GURION, STEPHANIE NICOLE C.

BSED 3-E

From Devastation to Hope: Unraveling the 2024 Davao de Oro Landslide and Charting
a Safer Future

INTRODUCTION:

The allure of gold has driven exploration and industry for millennia. One of the most
significant dangers associated with irresponsible gold mining is the triggering of landslides,
events that can cause widespread destruction, environmental damage, and even loss of life.
We all know that Davao de Oro possesses significant gold deposits, making it a hub for
small-scale and large-scale mining activity. The recent tragedy in Maco, Davao de Oro, on
February 06, 2024, is a stark reminder of the complex interplay between natural resource
extraction and its impact on communities and the environment. This incident predominantly
impacted mining communities, with confirmed fatalities including both residents and miners.
This landslide resulted in loss of life, property damage, and environmental degradation. The
landslide affected four barangays in Maco, Davao de Oro: Elizalde, Mainit, and Masara in
Maco, Davao de Oro. The incident resulted in the displacement of affected families and
individuals and several reported casualties.

This case analysis will argue that the landslides in Maco, Davao De Oro, indicate the larger
issue of irresponsible mining practices and inadequate regulation in the Philippines. By
examining the root causes of the incident and its impacts on the affected communities, it will
be demonstrated that there is an urgent need for stricter enforcement of environmental laws
and greater accountability from mining companies operating in the region. Additionally, this
analysis will explore potential solutions and policy recommendations to mitigate the risks
associated with mining activities and promote sustainable development. At least 474 people
were involved in the rescue operation, mostly from units of the Philippine Army, the Bureau
of Fire Protection, the Philippine Coast Guard, local government agencies, and Apex Mining.
Sniffer dogs were also deployed to look for victims. The operation was hampered by thick
mud, heavy rain, thick mud, the danger of more landslides, and the absence of
telecommunications signals and impassable roads.
BACKGROUND:

Davao de Oro, formerly known as Compostela Valley, stands as a bastion of natural riches
within the Philippines' Davao Region. Its abundant mineral deposits are at the heart of its
economic landscape, which has shaped the province's history, economy, and societal
dynamics. Chief among these resources is gold, a precious metal that has drawn prospectors
and miners to the region for generations. Alongside gold, copper asserts its presence, with
significant deposits dotting the landscape. However, this bounty comes with challenges, as
the recent landslide in Davao de Oro starkly reminds us.

In the last 15 years, deadly landslides have occurred in mining sites in the hinterlands of
Maco, Monkayo, and Pantukan towns in Davao de Oro. One of the most deadly landslides to
hit Davao de Oro, then known as Compostela Valley province, was in the gold-rush village of
Napnapan in Pantukan in January 2012. At least 36 bodies were retrieved, and about 40
others were reported missing after a landslide buried dozens of houses in Sitio Diat Uno in
Barangay Napnapan. Three years earlier, at least 26 miners and residents were also killed due
to a massive landslide in the same village. Last January 18, 11 persons were killed in a
landslide that hit the gold-rush town of Mount Diwata, popularly known as Diwalwal, in
Monkayo. Like Pantukan, the mountainous village of Diwalwal had been a site of deadly
landslides for many years. From 2005 to 2007, the landslides in Diwalwal due to heavy rains
have killed almost 50 persons.

Several factors contributed to Masara's continued vulnerability. Poverty often pushes

residents to settle in high-risk areas due to limited options for affordable housing, especially
with rapidly increasing land prices in safer zones. Cultural ties to ancestral lands can also
make relocation difficult. Villagers may have deep familial roots in Masara, strengthening
their emotional attachment to the place. Furthermore, the lure of gold mining, a source of
income for some residents, can overshadow safety concerns. Artisanal small-scale mining
(ASM) is a prevalent economic activity in the region, and the promise of a quick financial
gain can be difficult to resist, especially for those struggling to make ends meet.

Based on the massive landslides in history, the No-build zone policy is enforced by the Mines
and Geosciences Bureau (MGB), which prohibits construction in areas deemed hazardous for
mining activities. According to the excerpt, the governor of Davao de Oro is committed to
implementing this policy because the province is classified as a mining area. Project NOAH,
a program run by the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), aims to mitigate
disasters through various initiatives, including identifying landslide-prone areas. While the
excerpt doesn't explicitly connect these two concepts, the no-build zone policy might be
informed by the data and assessments provided by Project NOAH. Therefore, while the
excerpt focuses on implementing the no-build zone policy, it's important to understand that
initiatives like Project NOAH give the scientific data and assessments that can inform such
policies and ultimately contribute to disaster risk reduction. The following paragraph tackles
the causes and root of the massive event that affects many families and individuals.

