Wingerd Ch01 Lecture

Medical Terminology: Complete!
Fourth Edition
Chapter 1
Introduction to Word Parts
and Word Construction
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Learning Objectives (1 of 2)
1.1 Use the technique of programmed learning and frames.
1.2 Apply the phonetic pronunciation guides that are used in frames.
1.3 Recognize that medical terminology has both constructed and nonconstructed terms.
Learning Objectives (2 of 2)
1.4 Identify each of the three word parts (word roots, prefixes, and suffixes) used to
construct medical terms.
1.5 Identify the function of a combining vowel that is added to a word root to form a
combining form.
1.6 Recognize that many medical terms are constructed from word parts and can be
deconstructed into their word parts.
The Programmed Learning Approach (1 of 3)
• This course uses the programmed learning technique.
• The missing word is provided in the frame in the left margin.
• Each frame consists of a block of information, with the blank in the box on the right side
of the page.
• Write the missing word in the blank as you proceed from frame to frame.
• Work without looking at the answer first to make each frame a challenge.
• Always check your answer before moving to the next frame, making sure the spelling is
correct.
• Pronunciation guides via phonetic spelling are provided in parentheses.
• Syllable emphasis is noted with capital letters.
• The student website also provides audio samples of pronunciation.
Constructed and Nonconstructed Terms (1 of
4)
• Constructed medical terms are made up of multiple word parts.
• Learning constructed medical terms involves learning the meaning of various word parts.
• Then, constructed terms can be deciphered by their word parts.
4)
• Examples of constructed terms:
– Pathology
 (path/o – disease) + (-logy – study of)
– Tonsillectomy
 (tonsill/o – tonsil) + (-ectomy – surgical excision, removal)
– Neonatologist
 (neo – new) + (nat/o – birth) + (-logist – one who studies)
4)
• Nonconstructed terms are not formed from individual word parts.
• They include eponyms, acronyms, and terms derived from other languages.
• Nonconstructed words must be memorized.
4)
• Examples of nonconstructed terms:
– Impetigo ‫اﻟﻘﻮﺑﺎء‬/‫داء اﳉﻠﺪ‬
– Coma ‫ﻏﻴﺒﻮﺑﺔ‬
– Cushing syndrome ‫ﻣﺘﻼزﻣﺔ ﻛﻮﺷﻴﻨﺞ‬
Figure 1.1
Medical terms are either constructed words or words you must memorize, which
include terms that are a single Latin or Greek word part, eponyms, acronyms, and
so on.
The Word Parts (1 of 9)
• The three primary types of word parts are:
– Prefix
– Word root
– Suffix
Figure 1.2
Most medical terms are formed by assembling word parts.
• Not every medical term has all three word parts.
• Some medical terms have more than one word root.
• Some medical terms are made simply of a prefix and a suffix.
• A fourth word part—the combining vowel—may also be used.
• Bradycardia
– brady- = slow
– cardi = heart
– -ia = condition of
• Gastritis
– gastr = stomach
– -itis = inflammation
• Gastroenteritis
– gastr = stomach
– enter = intestine
• Gastroenterocolitis
– gastr = stomach
– enter = intestine
– col = colon
• Some words require combining vowels.
• Combining vowels make words pronounceable.
• O is the most common; I and E are used occasionally.

– Gastroenterocolitis
Figure 1.3
The human body with many of the common combining forms.
• There are rules for appropriate use of the combining form.
– Use the combining form when adding a suffix that begins with a consonant.
– Use the combining form to combine two roots.
• There is no need to use a combining vowel between a prefix and a word root.
Origin of Medical Terms (1 of 2)
• Most medical terms come from Latin and Greek.
• The ancient Greeks are considered the fathers of modern medicine.
• The Romans advanced medicine with their own experiments and observations and
added Latin terms to the growing body of medical language.
Origin of Medical Terms (2 of 2)
• Cultures throughout the world have contributed to medical knowledge.
• Sometimes the origins of medical terms relate to history, poetry, mythology, geography,
physical objects, and ideas.
Figure 1.4
The Greek father of medicine, Hippocrates, who originated many medical terms.
Table 1.1
Word Roots from Greek and Latin
Root Origin Definition Medical Term

Example
lith lithos, Greek stone cholelithiasis
condition of having
gallstones
maxim maximus, Latin biggest, highest gluteus maximus
the biggest
(outermost)
gluteus muscle in
the buttocks
derm derma, Greek skin dermatitis
inflammation of the
skin
path pathos, Greek disease pathogen
disease-causing
agent
Forming Words from Word Parts
• A prefix usually requires no change when another word part unites with it to form a new
term.
– brady- means slow
– anti- means against
– pre- means before
Word Parts: Prefixes
• anti-
• brady-
• endo-
• epi-
• neo-
• pre-
Word Parts: Word Root / Combining Vowel
(1 of 5)
• append/o, appendic/o things attached
• bi/o life
• cardi/o
• cerebr/o
brain
• dermat/o
– dermat/o = skin
– -logy = study of
 dermatology
(2 of 5)
• electr/o
• encephal/o
• gastr/o
• hem/o
• hepat/o liver
(3 of 5)
‫رﺣﻢ‬
• hyster/o uterus
• laryng/o larynx
• leuk/o White
‫ﺛﺪي‬
• mamm/o breast
• mast/o breast
(4 of 5)
‫ذﻗﻦ‬
• ment/o chin
• nat/o
– pre- = before
– nat = birth
– -al = pertaining to
 prenatal
• neur/o nervous
• path/o
• proct/o hind part
(5 of 5)
• psych/o mind
• rhin/o nose
• tonsill/o
• vas/o vessel
Word Parts: Suffixes (1 of 3)
• -al
• -ectomy
• -emia
• -gram
• -ia
• -iatry medical treatment
• -ic
• -itis
• -logist
• -logy
• -pathy
• -philia
• -plasty
• -scope
– end/o = within
– -scope = instrument used for viewing
 endoscope
• -tic spasm
‫ﺗﺸﻨﺞ‬
Summary (1 of 4)
• Constructed medical terms are deciphered by breaking them into word parts, defining
first the suffix and then the prefix and then the word root(s) or combining forms.
Summary (2 of 4)
• The prefix is affixed to the beginning of a word.
• The word root or combining form provides the primary meaning of the term.
• The suffix is affixed to the end of the word.
Summary (3 of 4)
• The most common combining vowel is o.
• Infrequently used combining vowels include i and e.
• Use the combining vowel when adding a suffix that begins with a consonant or when
combining two roots.
• Drop the combining vowel when connecting a root with a suffix that begins with a vowel.
Summary (4 of 4)
• Building words with cardi/o:
– Bradycardia
– Electrocardiogram
– Carditis
– Endocarditis
– Cardiologist
– Cardiology
– Cardiopathy
– Cardioplasty

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Medical Terminology: Complete!

• The missing word is provided in the frame in the left margin.

• Syllable emphasis is noted with capital letters.

• The student website also provides audio samples of pronunciation.

• Then, constructed terms can be deciphered by their word parts.

• Nonconstructed words must be memorized.

– Cushing syndrome ‫ﻣﺘﻼزﻣﺔ ﻛﻮﺷﻴﻨﺞ‬

• Some medical terms have more than one word root.

• Some medical terms are made simply of a prefix and a suffix.

• A fourth word part—the combining vowel—may also be used.

• Combining vowels make words pronounceable.

• O is the most common; I and E are used occasionally.

• The ancient Greeks are considered the fathers of modern medicine.

Root Origin Definition Medical Term

• proct/o hind part

• The suffix is affixed to the end of the word.

• Infrequently used combining vowels include i and e.

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