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 C 3D
ov a
Autodesk

N
er n n
s o
®

E
In t a
Inventor 2018

W
ve tio
nt n
or to
’s ol
®

ne s
w
Essentials Plus
Daniel T. Banach & Travis Jones

SDC
P U B L I C AT I O N S
Better Textbooks. Lower Prices.
www.SDCpublications.com
 Table of Contents

Sweep Features ............................................................................................................... 427

Exercise 7-3: Creating Sweep Features .......................................................................... 432
3D Sketching .................................................................................................................. 434
3D Lines ......................................................................................................................... 438
Create a 3D Sweep.......................................................................................................... 439
Import Points .................................................................................................................. 439
Exercise 7-4: 3D Sketch & Sweep Features ................................................................... 441
Coil Features ................................................................................................................... 446
Loft Features ................................................................................................................... 449
Exercise 7-5: Creating a Loft Feature ............................................................................. 454
Freeform Modeling ......................................................................................................... 458
Split a Part or Face .......................................................................................................... 461
Exercise 7-6: Splitting a Part Into Multiple Solid Bodies ............................................... 462
Mirror Features ............................................................................................................... 465
Suppressing Features ...................................................................................................... 466
Reordering A Feature ..................................................................................................... 467
Feature Rollback ............................................................................................................. 468
Content Center ................................................................................................................ 469
Introduction to Stress Analysis ....................................................................................... 470
Exercise 7-7: Run a Stress Analysis On A Part .............................................................. 481
Exercise 7-8: Run A Stress Analysis On An Assembly .................................................. 484
Applying Your Skills ...................................................................................................... 488
Checking Your Skills ...................................................................................................... 490
– Introduction to Sheet Metal Design ......................................................................................... 491
Introduction .................................................................................................................... 491
Objectives ....................................................................................................................... 491
Sheet Metal Design ......................................................................................................... 492
Creating a Sheet Metal Part ......................................................................................... 492
Sheet Metal Environment ............................................................................................... 493
Sheet Metal Defaults, Rules and Styles .......................................................................... 494
Exercise 8-1: Editing a Sheet Metal Style and Rule ....................................................... 500
Face................................................................................................................................. 503
Contour Flange ............................................................................................................... 505
Flange ............................................................................................................................. 507
Exercise 8-2: Creating Sheet Metal Parts ....................................................................... 510
Hem ................................................................................................................................ 514
Bend ................................................................................................................................ 516
Cut .................................................................................................................................. 518
Fold ................................................................................................................................. 520

© 2017 SDC Publications v

 Autodesk Inventor 2018 Essentials Plus

Corner Round ................................................................................................................. 522

Exercise 8-3: Creating Bend, Cut, Hem and Fold Features ........................................... 523
Flat Pattern ..................................................................................................................... 530
Detailing Sheet Metal Parts............................................................................................ 532
Exercise 8-4: Creating Flat Pattern and Documenting a Sheet Metal Part ..................... 533
Applying Your Skills ..................................................................................................... 537
Checking Your Skills ..................................................................................................... 538
Index ........................................................................................................................................................... 539

vi © 2017 SDC Publications

 Introduction

INTRODUCTION
Welcome to the Autodesk Inventor 2018 Essentials Plus manual. This manual provides a
thorough coverage of the features and functionalities offered in Autodesk Inventor.
Each chapter in this manual is organized with the following elements:
Objectives. Describes the content and learning objectives.
Topic Coverage. Presents a concise, thorough review of the topic.
Exercises. Presents the workflow for a specific command or process through illustrated, step-by-
step instructions.
Checking Your Skills. Tests your understanding of the material using True/False and multiple-
choice questions.

Note to the Learner

Autodesk Inventor is designed for easy learning. Autodesk Inventor’s help system provides you
with ongoing support as well as access to online documentation.
As described above, each chapter in this manual has the same instructional design, making it easy
to follow and understand. Each exercise is task-oriented and based on real-world mechanical
engineering examples.

Who Should Use This Manual?

The manual is designed to be used in instructor-led courses, although you may also find it helpful
as a self-paced learning tool.

Recommended Course Duration

Four days (32 hours) to seven days (56 hours) are recommended, or used through a semester.

User Prerequisites
It is recommended that you have a working knowledge of Microsoft® Windows 7 or Windows 8
as well as a working knowledge of mechanical design principles.

Manual Objectives
The primary objective of this manual is to provide instruction on how to create part and assembly
models, document those designs with drawing views, and automate the design process.
Upon completion of all chapters in this manual, you will be proficient in the following tasks:
• Basic and advanced part modeling techniques
• Drawing view creation techniques
• Assembly modeling techniques
While working through these materials, we encourage you to make use of the Autodesk Inventor
help system, where you may find solutions to additional design problems that are not addressed
specifically in this manual.

Book Description
This book provides the foundation for a hands-on course that covers basic and advanced
Autodesk Inventor features used to create, edit, document, and print parts and assemblies. You
learn about the part and assembly modeling through the real-world exercises in this manual.

© 2017 SDC Publications vii

 Autodesk Inventor 2018 Essentials Plus

Exercise Files
The files that are used in the exercises can be downloaded from:
www.SDCpublications.com/downloads/978-1-63057-089-7.

Projects
Most designers and engineers work on several projects at a time, with each project consisting of a
number of files. To accommodate this, Autodesk Inventor uses projects to help organize related
files and maintain links between files.
Each project has a project file that stores the paths to all files related to the project. When you
attempt to open a file, Autodesk Inventor uses the paths in the current project file to locate other
necessary files.
For convenience, a project file is provided for the exercises.