Analysis of the problem:

The region's geography and topography could have played a significant role. Davao de Oro is
known for its mountainous terrain, which is prone to landslides, especially during heavy
rainfall or seismic activity. On February 06, 2024, at around 4:00 pm, cloudy skies with
scattered rain showers and thunderstorms caused by Easterlies may have brought possible
flash floods or landslides due to moderate to, at times, heavy rains in the Davao Region,
SOCCSKSARGEN, Southern Leyte, Dinagat Islands, Surigao del Norte, and Surigao del Sur.

On the same day, at around 7:40 pm, a landside incident occurred in barangays Elizalde,
Mainit, and Masara in Maco, Davao de Oro, due to the effects of Easterlies. This incident
resulted in the displacement of affected families and individuals in the area.

The massive landslide may have occurred because of the effects of the Shear Line and
Trough of the Low-Pressure Area. The landslide appears reasonably high on the hillside in
deeply weathered soils with quite a complex structure. Unfortunately, the landslide directly
hit the village at the foot of the slope.

The occurrence of a landslide in Maco, Davao de Oro, would have extensive ramifications
across various facets of the community. Firstly, environmental issues are present since a large
portion of the valley causes landslides, devastates natural habitats, disrupts ecosystems, and
causes soil erosion. Economically, the landslide resulted in infrastructure damage; an
estimated 9.8 hectares (24 acres) of land was buried by rocks, mud, and trees that slid over
700 meters (2,300 ft) down a steep mountainside near the Apex Mining Co concession.
Socially, displacement of communities and destruction of homes would exacerbate
inequalities and psychological distress, with disruptions to social services compounding the
challenges. Additionally, public health concerns would arise from hazardous conditions, such
as injuries and lead to death. In rescue and operation, as of February 17, it reports that a total
of 98 people retrieved bodies, which includes complete body parts and body parts.
Because of that incident, Activist labor group Kilusang Mayo Uno (KMU) Secretary General
Jerome Adonis called for an investigation into the landslide incident to determine the extent
of Apex Mining Corp.'s liability for the deaths. The Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB)
states that Apex Mining has nothing to do with the landslide. In a statement released on
February 12, the Bureau noted that the Local Government Units (LGUs) and Apex Mining
issued an advisory before the landslide for mining companies and LGUs, initiating
preemptive evacuations and relief operations due to heavy rainfall. The Bureau noted that the
Barangay Masara was outside the active mine site. The Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (DENR) oversees the M and has not issued a suspension order to Apex
because the incident happened outside the mine site. In response to the landslide, grassroots
organizations call to hold Apex and the government accountable for the horrible disaster.
They state that an immediate independent and fair investigation should be conducted on
large-scale mining operations that create a "deadly combination" of irresponsible business
and rapid destructive extraction of natural resources. There should be a suspension of mining
operations in Maco while investigations and relief efforts are underway.

IV. Existing Solutions and Strategies

According to LGUs of Maco Davao De Oro, there is an existing No Build Zone Policy. It is
likely to mitigate the risks associated with natural disasters, particularly flooding and
landslides, which are common in the region. It reduced vulnerability to natural disasters: By
prohibiting construction in high-risk areas, the no-build zone helps to protect people and
property from the adverse impacts of flooding and landslides; however, Enforcing a no-build
zone may be difficult, particularly in areas where there is high demand for land and limited
alternative options. Restrictions on formal construction may lead to the proliferation of
informal settlements in other places, which can exacerbate social and environmental
problems. Families or communities forced to relocate due to the no-build zone may face
challenges finding suitable housing and livelihood opportunities elsewhere. Enhanced
enforcement mechanisms, such as regular monitoring and penalties for violations, are crucial
for improving compliance with no-build zone regulations. Strengthening enforcement can
deter individuals or businesses from encroaching into restricted areas, thus preserving the
integrity of the designated zones. Additionally, strict enforcement sends a clear message
about the seriousness of adhering to these regulations, which can lead to greater compliance
over time.
Providing alternative livelihood options for communities affected by the no-build zone is
essential for mitigating the economic impacts and ensuring long-term resilience. By offering
training programs, financial support, or assistance transitioning to new industries,
governments can help individuals and businesses adapt to the restrictions while maintaining
economic stability. This approach not only alleviates the immediate hardships faced by
affected communities but also fosters sustainable development in the long run.

