes of delays in construction. Take for instance the limited availability of

needed equipment, improper scheduling or planning, and lack of competent staff. These may

lead to poor calculation and delayed calculation of materials as well as ineffective use of

materials. Thus, acceleration on project development activities should be continuously

carried out, while contractors should be equipped with systematic skills in managing

construction projects. This in turn will incur advantages and avoid owing fines due to late

completion of projects.
 Inexperience contractor, inadequate financing and payment, low labor productivity, slow

decision-making and poor subcontractors’ performance were also enlisted as causes of road

construction delays. To reduce those incidences, the government should develop a long-term

road construction policy as well as enact and implement laws that will give no intervention

of participants to ask. They should also draft a contract which has pertinent clauses of what

was agreed upon between parties. Lastly, they should strengthen the capacity of

implementing agencies to assure completion of projects in time and to manage value for

money (Alemu, Kullaya, & Yeom, 2022).

Moving forward, significant differences between engineers and construction managers’

perceived causes of delayed projects was asserted by Aidar, et al. (2021). Particularly,

construction managers were keen on citing operational causes than their counterpart. In fact,

they were the ones who cited back jobs, poor labor productivity, unqualified laborers, and

project changes as important delay causes. This negated Abdullah, Kalaisiven, and Khoiry

(2018) who identified no significant differences between their perceived causes. This is since

both determined inefficient laborers and miscommunication as causes of delayed projects.

To improve results, effective communication between owner, contractor, and consultant as

well as employment of experienced personnel – constructor, consultant, and subcontractor

are recommended. Double-checking contractors’ submitted documents is also suggested.

Bayissa (2018) and Pruethipong, Santi, and Thapanont (2018) likewise claimed no

significant differences and enumerated multiple handled projects, shortage of cashflow,

scarce resources, design problem, and environmental and weather conditions as common

causes of delayed projects. To address gaps, the client should ensure proper planning and

allocation of proper budget as well as consider contractors’ working experience, key

personnel, and work in choosing one. Meanwhile, the contractor should prepare for work

program with needed resources and timeline, as well as assign qualified staff to manage the

project.

In Oman, lack of professionals and workers is the most significant cause of contractor-

related delays; while approval of drawing is the main source of consultant-associated delay

in industries (Amri & Marey-Perez, 2020). Insufficient support of client together with

increasing cost of project, lack of timely operation, negligence of employer, and

inexperienced contractor are also named as causes of construction delay (Gatotoh, Matu, &

Mushori, 2021; Gashayyish, Hadi, & Yahya, 2022). Thus, clients and contractors are

encouraged to collaborate with the latter being asked to employ experienced project

managers and upskilled personnel to reduce delays. Further, the government and other key

players are also asked to develop policies on client involvement in the implementation of

these construction projects.

Effects of Delays in road construction

Construction delays have become endemic in Libya (Aboubaker, Ismail, & Khoiry,

2018; and Gashashun, 2020). This in turn led to cost and time overruns, litigation, disputes,

and disruption of traffic movement. Accordingly, firms are recommended to avoid court

cases and attempt to solve problems as they arise. They should reduce change order and

regularly pay throughout project implementation. To add, they should conduct proper site

investigation, and timely procure equipment.

Similarly, time and cost overruns, disputes between parties, complete abandonment, and

legal action are indicated as effects of construction delays in Hargeisa, Somaliland by

Fakunle, Fashina, and Omar (2020) and in Algeria by Messaoudi and Salhi (2021). To avoid
occurrences, proper communication and coordination with contracting parties should be

done, while the government of Somaliland should enact building and construction codes or

standards. Contractors should also manage financial resources and plan cashflow through

progressively paying workers and suppliers, and consultants should be flexible in the

evaluation of contractors’ works.

Daripa and Mangaraj (2022), Juliet and Ruth (2022), and Ahmed, et al. (2023) equally

identified time and cost overruns as common effects of construction delays. To minimize

delays, site management and supervision, strategic planning, and clear information and

communication channels should be done. Moreover, the government should embark on

activities to ensure adequate funding, and the client should check contractors’ experience

and capabilities to ensure quality work. Further studies should also be done to identify

additional strategies to mitigate delays in projects.

