A PROPOSAL SEMINAR

EFFECTS OF HUMIDITY AND TEMPERATURE ON NATURAL

FIBRE REINFORCED EPOXY COMPOSITES (NFRECs)

BY

EBUBECHI, SAMUEL EZEAMUZIE 2018/243723

EKEH-DESMOND, CHUKWUEBUKA CHARLESON

2018/249073

Submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University

of Nigeria, Nsukka in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical
Engineering

SUPERVISOR: ENGR. C.O. ANYAOHA

FEBRUARY 2024
 CERTIFICATION AND APPROVAL

This is to certify that the project titled EFFECTS OF HUMIDITY AND

TEMPERATURE ON NATURAL FIBRE REINFORCED EPOXY
COMPOSITES (NFRECs) is an original work carried out by the student and has not
been submitted in part or in full for the award of certification of any other institution
or this university. It has been approved on behalf of the Department of Mechanical
Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.

Certified By

…………………………………… ………………………
EBUBECHI S. EZEAMUZIE Date
(Final Year Student)
Reg. No:
Tel. No:
E-Mail:

…………………………………… ………………………
EKEH-DESMOND C. CHARLESON Date
(Final Year Student)
Reg. No:
Tel. No:
E-Mail:

2
 Approved by

…………………………………… ………………………
ENGR. C.O. ANYAOHA Date
(Supervisor)

…………………………………… ………………………
ENGR. DR. P.A. AKO Date
(Head of Department)

3
 ABSTRACT

This work explores the relationship between temperature and humidity as well as their
effects on natural fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Although natural fiber
composites are becoming more and more popular due to their environmentally
friendly qualities, environmental factors can still have an impact on how well they
perform. Tensile and flexural strength, among other mechanical properties, are
examined under a range of humidity levels and temperatures. This investigation seeks
to show that environmental factors have a significant impact on material behavior and
that humidity affects moisture absorption, which in turn affects the mechanical
strength of the composites. Moreover, temperature variations have a notable impact
on the thermal stability and general performance of the natural fiber reinforced epoxy
composites. Taguchi experimental design will be employed in analysing the results to
determine the optimum temperature and humidity that will give the best mechanical
properties of the NFREC composite. Additionally, Linear and Quadratic regression
models will be utilized to provide a mathematical program to predict the localised
effects of the constraints of temperature and humidity on the lamination process. The
use of analysis of variance will show whether observed changes in the mechanical
characteristics are most likely the result of real variances in the materials or
treatments under comparison, or whether they might just happen by accident.

4
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

Fibres have been successfully utilized by humans in various manners since the earliest
days of society. Fibres were employed in many different forms, from clothing to
ropes. In the past, people employed natural fibres made from the stem and leaves of
plants in their daily activities. There was improvement in technology over time. The
invention of new methods and materials led to an increase in the output of synthetic
fibres. (Aditya et al., 2021).

The materials used in production over the years have been adjusted numerous times to
get the best product for specific projects based on what is required in terms of
mechanical strength, weight, thermal, corrosion resistance, etc. This includes
everything from the use of cement in building construction to the body panels of
automobiles. Sometimes, this fine tuning can lead to the combination of materials to
produce what is called a Composite. Composites are products of the combination of
two materials, the Matrix and the Reinforcement. A matrix is the primary material
that binds the reinforcement holding it in place and protecting it from external factors,
examples are polymers, metals, ceramics etc. While the reinforcement adds strength,
stiffness and other desirable properties to the composite some examples are glass,
carbon e.tc. When combining these materials which are of different physical and
chemical properties, the aim is to get a new product that has enhanced or unique
characteristics required for different applications and environmental conditions.

1.0 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

The concept of fusing materials to produce a new one is not new; walls were
constructed over sixty thousand years ago using wattle and daub, the first composite
material ever known to exist. This indicates that humans have been producing and
using composite materials for a long time. (Egbo, 2021).

Composites are usually made of two materials but they can be made from three in
which case is called an Advanced Composite Material (ACM) (Egbo, 2021).

Examples of widely used composite materials includes metal matrix composite

(MMC), composite wood, concrete, Fibre reinforced composite (FRP) etc.