Involving local communities in decision-making is crucial for ensuring the success of no-
build zones. Authorities can tailor solutions that address local needs and concerns by
soliciting input from those directly impacted and incorporating their perspectives into
planning and implementation. Furthermore, supporting relocation or adaptation measures can
minimize social tensions and foster a sense of ownership and cooperation among community
members.

Integrating the no-build zone into broader land-use planning strategies is essential for
maximizing its effectiveness in promoting long-term resilience. By aligning no-build
regulations with sustainable development goals and disaster risk reduction measures,
governments can ensure that restricted areas are preserved and contribute to overall
environmental and social resilience. This integrated approach facilitates coherent decision-
making and promotes synergy between various planning initiatives, ultimately enhancing the
effectiveness of no-build zones in mitigating risks and promoting sustainable development.

The Mining Act of 1995 is the biggest example of liberalization of Philippine mining, as it
ushered in the country's foreign-owned, export-oriented mining industry. Through the Mining
Act, mining activities are allowed to be 100% foreign-owned and operated, incentives for
corporations are granted, water sources are available at the corporation's discretion, and
communities inside their mining areas can be ejected as long as they are compensated. The
Mining Act has provisions recognizing ancestral lands but requires government
acknowledgment of the ownership and occupation of the land. All this has little contribution
to the Philippine economy, as the export-oriented structure of the mining industry leaves no
room to develop domestic industries. In the Maco mining tragedy, It's important to note that
the indigenous Lumad community has long demanded that Apex Mining Corporation leave
their ancestral land. The company has only intensified its destruction, exemplified by
exacerbating the impacts of Typhoon Pablo in 2012, which resulted in the fatalities of over
1,000 people. Environmental advocates exposed to the effects of Apex's irresponsible mining
in the past were unfortunately targeted by state forces.

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources has suspended Apex's open-pit
mining operation twice. These suspensions were prompted by the alarming environmental
damage and degradation caused by the mining activities. These incidents highlight the need
for stricter regulations to protect both the environment and the rights of the workers,
indigenous people, and other affected communities.

V. Proposed Solution and Recommendations

The proposed solution to mitigate the risks associated with mining and landslides in Davao de
Oro is a multi-pronged approach that combines stricter enforcement of existing regulations
with measures to support affected communities.

The most effective solution to the environmental and social problems caused by mining isn't
a single fix but a comprehensive strategy that tackles the issue from multiple angles. This
approach should combine stricter regulations with empowered communities and support for
sustainable livelihoods. Stronger enforcement with increased monitoring and penalties deters
illegal mining, protecting ecosystems and preventing displacement. More stringent
environmental standards and proper waste disposal ensure responsible practices that
minimize pollution and long-term contamination. Most importantly, community involvement
in decision-making empowers local voices to ensure their needs and concerns are addressed,
protecting their cultural identity and traditional ways of life. This multi-stakeholder approach
considers the needs of everyone involved. Governments can enforce regulations, protect the
environment, and foster sustainable development. Mining companies can operate ethically,
minimize environmental impact, and contribute to community development. Finally, local
communities can have a say in their future, benefit from mining projects in responsible ways,
and maintain their cultural identity. Environmental sustainability principles are also central to
this approach. Reduced land degradation protects ecosystems and biodiversity. Proper waste
management prevents water and soil contamination. Community-driven planning encourages
responsible resource use and ensures long-term environmental health. Implementing this plan
requires concrete steps. A multi-stakeholder committee with government officials, mining
company representatives, and community leaders can develop a comprehensive plan for
sustainable mining practices. Through training and resources, community capacity building
empowers them to understand their rights and environmental impact assessments and explore
alternative, sustainable livelihood options like ecotourism or sustainable agriculture.
Transparency and accountability are crucial. Public data on mining permits, environmental
impact assessments, and fines for violations should be accessible to all. An independent
monitoring body should be established to ensure regulations are upheld. Finally, livelihood
transition programs are essential. Partnering with NGOs and educational institutions can
develop skills training programs for displaced communities, focusing on sustainable
alternatives. Challenges do exist. Industry resistance necessitates collaboration with mining
companies, offering incentives for sustainable practices and highlighting the long-term
benefits of responsible mining. An independent monitoring body can address corruption with
strong legal backing, while community involvement is an additional check. Economic
dependence on mining requires a measured approach. Financial support during the transition
to sustainable livelihoods is crucial, highlighting the long-term benefits of a healthy
environment for communities and future generations. By implementing this multi-faceted
approach, we can create a future where communities have a say in their future, environmental
regulations are upheld, and mining can be conducted in a more sustainable way that respects
the needs of local people.