Using the Project File

Before starting the exercise, you must complete the following steps:
1. Start Autodesk Inventor.
2. On the Get Started tab > Launch panel > Projects or click the File tab > Manage Projects.
3. In the Projects window, select Browse. Navigate to the folder, where you placed the
Essentials Exercises (the default location is C:\Inv 2018 Ess Plus), and double-click the
file “Inv 2018 Ess Plus.ipj”.
4. The “Inv 2018 Ess Plus” project will become the current project.
5. Click Done in the Projects dialog box.
6. You can now start doing the exercises.

Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Autodesk Inventor team for their help and insight, and the
SDC Publications staff for their expertise, knowledge, and attention to detail, as they have added
a great deal to this book.

viii © 2017 SDC Publications

 Chapter 1 – Getting Started

– Getting Started
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter you learn about the following: Inventor’s user interface, application options that
control how Inventor looks and acts, how to start commands, create and control projects, and how
to change your viewpoint to view parts from different perspectives. The knowledge that you learn
in this chapter will lay a strong foundation for you to master Inventor.

OBJECTIVES
After completing this chapter, you will be able to do the following:
List the main areas of Inventor’s user interface
Open files
Create new files
List the file types used in Autodesk Inventor
Explain how to use the three save commands
Use the Application Options to control how Inventor looks
Start commands
Describe how to use Inventor’s help system
Describe the purposes of a project file
Create a project file for a single user
Use navigation commands to change how you view a part

© 2017 SDC Publications 1

 Autodesk Inventor 2018 Essentials Plus

GETTING STARTED WITH AUTODESK INVENTOR

Autodesk Inventor’s My Home screen looks similar to the following image. From here you can
create a new file, open an existing file, see a list of recent files, and set the current project. You
can return to the home screen by selecting the My Home tab at the bottom of the
screen or from the Get Started tab > Launch panel > click My Home.

Figure 1-1

USER INTERFACE
The default sketch environment of a part (.ipt) in the Autodesk Inventor application window is
shown in the following image.

2 © 2017 SDC Publications

 Chapter 1 – Getting Started

Figure 1-2

The screen is divided into the following areas:

Inventor Application Menu

Contains commands to minimize, maximize, and close Inventor.

Quick Access Toolbar

Access common commands as well as commands that can be added or removed.

Tabs
Change available commands by clicking on a tab.

Panels
The panels will change to show available commands for the active tab; click on a tab to display a
set of new panels and commands.

Commands
Access basic Windows and Autodesk Inventor commands. The set of commands will change to
reflect the environment in which you are working.

Information Toolbar
Displays common help commands as well as Subscription services.

ViewCube
Displays the current viewpoint and allows you to change the orientation of the view.

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 Autodesk Inventor 2018 Essentials Plus

Navigation Bar
Displays common viewing commands. Viewing commands can be added by clicking the bottom
drop arrow.

Capacity Meter
Displays how many occurrences (parts) are in the active document, the number of open
documents in the current session, and how much memory is being used. Note: The capacity meter
that shows memory usage is available only on 32-bit computers.

Status Bar
Displays text messages about the current process and lists common commands for setting how
Inventor operates.

Document Tabs
Each open file will be displayed on its own tab, and the My Home tab takes you to the Home
screen if it has not been closed.

Browser
Shows the history of how the contents in the file were created. The browser can also be used to
edit features and components.

Graphics Window/Canvas
Displays the graphics of the current file.

FILE TAB
Besides selecting commands for working with files, you can control how the recent or open
documents are listed in the menu. The following image shows the functionality available from the
File tab.

4 © 2017 SDC Publications

 Chapter 1 – Getting Started

Figure 1-3

Recent Documents
Displays documents that were previously opened.

Open Documents
Displays documents that are opened.

Display
Controls what is displayed in the list: icons or images and what size.

Order to List Files

Controls the order that the files are listed: by Ordered List, by Access Date, by Size, or by Type.

Pin to Menu
Click the push pin to keep the file in the list no matter when it was last opened.

Preview Image
Hover the cursor over a file to see a larger image of the file when it was last saved.

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 Autodesk Inventor 2018 Essentials Plus

Double-click on the Inventor Application button, and a dialog box will appear
asking you to save each unsaved document and then Inventor will close.

RIBBON
The ribbon displays commands that are relevant to the selected tab. The current tab is highlighted
in green and is also green if it supports the current environment. The commands are arranged by
panels. The most common commands are larger in size while less used commands are smaller and
positioned to the right of the larger command. Commands may also be available in the drop list of
a command or in the name of the panel. For example, there is a drop list available under the
Circle icon located in the Create panel, as shown in the following image.

Figure 1-4

The ribbon can be modified by right-clicking on the Panel; the following image on the left shows
the main options or you can click the down arrow to the right of the panel to turn panels on / off
as shown in the following image on the right. Note that you must exit the sketch environment to
turn panels on / off.

Figure 1-5

• Ribbon Appearance – Changes how the Ribbon is displayed, turns text off, and changes
the size of the commands
• Show Panels – Adds and removes Panels
• Customize User Commands – Adds commands to a User Panel
• Undock Ribbon – Allows the ribbon to be freely moved
• Docking Positions – Changes the location of the Ribbon

QUICK ACCESS TOOLBAR

The Quick Access toolbar is located at the top left corner of the screen and is used to access
commonly used commands. Commands can be added or removed from the Quick Access toolbar.