5
Fibre-reinforced plastics, or FRPs, are an important class of composite materials that
are in use in different industries due to their exceptional physical and chemical
properties. FRPs are of two types Synthetic fibre reinforced composite and Natural
fibre reinforced plastics (NFREC) (Egbo, 2021). In line with this study, NFRECs will
be the main focus.

Natural Fibre reinforced plastics are composite materials that consist of a

reinforcement, Natural embedded in a matrix usually polyester. These materials
(NFRECs) are prized for their stiffness, strength and lightweight properties. Electrical
isolations can also be achieved with natural fibres. (Aditya et al., 2021)

The fibres and matrix may expand or contract at different rates in response to
temperature changes, which might cause internal tensions in the composite.
Delamination or other types of structural damage might arise from this. The
mechanical characteristics of composites made of natural fibres can be affected by
high temperatures. The strength and stiffness of the material may decrease due to
softening or degradation of the polymer matrix, which is typically produced from bio-
based sources. For the composite to remain intact at different temperatures,
researchers and engineers need to closely assess the matrix's and the natural fibres’
thermal stability.

The amount of moisture in the air, or humidity, has a significant impact on the
characteristics and functionality of natural fibre reinforced epoxy composites
(NFRECs). Natural fibre reinforced composites (NFRECs) that are made of natural
fibres like hemp, sisal, jute, or flax mixed in a polymer matrix are gaining popularity
as environmentally friendly substitutes for traditional synthetic fibre composites. The
mechanical, thermal, and dimensional stability of NFRCs may be significantly
impacted by the way these materials interact with humidity.

They have numerous applications such as wind turbine blades, the exterior and
interior parts of an automotive, bike frames, reinforced bars for bridges, doors. etc.

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

There is a wealth of publicly available academic research on the degradation of
composites' mechanical properties caused by changes in temperature and humidity.
These investigations usually focus on conditioning the composites after fabrication
6
and then examining their mechanical properties, or all together a test of different
constraints

on the fibres themselves and the resulting mechanical effects. To the greatest extent of
the investigators’ comprehension, no research investigations have been conducted on
the effects of temperature and humidity on the mechanical properties of the final
composite product during the composite lamination process. This is predicated on a
comprehensive analysis of the literature. To leverage this expanding body of
knowledge for improving the mechanical properties of natural fibre reinforced plastic,
it is essential to understand how ambient conditions, such as humidity and
temperature, affect NFREC lamination.

1.2 AIM OF THE PROJECT

The aim of this project is to ascertain the effect of humidity and temperature
variations on the mechanical properties of natural fibre reinforced epoxy composite.
(NFREC)

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

1. Evaluate the mechanical properties of NFREC laminated under various
temperatures at constant humidity
2. Evaluate the mechanical properties of NFREC laminated under various
humidity at constant temperature
3. To determine the optimum temperature and humidity that will give the best
Mechanical Properties of the NFREC composite.
4. To develop mathematical models that will predict the effects of temperature
and humidity during NFREC lamination on mechanical properties

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

In the near future, it is anticipated that applications for natural fibre-reinforced
composites (NFRC) would expand, particularly in Europe where it is simple to access
and produce the raw materials. Given the necessity of shifting materials toward more
ecologically friendly alternatives for a variety of uses, scientists have focused on
studying NFREC. (Abdollahiparsa et al., 2023)

This research can help develop natural fibre reinforced plastics with improved
longevity and durability, as well as suitability for a wider range of applications, by

7
elucidating the relationship between the bonding reactions of NFRECs and
environmental variables like temperature and humidity. The study's conclusions may
also help engineers select materials as they shed light on the bonding methods and
environmental conditions

required to produce NFRECs with certain properties for particular applications. All
things considered, this study may result in significant advancements in the domains of
material science and engineering as well as the creation of more complex NFRECs
with improved performance and durability. In searching for composite materials with
better mechanical properties, this work opens up new avenues for scientists by
considering the impact of the NFREC production circumstances. The research would
contribute to the development of strategies for controlling environmental variables in
order to create composite materials with improved mechanical properties. This will
expand the uses for current NFREC composites and pave the way for new ones that
were previously unmapped due to limitations on their mechanical properties.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This work advances research in its search for composite materials with superior
mechanical properties by taking into account the influence of NFREC production
circumstances. The research would aid in the development of ways for controlling
environmental conditions in order to generate composite materials with improved
mechanical properties. This will push the boundaries of current NFREC composites
applications while also opening the door to new ones that were previously uncharted
due to mechanical property constraints.