Additionally, no significant differences were found between engineers and contractors’

perceived effects of delayed construction projects. Results of Aydin and Mihlayanlar’s

(2018) study revealed bad reputation, loss of credibility, and time and cost overruns as main

effects of delayed construction in Edirne City Center. Gunawardena, Hemachandra, and

Kodithuwakkku (2019) backed this up and found poor quality of work, disputes, arbitrations,

and total abandonment as effects of delayed construction. Cost overrun lead to additional

payment for consultants due to inflation, while push for contractors to get outcome resulted

to poor quality work outcome which causes disputes. Therefore, prediction and analyzation

of the causes of delays should be done to determine necessary precautions at the first stage of

the project.
 Rashid (2019), and Aggrey and Owusu (2020) corroborated these and iterated litigation

and project abandonment as common effects of delayed construction. Consequently,

construction companies should analyze consultants’ capabilities in project management and

should develop good relationships with them. They should monitor assigned work and insist

corrections at appropriate time and should also give attention in managing supply change

and handling materials to ensure smooth supply of needed equipment (Owusu, 2020). Lastly,

construction firms should focus on investing to up-to-date machinery for better execution of

construction projects and attraction of new clients.

Meanwhile, significant differences between engineers and constructors’ perceived

effects of delays were cited by Bibi, et al. (2022). Contractors particularly perceived higher

costs due to longer work time, labor cost increase, and higher fabrication costs than

engineers who have lighter perception on its effects. Regardless, researchers suggested

project contractors acquire knowledge on resources strength and to obtain new equipment for

construction. In fact, it is suggested to include skilled and experienced workers as staff.

bad
reputation and loss of reliability, time overrun and cost overrun are the main effects of delay
bad
reputation and loss of reliability, time overrun and cost overrun are the main effects of delay
bad
reputation and loss of reliability, time overrun and cost overrun are the main effects of dela
Furthermore, a significant relationship between causes and effects of delays in road

construction projects is revealed by Pandey, et al. (2017). This implies that higher identified

causes led to worse effects of delayed road construction. The findings of the study revealed

insufficient equipment, inaccurate time estimate, monthly payment difficulties, change

orders, inaccurate cost estimates, poor site management, and incompetent project team lead

to financial and time losses. To improve situation, contractors should undergo to work-
training programs on project management and modern equipment usage and conduct

frequent site meetings.

Several causes of construction delays have severe financial impact on the project

(Darshan, Rathod, & Yadav, 2020). Sometimes, violations on contractual responsibilities

even result to dispute in construction industries which makes delayed construction more

critical. This was strengthened by Bayeh and Dusso (2020) who expressed correlation

between causes and effects of delayed construction. For them, the more they identify reasons

behind delay, the more they’ll distinguish its adverse effects. Hence to avoid big losses,

attention should be made to the progress of payments and communication should be

maintained between contractors and clients. Contractors should take proper management and

planning action to ensure completion of the project during scheduled time and budget. They

should assign site managers and technical staff to run the project based on their timeline and

to problem-solve challenges that might occur during construction.

In Addis Ababa, causes of delayed construction worsen ties between the contractors,

clients, and the mass (Abebe, 2020). The findings showed that aside from cost-and time-

overruns, failed on-time construction made clients lose time and money, and in general

people mistrust the government, and contractors to reduce quality of work. The major causes

of delays were also identified such as late delivery of materials, difficulties in finance,

improper contractor selection, and slow decision making. The following recommendations

were then forwarded for contractors such as changing the modality of material supply,

organizing the financial management system, utilizing latest construction technologies, and

minimizing design errors. Meanwhile, project owners should consider selecting technically

and financially capable contractors and consultants.

 Up to date, Ahmed, Ahmed, Haso, and Seman (2023) proved the correlation between the

variables when they unveiled number of causes on construction delays and its adverse effects

in Dessie Town. They even named ineffective planning and scheduling of project, poor site

management and supervision of contractors, difficulties in finance, and poor communication

and coordination as reasons behind time and cost-overruns, total abandonment, dispute, poor

project, and bad public relations. Other non-quantifiable damages were also stated which

result to dissatisfaction of community to respective government agencies. To conclude, it can

be gleaned that the project affects residents of the locale of the project both economically

and socially; hence delayed construction will cost a lot for everyone involved.

In view of the premises, several recommendations were made. Janne (2018) then cited

that creation of Contractor Logistics Support (CLS) might be beneficial in controlling both

material flows and coordination between the parties. Kirira, et al. (2019) further suggested

increasing the level of project risk identification to come up with risk mitigation strategies

and reduce threats. Awareness among project stakeholders should also be made to optimize

the benefits of risk management practice implementation and to ensure compliance therein.