6 © 2017 SDC Publications

 Chapter 1 – Getting Started

To add a command to the Quick Access toolbar, follow these steps:

1. Move the cursor over a command that you want to add to the Quick Access toolbar and
right-click.
2. Click Add to Quick Access Toolbar from the menu as shown in the following image.

Figure 1-6

To remove a command from the Quick Access toolbar, follow these steps:
1. Move the cursor over the command to remove and right-click.
2. Click Remove from Quick Access Toolbar as shown in the following image.

Figure 1-7

OPEN FILES
To open files follow one of these techniques:
• Click the Open command in the Quick Access toolbar as shown on the left of the
following image.
• Click the Open command in the Get Started tab > Launch panel as shown in the
following image in the middle.
• Click the File tab in the top-left corner of the screen and click Open as shown in the
following image on the right.
Press CTRL + O.

Figure 1-8

The Open dialog box will appear as shown in the following image. The directory that opens by
default is set in the current project file. You can open files from other directories that are not
defined in the current project file, but this is not recommended. Part, drawing, and assembly

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 Autodesk Inventor 2018 Essentials Plus

relationships may not be resolved when you reopen an assembly that contains components
outside the locations defined in the current project file. Projects are covered later in this chapter.

Figure 1-9

Opening Multiple Documents

You can open multiple Autodesk Inventor files at the same time by holding down the CTRL key
and selecting the files to open as shown in the following image. Each file will be opened in its
own window in a single Autodesk Inventor session. The files can also be arranged to fit the
screen or to appear cascaded. If the files are arranged or cascaded, click a file to activate it. Only
one file can be active at a time.

Figure 1-10

8 © 2017 SDC Publications

 Chapter 1 – Getting Started

Document Tabs
When multiple documents are open in Inventor, each document appears in a tab in the lower left
corner of the graphics window. The current document is represented with an “x” to the right of
the file name and the tab has a white background. You can see a preview of an open document by
hovering the cursor over the tab. In the same area, you can cascade, arrange, tile horizontally, tile
vertically, or list the open documents as shown in the following image.

Figure 1-11

NEW FILES
Like the Open command there are many ways to create a new file. To create a new Inventor file,
follow one of these techniques:
• Click the New command in the Quick Access toolbar as shown in the following image on
the left.
• To start a new file based on one of the default templates click the down arrow next to the
New icon in the Quick Access toolbar as shown in the following image, second from the
left.
• Click the New command in the Get Started tab > Launch Panel as shown in the following
image, third from the left.
• Click the File tab in the top-left corner of the screen and click New as shown in the image
on the right.
• Click New on the Home page as shown in Figure 1-1.
• Press CTRL + N.

Figure 1-12

The Create New File dialog box will appear as shown in the following image. Begin by selecting
the type of file to create or one of the folders from the left column, and then click on a template
from the Part, Assembly, Drawing or Presentation section. A preview and a description will

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 Autodesk Inventor 2018 Essentials Plus

appear on the right side of the dialog box. To start a new file, double-click on a template or after a
template is selected, click Create on the bottom-right of the dialog box. If Autodesk Inventor
Professional is installed, a Mold Design folder will exist in the list of template folders.

Figure 1-13

FILE INFORMATION
While creating parts, assemblies, presentation files, and drawing views, data is stored in separate
files with different file extensions. This section describes the different file types and the options
for creating them.

File Types
The following section describes the main file types that you can create in Autodesk Inventor, their
file extensions, and descriptions of their uses.

Part (.ipt)
Part files contain only one part, which can be either 2D or 3D.

10 © 2017 SDC Publications

 Chapter 1 – Getting Started

Assembly (.iam)
Assembly files can consist of a single part, multiple parts, or subassemblies. The parts themselves
are saved to their own part file and are referenced (linked) in the assembly file. See Chapter 6 for
more information about assemblies.

Presentation (.ipn)
Presentation files show parts of an assembly exploded in different states. A presentation file is
associated with an assembly, and any changes made to the assembly will be updated in the
presentation file. A presentation file can be animated, showing how parts are assembled or
disassembled. The presentation file extension is ipn, but you save animations as an AVI or WMV
file. See Chapter 6 for more information about presentation files.

Sheet Metal (.ipt)

Sheet metal files are part files that have the sheet metal environment loaded. In the sheet metal
environment, you can create sheet metal parts and flat patterns. You can create a sheet metal part
while in a regular part. This requires that you load the sheet metal environment manually.

Drawing (.dwg and .idw)

Drawing files can contain 2D projected drawing views of parts, assemblies, and/or presentation
files. You can add dimensions and annotations to drawing views. The parts and assemblies in
drawing files are linked, like the parts and assemblies in assembly and presentation files. See
Chapter 5 for more information about drawing views.

Project (.ipj)
Project files are structured XML files that contain search paths to locations of all the files in the
project. The search paths are used to find the files in a project.

iFeature (.ide)
iFeature files can contain one or more 3D features or 2D sketches that can be inserted into a part
file. You can place size limits and ranges on iFeatures to enhance their functionality.

SAVE FILE OPTIONS

There are three options on the File tab for saving your files: Save, Save Copy As, and Save All as
shown in the following image.

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 Autodesk Inventor 2018 Essentials Plus

Figure 1-14

Save
The Save command saves the current document with the same name to the location where you
created it. If this is the first time that a new file is saved, you are prompted for a file name and file
location.