8
 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

The behavior of composite materials under precisely crafted circumstances that mimic
real-world operating conditions has been extensively studied. Numerous studies have
examined the impact of temperature and humidity on the sorption behavior of
composites and their consequences on the mechanical properties of fibre-reinforced
plastics, yielding valuable insights that facilitate industrial applications.

2.1.1 MOISTURE CONTENT (HUMIDITY) EFFECTS ON

NFRECs
Because it is generally believed that moisture content (MC) in fibres will negatively
affect the performance of composites, (Abdollahiparsa et al., 2023) presented
research that looked at changes in the tensile and compressive properties of natural
fibre-reinforced composites (NFRC) exposed to different humidity conditions. It was
discovered that specimens with exposed moisture would have higher compressive
strength and strain than tensile specimens, but a lower modulus of elasticity. Tensile
and compressive strength reduced by 15% and the modulus of elasticity decreased by
20% as a result of the rising moisture content, despite the fact that elongation was
increased in every test.

2.1.2 MOISTURE ABSORPTION EFFECTS ON NFRECs

The extent of moisture absorption was found to be relatively lower for longitudinal
arrangement of fibres compared to transverse arrangement; the longitudinal and
transverse moisture expansion coefficients were found to be 0.496 and 0.644,
respectively. (Ogakwu et al., 2016) investigated the rate of moisture absorption of the
materials reinforced with natural fibres. Composite cubes and plates of different sizes
were prepared, then immersed in water for 24 hours at room temperature. According

9
to (Hu, Sun, & Lim, 2010), a natural fibre's moisture absorption rate occurs in three
phases: (I) a brief, fast phase; (II) a slow, stable, and uptalking phase; and (III) an
abrupt, fast phase. The influence of moisture absorption on the mechanical properties
of hybrid polyester

composites reinforced with short roselle and sisal fibres was investigated by
(Athijayamani et al., 2009) The findings showed that in damp circumstances, there
was

a considerable reduction in both tensile strength and flexural strength. The fibres'
exposure to moisture was blamed for the decrease in mechanical characteristics.

2.1.3 STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF CURING

TEMPERATURE
(Liang et al., 2023) studied key curing temperature for epoxy matrix. 60, 120 and 160
degrees Celsius were studied. The results showed that tensile strength increased with
increasing curing temperature. Highest value was at 120 degrees. The results also
showed similarity for flexural strength and impact strength. In conclusion, they
investigated the effects of curing temperature in the interfacial bonding between fibres
and matrix. The results showed stronger interfacial bonding at higher temperatures.
Also, depending on the direction of winding to that of the load, the temperature
effects on the tensile and flexural strength increases by different percentages.

2.1.4 FIBRE ORIENTATION EFFECTS ON NFRCs

A study done by (Pastukhov et al., 2020) determined that a noticeable anisotropic
mechanical response results from the production of short fibre reinforced
thermoplastics, which causes the fibre orientation to vary throughout a product.
Different flow conditions cause a product's mechanical properties—both short- and
long-term—to vary spatially.

10
2.1.5 EFFECTS ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
FILAMENT WOUND POLYMER BASED COMPOSITES
(Srebrenkoska et al., 2023) discovered that the winding angle greatly impacted
mechanical properties. It was noticed that composites with fibres aligned along
loading direction (0 degrees) showed the highest tensile and flexural strength while
fibres at right angles were the weakest. Also, higher curing temperature showed
improvements on the mechanical properties. However, excessively higher temperature
could lead to thermal degradation of the resin and negatively impact the properties.

2.1.6 OTHER SIGNIFICANT RESEARCH WORKS ON NFRECs

(Murali Mohan Rao et al., 2010) examined the tensile, dielectric, and flexural
characteristics of fibres made of vakka, bamboo, sisal, and banana. Retting produced
vakka fibres, which were then mixed into a polyester resin matrix. These
characteristics were contrasted in the study with those of conventional composites.
Tensile strength was shown to be directly correlated with the volume percentage of
vakka fibres, mirroring bamboo's flexural strength. Furthermore, a direct correlation
between the dielectric strength and the volume percentage of vakka fibres was
observed, suggesting that the material is suitable for electrical insulation.