All mining operations within our jurisdiction must prioritize responsible practices to
minimize environmental and social impact. Additionally, it will include mandatory
reclamation plans for all surface mines, ensuring the land is returned to a usable state after
extraction. Stringent water management protocols will also be implemented to prevent
contamination and promote water conservation. Furthermore, we will require full
transparency from mining companies regarding their operations and environmental impact
assessments. This policy will prioritize sustainability and environmental protection. However,
it may initially face challenges from mining companies due to the potential increase in
operational costs associated with reclamation and stricter environmental regulations. The
long-term strength lies in fostering a future-oriented mining industry that minimizes
environmental damage and safeguards the well-being of surrounding communities.

Conclusion:

The tragedy in Maco, Davao de Oro, is a stark reminder of the devastating consequences of
irresponsible mining practices. It's a call to action for a multi-pronged approach that
prioritizes both people and the environment. We must abandon the notion that environmental
protection and economic prosperity are mutually exclusive. A comprehensive strategy that
combines stricter regulations with empowered communities and support for sustainable
livelihoods is the key to unlocking a future where responsible mining co-exists with a
thriving environment and strong local communities. Stronger enforcement with increased
monitoring and penalties is crucial to deter illegal mining and protect ecosystems.

Communities must be empowered to have a say in their future through involvement in

decision-making processes. Transparency and accountability are paramount – public data on
mining permits, environmental impact assessments, and violations should be readily
available. Environmental sustainability principles like reduced land degradation, proper waste
management, and community-driven planning must be central to any new approach.
Implementing this vision requires concrete steps, such as a multi-stakeholder committee with
government officials, mining companies, and community leaders working collaboratively.
Industry resistance can be addressed by offering incentives for sustainable practices and
highlighting the long-term benefits of responsible mining. An independent monitoring body
with strong legal backing can tackle corruption, while community involvement provides an
additional layer of accountability. Economic dependence on mining necessitates a measured
approach with financial support during the transition to sustainable livelihoods. Highlighting
the long-term benefits of a healthy environment for communities and future generations is
essential.

We can create a future where people and the environment thrive by implementing a multi-
faceted approach that prioritizes responsible mining practices, environmental protection, and
community well-being. This future demands a shift in mindset – one that views mining not
as a plundering of resources but as a tool for development, used judiciously and with due
respect for the delicate balance of our planet. The Maco tragedy serves as a stark turning
point. Let us learn from it and collectively pave the way for a more sustainable and equitable
future for all.
 VII. REFERENCES:
Panay News. (2024, February 11). Davao de Oro town landslide due to natural causes, says MGB

exec. https://www.panaynews.net/davao-de-oro-town-landslide-due-to-natural-causes-says-

mgb-exec/

GMA Integrated News. (2024, February 9). Davao de Oro LGU says landslide site a no-build zone.

GMA News Online. https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/897039/davao-de-

oro-lgu-says-landslide-site-a-no-build-zone/story/

Morella, C. (2024, February 7). Landslide at Davao de Oro gold-mining village kills seven.

Philstar.com. https://www.philstar.com/nation/2024/02/07/2331655/landslide-davao-de-oro-

gold-mining-village-kills-seven

Lim, F. (2024, February 10). ‘Miracle’: Tot found alive after 60 hours under mud | Inquirer News.

INQUIRER.net. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1902195/miracle-tot-found-alive-after-60-

hours-under-mud

Mindanews. (2024, February 6). Mine workers buried in Davao de Oro landslide; at least 8 survivors

listed. MindaNews. https://mindanews.com/top-stories/2024/02/mine-workers-buried-in-

davao-de-oro-landslide-at-least-8-survivors-listed/

Agence France-Presse. (2024, February 13). 68 killed in Davao de Oro mining town landslide. ABS-

CBN News. https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/2024/2/12/68-killed-in-davao-de-oro-landslide-

1803
ABS-CBN News. (2024, February 15). Masara landslide death toll rises to 90; survivors moving to

“tent city.” ABS-CBN News. https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/2024/2/15/masara-landslide-

death-toll-rises-to-85-survivors-moving-to-tent-city-1215

Philippine Mining Act of 1995 (Republic Act No. 7942) – Policies - IEA. (n.d.). IEA.

https://www.iea.org/policies/16252-philippine-mining-act-of-1995-republic-act-no-

7942#:~:text=Only%20Filipino%20citizens%20or%20corporations,zinc%2C%20and

%20other%20minerals).

Steam Workshop::No Build Zones. (n.d.). https://steamcommunity.com/workshop/filedetails/?

id=2371483403

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