Respiratory System :

 definitions :

→ breathing is the activity of exchanging gasses in the body through inhalation and exhalation

→ gas exchange is the exchange of oxyge carried by the blood in the capilaries with carbon
dioxide that comes from the body’s cells

→ respiration is the transformation of food materials using oxygen to produce energy,

with carbon dioxide as waste product to be exhaled.

 based on location :

→ external respiration - breathing

environment with the lungs

→ internal respiration - gas exchange

blood in the capillaries with the body's cells

→ celluar respiration - aerobic respiration

= the entry of oxygen from the body's cells into the mitochondria to produce energy (biological
oxidation/transformation)

 human respiratory tract :

1. nasal cavity

= consist of several parts, turbinate bones or nasal conachae which will allow incoming air flows
with a steady and regular pattern, and nasal epithelium which covers the inner wall of our nasal
cavity with and by :

a) cilliated cells → use their cillia to trap any microscopic particles

b) goblet cells → produce water and mucus to trap particles and miosten the air with its
evaporated water

c) blood vessels → make the incoming air warm

= 3 main fuctions of nasal cavity :

a) filtirate any microscopic particles

b) moisturize the air

c) warms the incoming air

2. pharynx

= located at the back of the nasal cavity

= continuation of nasal cavity and connected to mouth cavity

3. larynx

= the inner walls are covered by smooth muscles.

= there is a vocal cords, which will vibrate with air when we speak or produce sound.

= has glottis: a small opening which connects pharynx and trachea.

= glottis have a cover/shield made up of cartilage, called epiglottis,

it functions to prevent food from entering the airways (instead it will direct food to enter
esophagus (digestive system)

4. trachea / windpipe

= consists of cartilage ring and muscles

= located infornt of the esophagus

= covered by a mocous membrane and ciliated cells (like nasal cavity)

= allows air to travels from the larynx to the bronchi

5. bronchi / bronchioles

= a large tube that carries air from trachea to the lungs

= one bronchi leads to the right lung and the other leads to the left lung.

= branches of trachea
= consist of cartilage and smooth muscles

= it’ll help moisturize the air human breathes, screen out foreign particles, and deliver it to the
lungs

6. lungs

= located in chest cavity, above the diaphragm (a muscular and membrane structure which
divides chest and stomach cavity)

= the lungs are enclosed and protected by a thin membrane called as pleura.

= right lung consists of three lobes, while left lung consists of two lobes.

= inside it there are many bronchioles and alveoli which is about 600 mio

 alveolus a very thin, only one-cell thick organ.

= because its small size and numerous, it’ll create a vast surface area for our body to absorbs
oxygen.

 the mechanism of breathing

1. chest breathing → caused by contraction and relaxation of INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES

= intercostal muscles contracts → intercostal muscles relaxes

= ribcage lifts up → ribcage lowers down

= thorax cavity expands → thorax cavity shrinks

= the pressure in thorax is lower → the pressure in thorax is higher / increase

= O2 flows in → CO2 flows out

1. abdnominal breathing → caused by contraction and relaxation of DIAPHRAGM

= diaphragm contracts → diaphragm muscles relaxes

= diaphragm flattens → diaphragm curves

= thorax cavity expands → thorax cavity shrinks

= the pressure in thorax is lower → the pressure in thorax is higher / increase

= O2 flows in → CO2 flows out

 volume of lungs

1. tidal volume = the volume of air breathed in and out in a normal condition ( 0,5 L )
2. inspiratory reserve vol = the extra amount of air that can be breathed in with maximum
effort after a normal inspiration
3. expiratory reserve vol = the extra amount of air that can be breathed out with maximum
effort after a normal expiration
4. vital capacity = the maximum capacity of air in our lungs in one breath ( 4,5 L )
5. residual capacity = the air that remains after expiration
6. total capacity of lung = vc + rc = 6,5 L

→ we can use spirometer to measure vital capacity

→ factors that effect respiration rate : age, gender, body position