1Q.

what is the difference between File System and DBMS

File System DBMS

Data Organization Hierarchical, stored in files Structured, stored in tables

Data Integrity Limited, prone to data redundancy High, with mechanisms to avoid redundancy

Data Security Basic, relies on system security Advanced, with built-in security features

Data Accessibility Direct access, less flexible Flexible, with complex query capabilities

Data Recovery Limited, manual backup required Comprehensive, with automated backup
options

Scalability Limited, not ideal for large datasets High, designed to handle large datasets

Complexity Simple, easy to set up Complex requires initial setup and

management

Concurrency Limited risk of data corruption High, supports multiple users simultaneously

2Q. What are the levels of Abstraction in DBMS

The three levels of abstraction in DBMS are: External Level / View
Level. Conceptual Level/ Logical Level. Internal Level / Physical Level

Physical Level (External Level)

The external level, also known as the View level, is the level of abstraction that is closest to
the end users. It defines how the data is viewed by the users or applications that access the
database.

The external level includes the schema, which is a description of the

data that is relevant to a specific user or application. The schema defines
the tables, attributes, and relationships that are relevant to the user or
application.
Conceptual Level/ Logical Level

The conceptual level, also known as the logical level, is the level of
abstraction that defines the overall structure of the database. It defines the
relationships between the data elements, the constraints on the data, and
the operations that can be performed on the data.

The conceptual level includes the data model, which is a representation of

the data that is independent of any specific database management system.
The data model defines the tables, attributes, and relationships that make
up the database and the constraints that govern them.

Physical Level (Internal Level)

The internal level, also known as the physical level, is the level of
abstraction that defines how the data is physically stored and organized in
the database.

The internal level includes the physical schema, which is a description of

how the data is physically stored in the database. The physical schema
defines the data structures used to store the data, the access methods
used to retrieve the data, and the algorithms used to perform operations on
the data.

3Q.What is a schema in DBMS?

Ans. A schema in DBMS is a description of the data that is relevant to a
specific user or application. The schema defines the tables, attributes, and
relationships that are relevant to the user or application.

4Q.What is a data model in DBMS?

Ans. A data model in DBMS is a representation of the data that is
independent of any specific database management system. The data
model defines the tables, attributes, and relationships that make up the
database and the constraints that govern them.

5Q. what is mapping in DBMS?

Ans. Mapping in DBMS refers to the links between the different levels of
abstraction in DBMS that allow the users or applications to interact with the
database at the appropriate level of abstraction.

6Q.What is data Independence

Data Independence means the ability of the data to change the schema at one level of the
database without having to change the schema at the next higher level.
two levels of data independence in DBMS:

 Physical level data independence

 Logical level data independence