Ma, et al. (2019) also laid down lean management tools to help project managers

identify project options, deliverables, deadlines, and alternatives as well as make calculated

decisions on project progress. However, albeit assured improvement on construction, it takes

more pragmatic approach for managers to not overlook with real-world limitations and

challenges that are linked with this process’ adoption. Neyadi (2019) further stressed the

need to reshape United Arab Emirates’ existing organizational strategies. Decision makers

must acknowledge and comprehend sustainability from a triple-bottom line concept as well

as deliver training programs to address, improve, and measure leadership skills that drive
change towards sustainability. Development of a more environmentally friendly construction

methods should also be applied, and general people should be made aware on its benefits for

its adoption.

Successful project implementation demand coordination of stakeholders on equipment

and logistics; thus, regular inspections should be conducted (Kwafo, 2021). Further, the

researcher asked project managers to start with transparent community selection process, to

map communities’ priorities, and to identify leaders through conduct of solid assessment.

They should also hold preliminary meets with these leaders and enlist ways to mobilize

them. In addition, they may embrace virtual technology to ease assessment process and to

immediately respond to defaults and challenges that may arise. Lastly, they should sensitize

skills trainings to capacitate employees in performing their duties and to ensure their

punctual project delivery.

Lastly, Aithal, Gain, and Mishra (2022) identified four risk response strategies which

include avoidance, transfer, mitigation, and acceptance. Accordingly, avoidance refers to

adoption of diverse construction works to eliminate risks, while transfer is the method of

assigning risk to other parties such as sub-contractor, supplier, and insurer. Further,

mitigation is the method of developing a plan to minimize consequences and reduce

probability of risk occurrence. Lastly, acceptance is the method of dealing with the

consequences of any risk that occurs. Consequently, trainings on this risk management

practice and on Risk Assessment through sensitivity, scenarios, and simulation should be

conducted, while risk registration should be maintained and regularly updated on site.

Synthesis of the Reviewed Literature

 The surveyed literature and studies cited a plethora of research on causes and effects

of delays in the implementation of road construction projects. These also identified the

significant relationship and differences between these variables and demographic profile.

Globalization and technological development required international construction firms

to operate beyond their local, regional, and national boundaries (Amiri & Bausman, 2018).

This then posed distinct challenges and opportunities such as greater pollution, waste

management, physical, and mental health issues among these firms (Pink & Tutt, 2019;

Borisovich, Husien, & Naji, 2021; and Crosthwaite, 2000 as cited by Abdul-Ghani, et al.,

2022). On the other hand, Yip (2019), Baccay, et al. (2019), Toyado, (2021) and

Dimaculangan (2023) identified organizational-related factors which influenced the project

performance of our local construction firms. They further recommended enactment of

construction development policies and conduct of additional research on construction

challenges to address the identified gaps.

Moving forward, Laborda and Sotelsek (2019), Yusupov (2020), and Tveter and

Welde (2022) expressed that road construction conveys economic growth. Bridget, et al.

(2021) and Annette, et al. (2022) then found the environmental effects of road construction

which include dust pollution, waste disposal dumping, nuisance noise, soil erosion, natural

vegetation removal, damage to residential houses, and disturbance to wildlife. Mabaquiao

(2019) additionally highlighted the role of the Department of Public Works and Highways in

building and monitoring public buildings, roads, and bridges, while Cunanan (2020) and

Njeru (2022) identified its project deficiencies. Choi and Jung (2017) as well as Bronuela-

Ambrocio, Dacanay, and Ramos (2022) nulled these assertions and reported high
effectiveness of these road managers. Cited positive perception is accounted to their

effective expenditure management.

Consequently, some of the causes of delayed construction were identified such as poor

project planning and scheduling, design changes, unforeseen additional work, shortage of

materials, failure of equipment, poor communication, labor issues, and improper

construction methods (Karunakaran, Malek, & Ramli, 2019; Baguec, Rivera, & Yeom, 2020;

Cheng, Zhang, & Zhang, 2020; Dharma & Rauzana, 2022; and Alemu, Kullaya, & Yeom,

2022). Weather and peace and order conditions were also cited as reasons behind delays

(Arquita, et al., 2018). Moreover, significant differences between engineers and contractors’

perceived causes of project delays were claimed by Aidar, et al. (2021) and negated by

Abdullah, Kalaisiven, and Khoiry (2018), Pruethipong, Santi, and Thapanont (2018), Amri

and Marey-Perez (2020), Gatotoh, Matu, and Mushori (2021), and Gashayyish, Hadi, and

Yahya (2022). To address gaps, clients and contractors were recommended to employ

experienced and upskilled project personnel.