(Rao et al., 2007) investigated the tensile characteristics of polyester-reinforced

composites that had fibres of elephant grass added to them. By using KMnO4, the
adherence within the matrix was improved. The fibre's modulus of rigidity, effective
density, and tensile strength were 8.17.53 kg/m3, 7.4 GPa, and 185 MPa, respectively.
Compared to untreated fibres, chemically extracted elephant grass showed a 58%
increase in tensile strength and a 41% rise in modulus. On the other hand, fibres
extracted by retting showed a 19% drop in tensile strength and a 12% decrease in
modulus after treatment with KMnO4, whereas fibres removed chemically showed a
19% decrease in tensile strength and a 16% decrease in modulus.

(Murali Mohan Rao et al., 2010) carried out a study on banana, bamboo, sisal, and
vakka fibres, analysing the tensile, dielectric, and flexural characteristics. Retting
produced vakka fibres, which were then mixed into a polyester resin matrix. These
characteristics were contrasted in the study with those of conventional composites.

11
Tensile strength was shown to be directly correlated with the volume percentage of
vakka fibres, mirroring bamboo's flexural strength. Furthermore, a direct correlation
between the dielectric strength and the volume percentage of vakka fibres was
observed, suggesting that the material is suitable for electrical insulation.

2.2 JUSTIFICATION OF PROJECT

Examining pertinent literature reveals that the emphasis has been on assessing the
mechanical performance of composite materials that have already been made and
have been subjected to a range of environmental factors, including temperature and
moisture,

for varying lengths of time. The impact of the composite production circumstances on
the final product's qualities was not taken into account in these works. The goal of the
present research project is to close this observed gap. The idea behind this research is
that the production process and the environmental factors that were present during the
composites' lamination might significantly affect the final product's mechanical
characteristics. For this endeavour, the manufacturing parameters of importance are
humidity and temperature. By optimizing production conditions for improved
mechanical qualities, this study should pave the way for much-needed ongoing
advances in composite manufacturing processes.

12
 CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1.1 MATERIALS NEEDED

The main materials to be used in this research work Includes:

 Natural Fibre (Banana fibre or sisal fibre)

 Epoxy resin (2kg/3kg)
 Hardener (1.5 Kg)

Other auxiliary Material includes:

 Distilled Water
 Petroleum jelly
 Rollers
 Hand brush
 Paper tape
 Nose mask
 Measuring cylinder
 Weighing balance
 Hand gloves
 Test tube, beaker
 Knife
 Arduino Microcontroller
 Relay
 Powerpack
 DHT II sensor (For Temperature and Humidity)

3.1.2 OTHER TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

 Hygrometer
 Mould of dimension 300 x 200 x 400 mm
 Heater for raising temperatures
 Vapour generator (Humidifier)

13
  Control chamber 2 x 2 x 2 ft
 Thermometer for temperature measurement

Figure 3.1: Control (Humidity/Temperature) chamber

3.1.3 PRODUCTION OF COMPOSITE

Several rounds of the lamination processes will be conducted to correspond to the
various pairs of the ambient conditions of temperature & humidity as required.

Firstly, the mould would be cleaned and wiped dry of water or other particles to
minimize the occurrence of defects. Releasing agent (petroleum jelly, for example),
would be applied, exp. This would allow for easy removal after the experiment. The
randomized natural fibre would be laid into the mould and epoxy resin mixed with
hardener would be applied. The roller brush would be used to eliminate voids and
ensure the resin saturates the natural fibre.

3.1.4 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

The heater and vapour generator, respectively will be used to condition the chamber
to desired temperature and humidity. The temperature & humidity of the control area
will be managed using an Arduino microcontroller in tandem with a DHT
(temperature & humidity) sensor.

14
Before laminating, the components are weighed first, then the researcher will put his
hands into the chamber with the material and perform the lamination. Once it’s done,
components are weighed, to know the increase in mass. After mixing the resin and
hardener, the natural fibre is placed in the mould, the resin combination is poured on
fibre, and lamination is complete. The finished Product is given 3 minutes to solidify,
then the weight is measured. After curing under room temperature, then we cut into 3
Samples. Each experiment is repeated 3 times.