To use the Save command, click the Save icon on the Quick Access toolbar, use
the shortcut keys CTRL + S, or click Save on the File tab.

Save All
Use the Save All command to save all open documents and their dependents. The files are saved
with the same name to the location where you created them. The first time that a new file is
saved, you will be prompted for a file name and file location.

Save As
Use the Save As command to save the active document with a new name and location, if
required. A new file is created and is made active.

Save Copy As
Use the Save Copy As command to save the active document with a new name and location, if
required. A new file is created but is not made active. You can also save the current file as
different file formats that other CAD systems can open.

Save Copy As Template

Use the Save Copy As Template command to save the current file to the template folder. New
files can be based on the template file. Templates can be saved in the existing folders, or you can
create a subdirectory in the Autodesk\Inventor (version number)\ templates directory, and add a
file to it. A new template tab, with the same name as the subdirectory, is created automatically
when a file is added to the new folder.

12 © 2017 SDC Publications

 Chapter 1 – Getting Started

Pack and Go
Use the Pack and Go command to copy all the files that are used to create the current file to a
specified location.

Save Reminder
You can have Inventor remind you to save a file. Inventor will NOT automatically save the file.
After a predetermined amount of time has expired without saving the file, a notification bubble
appears in the upper right corner of the screen as shown on the left of the following image. The
time can be adjusted via the Application Options Save tab as shown on the right of the following
image. The time can be adjusted from 1 minute to 9999 minutes, or uncheck this option to turn
off the notification.

Figure 1-15

APPLICATION OPTIONS
Autodesk Inventor can be customized to your preferences. On the File tab, click Options, or from
the Tools tab > Option panel > Application Options, to open the Application Options dialog box
as shown in the following image. You set options on each of the tabs to control specific actions in
the Autodesk Inventor software. The application options affect all Inventor documents that are
open or will be created. Each section is covered in more detail in the pertinent sections
throughout this book. For more information about application options, see the Help system.

© 2017 SDC Publications 13

 Autodesk Inventor 2018 Essentials Plus

Figure 1-16

General
Set general options for how Autodesk Inventor operates.

Save
Set how files are saved.

File
Set where files are located.

Colors
Change the color scheme and color of the background on your screen. Determine if reflections
and textures will be displayed.