Since construction delays have become endemic, several academicians distinguished its

adverse effect which include cost and time overruns, litigation and disputes, project

abandonment, and disruption of traffic movement (Aboubaker, Ismail, & Khoiry, 2018;

Gashashun, 2020; Fakunle, Fashina, & Omar, 2020; Messaoudi & Salhi, 2021; Daripa &

Mangaraj, 2022; and Ahmed, et al., 2023). Additionally, no significant differences were

found between engineers and contractors’ perceived effects of delayed construction projects

(Aydin & Mihlayanlar, 2018; Gunawardena, Hemachandra, & Kodithuwakkku, 2019;

Rashid, 2019; and Aggrey & Owusu, 2020). These contradicted Bibi, et al. (2022) who

emphasized that contractors have more negative perceived effects such as financial and time
losses compared to engineers. Furthermore, correlation between causes and effects of road

construction delays were revealed (Pandey, et al., 2017; Darshan, Rathod, & Yadav, 2020;

Bayeh & Dusso, 2020; Abebe, 2020; and Ahmed, Ahmed, Haso, & Seman, 2023). These

gleaned that higher identified causes led to worse effects of delayed road construction. In

view of these premises, several operational strategies were recommended (Janne, 2018;

Kirira, et al., 2019; Ma, et al., 2019; Neyadi, 2019; Kwafo, 2021; and Aithal, Gain, &

Mishra, 2022). These include creation of Contractor Logistics Support (CLS), increase level

of project risk identification, usage of lean management tools, regular communication

between stakeholders, and adoption of the four risk response strategies - avoidance, transfer,

mitigation, and acceptance.

Gap/s to be Bridged by the Present Study

While there had been studies conducted along causes and effects of delays in the

implementation of road construction projects as reviewed in the foregoing pages, the

following gaps were noted:

1. Studies on DPWH personnel and contractors’ perceived causes and effects of delays

in the implementation of road construction projects are limited.

2. Studies determining the significant relationships and differences of DPWH personnel

and contractors’ profile and perceived causes and effects of delays in the

implementation of road construction projects are rare.

3. A study on the causes and effects of delays in the implementation of road

construction projects by the Department of Public Works and Highways Engineering

Office in the province of Catanduanes for Fiscal Year 2022 has yet to be conducted.
 In view of the identified gaps, the study aimed to assess the causes and effects of delays

in the implementation of road construction projects by the Department of Public Works and

Highways Engineering Office in the province of Catanduanes for Fiscal Year 2022.

Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the discussion of the study’s research design, sources of data,

population of the study, instrumentation and validation, data gathering procedure, statistical

treatment of data, and ethical considerations.

Research Design

The study on the causes and effects of delays in the implementation of road

construction projects by the Department of Public Works and Highways Engineering Office

in the province of Catanduanes for Fiscal Year 2022 will use the descriptive-correlational

research design. Copeland (2022) stated that the aim of descriptive research is to describe a
phenomenon and its characteristics. This research is more concerned with what rather than

how or why something has happened. Correlational research refers to a non-experimental

research method which studies the relationship between two variables with the help of

statistical analysis.

Specifically, this study will describe the causes of delay and the effects of delay in

the implementation of road construction projects. Likewise, it will look into the difference

between the DPWH personnel’s and contractors’ assessment of the causes and effects of

delays in construction. Further, it will probe the significance of relationships, through

correlation, between the causes and effects of delays in road construction.

Sources of Data

The primary data of the study will be obtained from its primary sources, the DPWH

personnel and the projects contractors who are the implementors of the road construction

projects. Only the empirical data generated from them will be statistically treated and

analyzed in this study.

Population of the Study

The population of the study will be 80 consisting of 55 DPWH personnel and 25

contractors. Using the Slovin’s formula, a sample size of 67 respondents will be taken and

proportionately distributed to 46 DPWH personnel and 21 contractors using stratified

random sampling.
Instrumentation and Validation

A researcher-made questionnaire will be used in generating the needed primary

data. The instrument will be divided into two (2) parts, namely; Part 1 will deal with causes

of delays in road construction and Part 2 will focus on the effects of delays in road

construction.

The face validity of the questionnaire will be determined by a 5-member panel who

will scrutinize the questionnaire offer suggestions for its improvement. Further, the tool will

be subjected to a reliability test using Cronbach Alpha to determine its internal consistency.