3.2 COMPOSITE FABRICATION

The epoxy will be mixed according to specifications of the manufacturer,
which is 2:1 for part A and part B respectively. The moulds used for fabricating the
samples will be prepared based on flat test specimen dimensions and tolerances per
standard of ASTM E8 and hand-layup technique will be used to laminate the
composite. Before the mould is filled with epoxy resin, it will be waxed with a
releasing agent like petroleum jelly, this helps to prevent the sample from sticking in
the mould and then help for easy removal of the samples after they have cured. The
composite will be laminated with 30% volume percentage of the fibre under
unidirectional loading of the fibre. Equation (1) will be utilized for calculating the
volume percentage of the fibre used.
( W f / ρf )
Vf= (3.1)
[ ( W f / ρf ) + ( W m / ρm ) ]

3.3 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

The statistical technique known as Taguchi experimental design was created by
Japanese engineer Genichi Taguchi with the goal of maximizing process or product
performance while reducing variability and the number of trials needed. This method
is especially well-liked in manufacturing and engineering for its strong design and
ability to increase quality. In order to effectively explore the design space, Taguchi
designs often incorporate orthogonal arrays, which systematically modify input
parameters at various levels. In Taguchi experimental design, the naming convention
for orthogonal arrays has a prescribed syntax that conveys details about the array's
characteristics. Usually, the notation consists of a series of numbers and letters. A
letter or series of letters that represent the number of factors examined in the

15
experiment make up the first portion of the name. A, B, C, and so on are frequently
used to stand for 1, 2, 3, and so on. A number representing the number of levels for
each component appears in the second section. Two, for instance, denotes two levels
(often low and high). Sometimes, to indicate special information about the array, such
whether it's a standard or mixed-level array, more letters or digits are added to the
notation. The goal of Taguchi design is to maintain a target mean while reducing
variation in a sample population. By maximizing the signal to noise ratio, this is
accomplished. The term "signal" describes the main variables that the experiment
must determine in order to determine their link to the output response quality feature.
The mechanical characteristics and water absorption of the reinforced composite are
the responses, while the treatment duration, concentration, and bath temperature are
the signals. The category of quality characteristic in the analysis of the signal to noise
(S/N) ratio, as would be used for this project is given below:

a) Larger-is-better.
When analysing Taguchi designs, the signal-to- noise (S/N) ratio is calculated
for each factor level combination. Equation (2) is used for larger-is-better S/N
ratio calculation.

( )
n

S/ N log 10
1 ∑ μ12
= -10 n i =1
(3.2)

3.3.1 POLYNOMIAL REGRESSION MODEL.

a) Linear regression.
Typically, a linear regression model is employed to forecast the response value based
on noise variables. A generic preliminary multiple linear regression model, as
expressed in equation (3.3) shall be employed.

Y = β 0 + β 1 x 1 + β 2 x 2 + …, + β n x n + ε (3.3)

Where β j , j = 0, 1, 2, …, n are the coefficients of the regression model and indicate

the anticipated variation in response variable per unit change in the input or
independent variable x j , j = 0, 1, 2, …, n. Y is the response variable, or the dependent

16
variable. For specific values of the independent and dependent variables, ε represents
the random error. The parameter estimate was done using the least squares method.
b) Quadratic regression.
The process of determining the parabola's equation that best fits a collection of
data is known as a quadratic regression. It is employed to forecast the dependent
variable's value based on the independent factors. It's commonly referred to as a
polynomial regression in statistics. A polynomial regression model is used when a
linear connection is unable to correctly predict the response variable. A polynomial
regression model is generally expressed in equation (3.4)

Z = β 0 + β 1 x i + β 1 x 2i + β 2 x 2i + β 3 x 3i +¿…, + β n x ni + ε (3.4)

Z in this case is the response variable, β j , j = 0, 1, 2, …, n, are the model's

coefficients, which show the anticipated change in the response variable for each unit
change in the input variable. x i, i = 0, 1, 2, …,n. For specific values of the
independent and dependent variables, ε represents the random error. The least squares
method was used to estimate the parameters.

Table 3.1 temperature and humidity parameters and their corresponding

levels used in Taguchi analysis.