14 © 2017 SDC Publications

Another random document with
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Calthrop, 184;
of Radiolaria, 83
Calycophorae, 300 f. 305
Calymma, 79, 82
Calymma, 420
Calymmidae, 420
Calyptoblastea, 275 f.
Calyx, of Echinus esculentus, 513;
of Echinarachnius parma, 545;
of Pelmatozoa, 579;
of Crinoidea, 580, 588 f.;
of Carpoidea, 580;
of Cystoidea, 580, 598;
of Blastoidea, 580, 599;
of Holopus, 592;
of fossil Crinoidea, 595
Camerata, 595
Campanularia, 280
Campanulariidae, 280
Campascus, 52;
test of, 55
Camptolithus, 346
Camptonema, 70, 73
Canalaria, 201
Canals, "feeding," afferent, or replenishing of contractile vacuole
system in Ciliata, 14, 143, 146;
of Stylonychia, 139 f.;
of Stentor, 156
Cannopora, 283
Cannopylaea (= Phaeodaria), 76
Cannotidae, 278
Capillitium of Myxomycetes, 90 f., 92
Capnea sanguinea, 383
Capria, 321
Caravella, 308
Carbohydrates, formation of, 33
Carbon dioxide, attracts Paramecium, 23;
 excretion of, 8, 13 f.;
secreted by Arcella, etc., 53
Carchesium, 138;
feeding of, 145, 158
Carinal ossicle of Asteroidea, 436
Carlgren, 378 n.
Carmarina, 295
Carpenter, P. H., on the classification of the Crinoidea, 589
Carpenter, W. B., classification of Foraminifera, 58;
on their true nature, 62;
on their structure, 63 f.;
on Arenacea, 65 f.;
on the nervous system of Antedon rosacea, 585
Carpoidea, 580, 596 f.
Carter, on Protozoa, 45;
on Sponges, 167, 180, 208, 237 n.;
on fossil Hydrozoa, 270 n.
Caryophyllia, 386, 398
Cash, on Rhizopoda, 58 n.
Cassidulidae, 554
Cassidulina, 59
Cassiopea, 324
Cassiopeidae, 324
Castellani, on Trypanosomic fever and sleeping sickness, 120
Catabolic, catabolism, 13 f., 24
Cataclysmal metamorphosis of Dipleurula, 613
Catallacta, 89
Catostylidae, 325
Cattle, Trypanosomic diseases of, 119 f.
Caudal cirrhi, 139 f.
Caudina, 575
Caullery and Mesnil, on Actinomyxidiaceae, 98 n.
Cavernularia, 359, 364;
C. obesa, 364
Cell, 3 f.;
definition of, 3;
nutrition of, 15 f., 35 f.;
 -membrane of ovum of Sea-urchin, 7;
-wall, 3;
in Flagellates, 109, 113;
in Dinoflagellates, 130;
-boundary in Flagellates, 113;
-division, 24 f., 25, 27;
Spencerian division, 31 f.;
-unions in Volvox, 126, 127;
collar-, of Choanoflagellates, 121, 122;
of Sponges (= choanocytes), 171, 176, 186
Cellular relationship explained, 10
Cellulose, 37;
cell-wall of holophytic Flagellates, 113;
in Dinoflagellates, 130
Central blood plexus—see Heart
Central capsule, 49, 76, 77, 82, 84;
its functions in regeneration, 35;
of Collozoum inerme, 76
Centrifugal force, stimulus of, 19 f.
Centriole, 25, 27
Centripetal canals, 289
Centro-dorsal ossicle, of Crinoidea, 580;
of Antedon rosacea, 582;
of Actinometra, 588, 594;
of Atelecrinus, 594
Centrogenous (used of spicules = meeting in a common centre and
growing outwards), 76
Centropyxis, 51;
test of, 55;
C. aculeata, reproduction of, 57
Centrosome, 19, 26 f.;
of Heliozoa, 72;
(= blepharoplast) in Flagellates, 115
Centrosphere, 25 f., 27
Centrostephanus, 522, 539;
C. longispinosus, 522, 532, 539
Cephalis (= uppermost chamber of monaxonic Radiolarian shells),
83
Cephalodiscus, 617
Cephalont of Gregarines, 98
Cephalopoda, erroneous reference of Foraminifera to, 62
Cephea, 325
Cepheidae, 324
Ceratella, 263, 271;
C. fusca, 271
Ceratellidae, 271
Ceratium, 110;
habitat of, 131
Ceratosa, 211, 220
Cercomonas, 116 n., 119;
C. dujardini, gametes of, 116 n.
Cereactis (family Actiniidae, 381);
C. aurantiaca, 378
Cerianthidea, 367, 373, 377, 409
Cerianthus, 328, 366, 409;
nematocyst of, 247;
C. americanus, 411;
C. bathymetricus, 411;
C. lloydii, 411;
C. membranaceus, 370, 410, 411;
C. oligopodus, 411;
C. vogti, 411
Cestidae, 420
Cestoidea, 413, 414, 416, 420
Cestus, 420;
C. pectenalis, 420;
C. veneris, 417, 420
Chaetetidae, 346
Chalarothoraca, 71
Chalina, 217, 223
Chalk, Foraminifera, etc., in, 69 f.
Challengeridae (a family of Phaeogromia, 79);
shells, skeleton of, 84, 85
Chambered organ, of Antedon rosacea, 584;
of Pentacrinidae, 592
Chambers, of Foraminiferal shell, 62
Chapman, on Foraminifera, 58 n., 70
Charistephane, 417
Charybdea, 311, 314, 319;
C. xaymacana, 310, 319;
C. marsupialis, 319;
C. grandis, 319
Charybdeidae, 318
Cheilostomella, 59
Cheilostomellaceae, 59
Chela (a complex microsclere derived from a sigma and consisting
of a curved shaft bearing recurved processes), 234
Chemical, reactions, of protoplasm and of vacuoles, 13;
substances in solution, 19, 22 f.;
rays of spectrum in relation to plant pigments, 36 n.