A pre-test and post-test to 10 sample respondents will be conducted to test the reliability of

the instrument.

Evaluation and Scoring

The causes of delay in road construction will be assessed by the respondents using

the following scale:

Assigned Points Numerical Range Verbal Interpretation

4 3.25 - 4.00 Strongly Agree (76-100% probability)

3 2.50 - 3.24 Agree (51-75% probability)
2 1.75 - 2.49 Disagree (26-50% probability)
1 1.00 - 1.74 Strongly Disagree (1-25% probability)

The effects of road construction will be assessed by the respondents using the

following scale:

Assigned Points Numerical Range Verbal Interpretation

4 3.25 - 4.00 Strongly Agree (76-100% expected)

 3 2.50 - 3.24 Agree (51-75% expected)
2 1.75 - 2.49 Disagree (26-50% expected)
1 1.00 - 1.74 Strongly Disagree (1-25% expected)

Data-Gathering Procedure

A formal letter will be sent to the District Engineer of the DPWH District

Engineer’s Office, Catanduanes requesting permission to conduct the study and administer

the questionnaire. Similarly, a letter will be sent to the respondent DPWH personnel and the

identified contractors requesting their cooperation and support in the conduct of the study.

The researcher will personally administer the questionnaires to the identified

personnel and contractors. The accomplished questionnaires will then be retrieved by the

researcher to ensure an acceptable retrieval rate. He may engage the services of enumerators

to expedite the data gathering phase . Thereafter, the data generated will be coded and

encoded in excel format and sent to the statistician for statistical treatment.

Statistical Treatment of the Data

Using Mega Stat, the following statistical tools will be used for the quantitative analysis

of the data:

1. Weighted mean will be used to determine the causes and effects of delays in road

construction as assessed by the respondents.

2. Tests of difference will be used in determining the difference between the DPWH

personnel’s and contractors’ assessment of the causes and effects of delays in road

construction.
 3. Test of correlation will be used to determine the relationship between the causes and

effects of delays in road construction.

Ethical Considerations

The following ethical guidelines will be observed in the course of the study: (1) an

informed consent will be obtained from the DPWH personnel and contractors by explaining

to them the purpose of the study; (2) the anonymity of the respondents shall be ensured

before, during and after the conduct of the study; 3) the data or information gathered in the

study shall be held in utmost confidentiality; and 4) the dignity and well-being of the

respondents shall be protected for the entire research period.

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 CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF DELAYS IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
IMPLEMENTED BY THE DEPARMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS,
CATANDUANES ENGINEERING OFFICE, FY 2022

QUESTIONNAIRE
Part 1. Causes of Delay in Road Construction
Directions: For each of causes of delays in construction below, please indicate your degree
of agreement or disagreement by placing a check (√) in the appropriate box using the
following 4-point Likert scale:

4- Strongly Agree 3- Agree 2- Disagree 1- Strongly Disagree

SA A D SD
Indicators
4 3 2 1
1. Problem in planning and design
2. Lack of funding
3. Land acquisition and right-of-way issues
4. Weather conditions
5. Changes in project scope
 6. Inefficient project management
7. Permitting and regulatory issues
8. Inadequate management and supervision by the
contractor
9. Inadequate planning and control by the contractor
10. Rework due to mistakes during construction
11. Low level productivity
12. Technical problems faced by the contractor
13. Incorrect construction methods followed by the
contractor
14. Cash flow problems suffered by the contractor
15. Delay due to sub-contractors works
16. Inadequate contractor experience
17. Inappropriate construction methods
18. Inaccurate time estimating
19. Inaccurate cost estimating
20. Poor site management and supervision
21. Improper project planning & scheduling
22. Incompetent project team
23. Unreliable subcontractor
24. Obsolete technology
Others, pls. specify: __________________________

Part 2. Effects of Delays in Construction

Directions: For each of the effects of delays in construction below, please indicate the
degree of your agreement or disagreement by placing a check (√) in the appropriate box
using the following 4-point Likert scale:

4- Strongly Agree 3- Agree 2- Disagree 1- Strongly Disagree

SA A D SD
Indicators
4 3 2 1
1. Increased project costs
2. Economic losses
3. Public inconvenience
4. Safety risks
5. Damaged reputation
6. Legal disputes
7. Time overrun
8. Cost overrun
9. Disputes
10. Arbitration
11. Total abandonment
 12. Litigation
Others, pls. specify:

Appendix F
Attribution Table
Concepts References
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