Factors Level Level Level Level Level

1 2 3 4 5
Temperature
(°C) 30 35 40 45 50

Humidity
(%) 30 40 50 60 70

17
 Table 3.2 Taguchi L25 53 experimental work plan.

Humidity
S/N Temperature (°C) Mechanical
(%)
Properties ( Impact,
Flexural, Tensile)
30 30
1
30 40
2
30 50
3
30 60
4
30 70
5
35 30
6
35 40
7
35 50
8
35 60
9
35 70
10
40 30
11
40 40
12
40 50
13
40 60
14
40 70
15
45 30
16
45 40
17
45 50
18
45 60
19
45 70
20
50 30
21
50 40
22
50 50
23
50 60
24

18
 50 70
25
Control Ambient Ambient

3.4 DATA ANALYSIS

3.4.1 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA) OF THE MECHANICAL
STRENGTH
ANOVA is a statistical method used to assess if actual differences exist in mechanical
strength across different groups. It assists scientists and engineers in determining
whether observed changes in the mechanical characteristics are most likely the result
of real variances in the materials or treatments under comparison, or whether they
might just happen by accident.

3.5 COST ESTIMATION

Table 3.3 Bill of Engineering Measurements and Evaluation (BEME).
Ite Description Quantit Unit Rate Amount Remark
m y (₦) s
1 Epoxy Resin 3 Kg 9500 28500 Will be
(Epochem per sourced
Type A & B) kg locally
2 Natural fibre 5 Kg 1500 7500 Will be
(banana/ per sourced
sisal) kg locally
3 Hardener 1.5 Kg 1000 15000 Will be
0 per sourced
Kg locally
4 Arduino Uno Will be
1 V 8000 8000 sourced
locally
5 D. C power 1 V 4000 4000 Will be
pack sourced
locally
6 DHT 11 Will be
Humidity and 2 - 1500 3000 sourced
temperature locally

19
 sensor
7 Humidifier 1 50mAH 5500 5500 Will be
sourced
locally
8 Hot air 1 2200W Frequenc 8000 8000 Will be
blower y: 50HZ sourced
locally
9 Digital Will be
Weighing 1 - 2000 20000 sourced
balance 0 locally
10 Petroleum 1 - 1000 1000 Will be
jelly sourced
locally
11 Rollers 1 - 2000 2000 Will be
sourced
locally
12 Paper tape 2 - 300 600 Will be
each sourced
locally
13 Measuring 2 - 800 1600 Will be
Cylinder each sourced
locally
14 Hand gloves 1 - 2500 2500 Will be
sourced
locally
15 Scissors and 1 - 1500 1500 Will be
brush sourced
locally
16 Nose Mask 6 - 200 1200 Will be
each sourced
locally
17 Test tube and 6 (3 - 150 900 Will be
beaker each) each sourced

20
 locally
18 Knife 1 - 1000 1000 Will be
sourced
locally
19 Distilled 10 Litres 30 30 Will be
Water sourced
locally
20 Flexural Test 25 - 300 7500 Test
samples each will be
× 25 carried
here in
UNN
21 Impact Test 25 - 300 7500 Test
samples each will be
× 25 carried
here in
UNN
22 Tensile Test 25 - 300 7500 Test
samples each will be
× 25 carried
out here
in UNN

23
Miscellaneou - - 10000
s

₦144,33
Total Cost - - -
0

21
3.6 GANTT CHART
A Gantt chart is a visual view of tasks scheduled over time for the work and it is shown
in table 3.4
Table 3.4 Gant Chart for the work.

TASK/
FIRST MONTH SECOND MONTH THIRD MONTH
ACTIVITY

WEEKS WK WK WK WK WK WK WK WK WK WK WK WK

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Background
and Research
study

Identification,
Specification
/Sourcing of
the materials
Planning an
experimental
research study

Con
duct
ing
the
expe
rime
nt.
Testing of
Experimental

Samples
Analyzing the
data/
Results.

Presentations

22
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moisture absorption on tensile and compressive properties of natural fiber-
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Materials, 62(16), 2138–2142. https://doi.org/10.1080/25740881.2023.2250845
Aditya, A., Pratim, P., & Chaudhary, V. (2021). Materials Today : Proceedings Effect
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