Chemiotaxy, 23;
its rôle in syngamy, 34;
of Coccidians, 100
Chirodropidae, 319
Chirodropus, 319
Chironephthya, 349;
C. variabilis, 338
Chiropsalmus, 319
Chitin, 37
Chlamydomonadidae, 111, 125, 126;
brood-division of active, 115
Chlamydomonas, 111, 125 f.;
barotaxy of, 20;
conjugation of, 115 f.;
Dill on, 119 n.
Chlamydophora, 71
Chlamydophrys, 52;
C. stercorea, reproduction of, 57;
habitat of, 57 f.
Chloramoeba, 110
Chloromonadaceae, 110;
trichocysts in, 113 n.
Chlorophyll, 36 n.;
in Flagellates, 115 n.;
bodies of Euglenaceae, 124 f.
Chloroplasts (= chlorophyll bodies), of Eutreptia viridis, 124 f.
Choanocytes, 171, 176, 186, 200, 237
—see also Collar-cells
Choanoflagellata, Choanoflagellates (= Craspedomonadidae, 111),
121, 122 f.;
in relation to Sponges, 41, 171, 181
Choanophrya, 159 f., 162;
C. infundibulifera, 162
Choanosome, 170
Chondrilla, spicules of, 233
Chondrioderma, 90;
C. diffusum, 93
Chondrocladia, 216
Chondrophoridae, 301, 308
Chone, 213, 214
Choristida, 212
Chromatin, 6 f.;
function of, in cell-division, 24 f.;
of ovum of Sea-urchin, 7;
of Radiolaria, 81;
-granules, 7, 24
Chromatophore, 13, 21, 36 f., 113, 115;
of Sphaerella, 126
—see also Chromoplastid, Chlorophyll, Plastid
Chromidia, 30;
of Rhizopoda, 51;
of Foraminifera, 67 f.
Chromoplastid, 21, 36 f.;
of Zooxanthella, 86
—see also Chromatophore
Chromosomes, 25 f., 27;
functions of, 28 f.
Chromulina, 110
Chrysamoeba, 110
Chrysaora, 312, 315, 316, 323;
C. isosceles, 311, 314, 323
Chrysogorgia, 355
Chrysogorgiidae, 355 (= Dasygorgiidae, 333)
Chrysomitra, 302, 309
Chrysomonadaceae, 110;
external plasmic layer of, 113;
symbiotic, 86, 125
Chun, 197 n., 300, 307 n., 308, 414 n.
Chunella, 360, 363
Chytridieae, movements and affinities of, 114 n.;
relations of, 40, 48, 119
Cidaridae, 530, 531, 532, 533, 558
Cidaris, 533, 534;
C. (Dorocidaris) papillata, 534
Cienkowsky, on Monadineae (= Flagellates and Proteomyxa), 40, 89;
on Radiolaria, 88;
on Zooxanthella, 86;
on Cystoflagellates, 135
Cilia, 17, 18;
of Protozoa, 47;
paroral, 156 n.;
preoral, 139;
of Trichonymphidae, 123;
of Opalina, 123;
of Maupasia, 124;
of Ciliata, 141;
organs formed of combined, 138, 141, 413;
sensory, of Stylonychia, 138;
Schuberg, A., on, 141 n.
Ciliary motion, 18;
mechanism of, 18 n.
Ciliata, 18, 41, 137 f., 181;
animal nutrition, 40;
conjugation, 149 f.;
contractile vacuole, 14 f., 143;
encystment, 147 f.;
 feeding, 145;
fission, 147 f.;
form of body, 141;
galvanotaxy, 22;
infested by Suctorian parasites, 160 f.;
gut, 146;
mouth, 145;
nuclear apparatus, 144 f.;
parasitic, 152;
pharynx, 145;
pellicle, 141;
regeneration, 35, 145;
relations to Metazoa, 41;
rheotaxy, 21;
Suctoria allied to, 159;
thigmotaxy of, 20;
tubicolous, 152;
Zooxanthella symbiotic with, 125
Ciliated, buds of Suctoria, 159, 160 f., 162;
epaulette, 607
Cilioflagellata (= Dinoflagellata, given by misinterpretation of
transverse flagellum), 130.
Ciliophrys, 75 n., 89
Cilium of Noctiluca, 133
Cinachyra, 212, 215;
C. barbata, 212
Cinclides, 369
Cinetochilum, 137
Ciocalypta, 225
Cirripathes, 408;
C. spiralis, 408
Cirrus, of Crinoidea, 430, 580;
of Antedon rosacea, 581, 585;
of Rhizocrinidae, 588, 590;
of Pentacrinidae, 588, 591, 592;
of Rhizocrinus, 591;
of Comatulidae, 594;
 of Actinometra, 594;
of Antedon, 594;
development of, in A. rosacea, 620;
of fossil Crinoidea, 595
Cladocarpus, 279
Cladocora, 373, 400
Cladocoryne, 272
Cladocrinoidea, 595
Cladonema, 266, 270;
C. radiatum, 267
Cladonemidae, 270
Cladopathes, 408
Cladophiurae, 491, 494, 502
Cladorhiza, 216
Cladotyle (a rhabdus on which one actine is branched, the other
tylote or knobbed at the extremity), 222
Claparède and Lachmann on Protozoa, 45;
on Suctoria, 162
Clark—see James-Clark
Classification, of Protozoa, 48 f., 50;
of Rhizopoda, 51 f.;
of Foraminifera, 58 f.;
of Heliozoa, 70 f.;
of Radiolaria, 76 f.;
of Proteomyxa, 90;
of Sporozoa, 97;
of Flagellata, 109 f.;
of Protomastigaceae, 111;
of Volvocaceae, 111;
of Infusoria, 136;
of Ciliata, 137;
of Suctoria, 159;
of Sponges, 183 f.;
of Coelenterata, 249 f.;
of Ctenophora, 417 f.;
of Eleutherozoa, 430 f.;
of Asteroidea, 459 f.;
 of Ophiuroidea, 491 f.;
of Echinoidea, 529 f.;
of Endocyclica, 532;
of Clypeastroidea, 548 f.;
of Spatangoidea, 552;
of Holothuroidea, 567 f.;
of Pelmatozoa, 580;
of Crinoidea, 589 f.
Clathria, 225
Clathrina, 186, 221, 231;
C. blanca, larva of, 227
Clathrinidae, 185 f.
Clathrissa, 223
Clathrozoon, 277, 279;
C. wilsoni, 279
Clathrulina, 71, 73, 74
