NAME:HARSHAVARDHAN GAUTAM KALE

CLASS:FY BSC [CS]

ROLL NO:2370068
Practical-1
Date:-26/12/2023,Tuesday

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Question-1]

> x=seq(2011,2018);x

[1] 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

> y=c(185,169,191,203,275,285,302,323);y

[1] 185 169 191 203 275 285 302 323

> p=lm(y~1+x+I(x^2));p

Call:

lm(formula = y ~ 1 + x + I(x^2))

Coefficients:

(Intercept) x I(x^2)

5.001e+06 -4.989e+03 1.244e+00

> r=coef(p);r

(Intercept) x I(x^2)

5.001237e+06 -4.988637e+03 1.244048e+00

> mcr=matrix(r);mcr

[,1]

[1,] 5.001237e+06

[2,] -4.988637e+03

[3,] 1.244048e+00
NAME:HARSHAVARDHAN GAUTAM KALE
CLASS:FY BSC [CS]
ROLL NO:2370068
> a=mcr[1,1];a

[1] 5001237

> b=mcr[2,1];b

[1] -4988.637

> c=mcr[3,1];c

[1] 1.244048

> esty=fitted(p);esty

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

167.6250 183.7917 202.4464 223.5893 247.2202 273.3393 301.9464 333.0417

> plot(x,y,pch=12,main="second degree parabola")

> points(x,esty,pch=11)

> lines(x,esty)

> text(2013,300,"y=5001237-4988.637x+1.244048x^2")
NAME:HARSHAVARDHAN GAUTAM KALE
CLASS:FY BSC [CS]
ROLL NO:2370068

>

Question-2]

> x=seq(2005,2013);x

[1] 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

> y=c(24,27,32,38,45,52,58,65,72);y

[1] 24 27 32 38 45 52 58 65 72

> p=lm(y~1+x+I(x^2));p
NAME:HARSHAVARDHAN GAUTAM KALE
CLASS:FY BSC [CS]
ROLL NO:2370068
Call:

lm(formula = y ~ 1 + x + I(x^2))

Coefficients:

(Intercept) x I(x^2)

782574.427 -785.224 0.197

> t=coef(p);t

(Intercept) x I(x^2)

7.825744e+05 -7.852242e+02 1.969697e-01

> mcr=matrix(t);mcr

[,1]

[1,] 7.825744e+05

[2,] -7.852242e+02

[3,] 1.969697e-01

> a=mcr[1,1];a

[1] 782574.4

> b=mcr[2,1];b

[1] -785.2242

> c=mcr[3,1];c

[1] 0.1969697

> esty=fitted(p);esty

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

22.92727 27.74848 32.96364 38.57273 44.57576 50.97273 57.76364 64.94848

72.52727
NAME:HARSHAVARDHAN GAUTAM KALE
CLASS:FY BSC [CS]
ROLL NO:2370068
> plot(x,y,pch=12,main="second degree parabola")

> points(x,esty,pch=11)

> lines(x,esty)

> text(2013,300,"y=782574.4-785.2242 x+0.1969697x^2")

>

Question-3]

> x=seq(1,8);x
NAME:HARSHAVARDHAN GAUTAM KALE
CLASS:FY BSC [CS]
ROLL NO:2370068
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

> y=c(1.0,1.2,1.8,2.5,3.6,4.7,6.6,9.1);y

[1] 1.0 1.2 1.8 2.5 3.6 4.7 6.6 9.1

> y1=log(y);y1

[1] 0.0000000 0.1823216 0.5877867 0.9162907 1.2809338 1.5475625 1.8870696

[8] 2.2082744

> d=lm(y1~x);d

Call:

lm(formula = y1 ~ x)

Coefficients:

(Intercept) x

-0.3822 0.3241

> a=d$coefficient[1];a

(Intercept)

-0.3822361

> b=d$coefficient[2];b

0.3241147

> esty1=exp(a);esty1

(Intercept)

0.6823339

> esty2=exp(b);esty2

x
NAME:HARSHAVARDHAN GAUTAM KALE
CLASS:FY BSC [CS]
ROLL NO:2370068
1.382806

> A=esty1;A

(Intercept)

0.6823339

> B=esty2;B

1.382806

> model=a+b*x;model

[1] -0.05812141 0.26599325 0.59010792 0.91422259 1.23833725 1.56245192

[7] 1.88656659 2.21068125

> esty=exp(model);esty

[1] 0.9435354 1.3047263 1.8041831 2.4948350 3.4498724 4.7705038 6.5966806

[8] 9.1219286

> plot(x,y,pch=16,main="exponential curve")

> points(x,esty,pch=1)
NAME:HARSHAVARDHAN GAUTAM KALE
CLASS:FY BSC [CS]
ROLL NO:2370068
> lines(x,esty)

>

Question-4]

> x=c(2,3,4,5,6);x

[1] 2 3 4 5 6

> y=c(4,23,50,78,175);y

[1] 4 23 50 78 175

> y1=log(y);y1

[1] 1.386294 3.135494 3.912023 4.356709 5.164786

NAME:HARSHAVARDHAN GAUTAM KALE
CLASS:FY BSC [CS]
ROLL NO:2370068
> model=lm(y1~log(x));model

Call:

lm(formula = y1 ~ log(x))

Coefficients:

(Intercept) log(x)

-0.7244 3.2796

> summary(model)

Call:

lm(formula = y1 ~ log(x))

Residuals:

1 2 3 4 5

-0.16254 0.25689 0.08993 -0.19721 0.01293

Coefficients:

Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)

(Intercept) -0.7244 0.3411 -2.124 0.123717

log(x) 3.2796 0.2486 13.191 0.000941 ***

---

Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

Residual standard error: 0.2157 on 3 degrees of freedom

NAME:HARSHAVARDHAN GAUTAM KALE
CLASS:FY BSC [CS]
ROLL NO:2370068
Multiple R-squared: 0.9831, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9774

F-statistic: 174 on 1 and 3 DF, p-value: 0.0009412

> plot(x,y,pch=18,main="fitting of exponential curve")

> lines(x,exp(predict(model)),col="blue")

>

Question-5]

> x=c(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7);x

[1] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
NAME:HARSHAVARDHAN GAUTAM KALE
CLASS:FY BSC [CS]
ROLL NO:2370068
> y=c(32,47,65,92,132,190,275,400);y

[1] 32 47 65 92 132 190 275 400

> y1=log(y,base=exp(1));y1

[1] 3.465736 3.850148 4.174387 4.521789 4.882802 5.247024 5.616771 5.991465

> d=lm(y1~x);d

Call:

lm(formula = y1 ~ x)

Coefficients:

(Intercept) x

3.4649 0.3582

> a=d$coefficient[1];a

(Intercept)

3.464926

> b=d$coefficient[2];b

0.3582398

> model=a+b*x;model

[1] 3.464926 3.823166 4.181405 4.539645 4.897885 5.256125 5.614365 5.972604

> esty=exp(model);esty

[1] 31.97409 45.74880 65.45779 93.65757 134.00606 191.73703 274.33900

[8] 392.52662

> plot(x,y,pch=12,main="fitting of an exponential curve")

> points(x,esty,pch="*")
NAME:HARSHAVARDHAN GAUTAM KALE
CLASS:FY BSC [CS]
ROLL NO:2370068
> lines(x,esty)

>