Clava, 272;
C. squamata, 263
Clavatella, 267, 270
Clavatellidae, 270
Clavidae, 272
Clavularia, 330, 334, 344;
C. viridis, 329, 337, 343 f., 344
Clavulariidae, 344
Clearing of tissues, physical explanation of, 11
Climacograptus, 282
Cliona, 219, 224
Clionidae, 218
Cloaca of Holothuria nigra, 563
Clypeaster, 548, 549
Clypeastridae (= Echinanthidae), 549
Clypeastroidea, 529, 542 f., 556, 559, 566
Clytia, 280;
C. johnstoni, 275, 280 f.
Cnidoblast, 247, 248
Cnidocil, 248
Cnidopod, 248
Cnidosac, 300
Coalescence of individual Rhizopods during bud-fission, 55
Coccidiaceae, 97, 99 f.;
relations to Trypanosoma, 120
Coccidiidae, 97, 99 f., 101
Coccidiosis, 102
Coccidium, 99 f., 101 f.;
C. cuniculi, 102;
C. lacazei, syngamy of, 101;
C. schubergi, 99 f., 101
Coccolithophora, 110
Coccolithophoridae, in Chalk, 70;
wall of, 114
Coccoliths, 83, 110, 114, 242
Coccoseridae, 346
Coccospheres, 83, 114
Cockroach, Lophomonas parasitic in gut of, 123
Codaster, 599
Codosiga, 111
Coelenterata, 243 f.;
definition, 245;
almost all immune from Gregarines, 99
Coeliac canal of Antedon rosacea, 586
Coelogorgia, 349
Coelogorgiidae, 349
Coelom (including body-cavity), 428;
of Asterias rubens, 437;
of arm of Ophiothrix fragilis, 480;
of Echinus esculentus, 516;
of Holothuria nigra, 562;
of Antedon rosacea, 585;
development of first rudiment in larva, 605;
subsequent development in Dipleurula, 608, 609;
in Asterina gibbosa, 611;
in Antedon rosacea, 618, 619
Coelomic nervous system, of Asterias rubens, 448;
of Ophiothrix fragilis, 488;
 of Echinus esculentus, 524;
of Holothuria nigra, 566;
of Antedon rosacea, 584, 585
Coeloplana, 412, 422;
C. mitsukurii, 422
Coeloplanidae, 422
Coenocyte, 30
Coenograptus, 282
Coenopsammia, 404
Coenosteum, 371, 387
Coenothecalia, 344
Cohn, Ferdinand, on cultures of Schizomycetes, etc., 44
Cold-blooded Vertebrates, as hosts of Haemosporidae, 102
Coleps, 137;
mail-like pellicle of, 141, 152;
C. hirtus, group feeding, 150
Collar, of Choanoflagellates, 121 f., 122;
of peristome of Vorticella, etc., 156
Collar-cells, in Choanoflagellates, 121 f., 122, 171, 237;
of Calcarea, 186;
of Non-Calcarea, 176, 200
—see also Choanocytes
Collencyte, 171
Colletocystophores, 320
Collida, 77 n.
Colloblasts, 414
Collodaria, 77
Colloidea, 77
Collosphaera, 77;
symbiotic Diatoms in, 86
Collosphaeridae, 85
Collozoidae, 85
Collozoum, 77;
C. inerme, 76
Collyritidae, 559
Colobocentrotus, 532, 542
Colonial, cells, 31;
 Protista, 31
Colony, 31;
of Collozoum inerme, 76;
-formation in Polycyttarian Radiolaria, 84 f.;
in Flagellata, 113;
of Choanoflagellates, 121, 122;
in Vorticellidae, 158;
of Volvocidae, 126 f.;
of Pandorina, 128 f.;
of Eudorina, 129
Colour, red, of lakes and ponds, often due to Dinoflagellata, 131
Coloured vegetal nutrition, 36 f.
Colouring matter of chromatophores of Flagellates, 115 n.
Colpidium, 137;
C. colpoda, diagram of conjugation, 149;
nuclear relations in conjugation, 151
Colpoda, 137;
C. cucullus, 153;
brood-fission in cyst, 147
Columella, 370, 385
Columnals, 619 (= Stem-ossicles, q.v.)
Columnaria, 344
Comatula = Antedon, q.v.
Comatulidae, 594
Combs of Ctenophora, 141, 412
Comitalia, 201
Commensals, of Heliozoa, 73;
of Radiolaria, 80, 86 f.;
of Infusoria, 153 f.;
—see also Zoochlorella, Zooxanthella, and Symbiosis
Comminator muscles of Aristotle's lantern, 526
Commissure of radial cords of aboral nervous system of Antedon
rosacea, 585
Compasses (or radii) of Aristotle's lantern, 526
Conant, 319
Conaria larva, 302
Conchophtheirus, 137
Conchula, 380
Confervaceae, related to green Flagellates, 48
Confervoid form of Hydrurus, 113
Conjugatae, syngamy of, compared to certain Chlamydomonads,
126
Conjugation, 33 f.;
of Rhizopoda, 54, 56 f.;
of Trichosphaerium, 54, 56 f.;
exogamous, in Foraminifera, 68 f.;
of Heliozoa, 72, 73 f.;
of Sporozoa, 95 f.;
of Lankesteria, 95 f.;
of Monocystis, 96;
of Gregarines, 97, 100;
of Stylorhynchus, 99;
bisexual, of Sarcocystis tenella, 108 n.;
of Flagellates, 115;
of Bodo saltans, 117;
of Trypanosoma, 120;
by a fertilising tube in Chlamydomonas, 125;
of Volvocaceae, 127 f.;
of Volvox, 127 f.;
isogamous and endogamous, of Stephanosphaera, 128;
in Dinoflagellates, 131 n.;
of Noctiluca, 133;
of Ciliata, 148 f.;
of Paramecium caudatum, 148;
of Colpidium colpoda, diagram, 149;
of Peritrichaceae, 151 f., 157;
of Vorticella, 157;
of Suctoria, 161;
of meganucleus in Dendrocometes, 161, 162
—see also Syngamy, Fertilisation
Conoclypeus, 558
Constancy of type in Protista, 42 f.
Conte, 292 n.
Contractile vacuole, 5, 10, 14 f.;
 of Amoeba polypodia, 5, 10;
of fresh-water and brackish Protozoa, accessory spaces and
canals, 47;
of Rhizopods, 52;
of fresh-water Allogromidiaceae, 60;
of Microgromia socialis, 60;
of Heliozoa, 71, 72, 74;
of zoospore of Clathrulina, 74;
of Myxomycetes, 92;
of Flagellata, 110, 112, 115;
of Cryptomonas, 112;
of Diplomita, 112;
of Oikomonas, 112;
of Tetramitus, 112;
of Trachelomonas, 112;
of Bodo saltans, 117;
of Choanoflagellates, 122;
absent from Opalinidae, 123;
of Euglenaceae, 125;
of Volvox, 126;
of Ciliata, 143 f.;
in fission, 147;
of Stylonychia, 139 f.
of Stentor, 156;
of Vorticella, 157;
of Suctoria, 160 f., 162
Contractility, 8, 9;
muscular mechanism of, 14 f.
Contraction, of Amoeboid cell, 16 f.
Copepoda, infested by Epistylis, 158
—see also Cyclops
Coppinia, 280;
C. arcta, 280
Coprolites, Radiolaria in, 87
Copromyxa, 90
Coral, 326, 365;
Organ-pipe, 343;
 Precious (= Red), 326, 352;
Flexible (= various Alcyonaria), 326;
Stony (= Madreporaria), 326, 384 f.;
Brain-, 401;
Black (= Gerardia, 406, and Antipatharia, 407);
-Reefs, 390 f.;
Reef-, 389 f.
Coralliidae, 335, 352;
commercial importance, 328
Corallimorphidae, 383
Corallimorphus, 383
Corallium, 333, 350, 352;
C. boshuensis 352;
C. confusum, 352;
C. elatius, 352;
C. inutile, 352;
C. japonicum, 352;
C. johnsoni, 352;
C. konojoi, 352;
C. nobile, 340 n., 341, 352;
C. pusillum, 352;
C. reginae, 352;
C. stylasteroides 352;
C. sulcatum, 352
Corbula, 276
Cordylophora, 269, 272
Cormidia, 301, 305
Cornularia, 334, 344
Cornulariidae, 344
Cornuspira, 59;
shell of, 64
Corona, of Echinus esculentus, 504, 511;
of Endocyclica, 530;
of Cidaridae, 530;
of Echinothuriidae, 530, 535;
of Temnopleurinae, 539
Coronaster, 474
Coronata, 314, 321
Cortex, 190, 191, 213;
gastral cortex, 188
Corticata, 49 n.
Corydendrium (family Tiaridae, 273);
C. parasiticum, 269
Corymorpha, 263, 265, 266, 273;
C. nutans, 273
Corymorphidae, 273
Corynactis, 372, 383;
C. viridis, 383
Coryne, 272
Corynidae, 272
Cosmiolithus, 346
Costae, 385, 387;
of Ctenophora, 413, 416 n.
Costia, 111;
C. necatrix, produces epidemics in fresh-water fish, 119
Cothurnia, 138, 158
Cotte, 218 n.
Cotton-spinner, 564
Cotylorhiza, 325
Coupled cell, 31, 33 f.;
in Flagellates, 116 f.
—see also Zygote
Covering-plates, of arms of Ophiuroidea, 491;
of arms of Crinoidea, 589;
of Hyocrinus, 589, 590;
of Rhizocrinidae, 589, 591;
of Pentacrinidae, 589;
of Antedon, 589, 594;
of Thecoidea, 596;
of Blastoidea, 599
Crambessa, 325
Crambione, 325
Craniella, 213, 213, 214;
C. cranium, 222
Craspedomonadidae, 111, 115 n., 121 f., 122;
transverse division in, 115 n.
—see also Choanoflagellata
Crescent (gametocyte of Laverania), 104 f.
Cretaceous firestone of Delitzet contains Peridinium, 132
Cribrella, 457, 462;
C. (Henricia) sanguinolenta, 462, 463;
C. laeviuscula, 462
Cribriform organs, 470
Cricket, Mole-, Lophomonas parasitic in gut of, 123
Crinoidea, 430, 580 f.;
development of, 617 f.
Crinorhiza, 212, 216
Cristellaria, 59
Crotalocrinus, 595;
C. pulcher, 595
Crustacea, small, rheotaxy of, 21
Cryptabacia, 404
Cryptogams, Higher, spermatozoa of, 38
Cryptoglena, shell of, 113
Cryptohelia, 284, 287;
C. ramosa, 285
Cryptomonadaceae, 110
Cryptomonas, 110
Cryptozonate, 454
Crystals, in isospores of Collozoum inerme, 76;
proteid, 37
Ctenocella, 357
Ctenodiscus, 458, 471
Ctenophora, 412 f.;
comb-plates of, 141
Ctenophoral plates, 141, 412
Ctenoplana, 416, 421
Ctenoplanidae, 421
Cubomedusae, 310, 316, 318 f.
Cucumaria, 573;
C. crocea, 573, 602;
 C. laevigata, 602
Cuénot, on Sporozoa, 94;
on reproduction of Monocystis, 96 n.
Culcita, 453, 472;
C. tetragona, 453
Culex, host of Haemoproteus or Proteosoma, 103;
intermediate host of a Trypanosoma, 120
Cultures, pure, 43
Cunanthidae, 296
Cunarcha, 296
Cunina, 296;
C. proboscidea, 296;
C. rhododactyla, 296
Cunoctantha, 296;
C. octonaria, 295
Cup (= theca), of Flagellates, 113;
of Salpingoeca, 122;
of Acineta, 159, 160
—see also Theca, Tube
Cupulita, 307;
C. sarsii, 304
Current, 169, 171, 234 f.;
electric, stimulus of, 19, 22;
in liquid, relation of protoplasmic movements to, 7, 19, 21
Cuticle, of Dinoflagellata, 130;
of Gregarines, 96;
of Noctiluca, 133
—see also Membrane, Pellicle
Cuticular shell of Flagellates, 113
Cuvier, 245, 246
Cuvierian organs of Holothuria nigra, 564
Cyanaea, 311, 312, 324;
C. capillata, 311, 324;
C. lamarcki, 324
Cyanaeidae, 324
Cyathaxoniidae, 394
Cyatholiths, 114