ROCK MECHANICS
• Applied science of mechanical behavior
of rocks and rock masses
GEOLOGY
• Branch of science with the study of
Earth (EARTH SCIENCE)
• Study earth’s origin, structure,
composition and history
• When St. Francis Dam in Southern
California failed in 1928 and killed
millions of lives, civil engineers are
awoke to the idea of designing safe
structure
BRANCHES OF GEOLOGY
1. PHYSICAL GEOLOGY – study of physical
matter and energy constitute in Earth
2. CRYSTALLOGRAPHY – study of structure
and properties of crystal
3. MINING GEOLOGY – study application
of geology in mining
4. MINEROLOGY – study of minerals
5. PETROLOGY – study of origin, structure
and composition of rocks
6. PALEONTOLOGY – study of fossil
animals and plants
7. HYDROLOGY – study of properties of
earth water (movement of water in
Earth)
8. STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY – study 3-
dimensional distribution of rocks with
respect to their deformational histories
9. STRATIGRAPHY – study of order and
relative position of strata and its
relationship with geological time scale
10. ENGINEERING GEOLOGY – application
of geologic science to engineering
11. PHOTO GEOLOGY – interpretation of
geological and geomorphological
features on aerial photograph
12. ECONOMIC GEOLOGY – study of
economic value of geological materials
13. HISTORICAL GEOLOGY – used of
principles of geology to reconstruct and
understand the history of Earth
14. GEO PHYSICS - physics of Earth
RELEVANCE OF GEOLOGY IN CE
• Most civil engineering projects excavate
soil and rocks
• Excavated rocks are also used in
masonry
• Proper geological investigation are
utmost importance
IMPORTANCE OF ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
• Provides a systematic knowledge of
construction material, composition,
durability and other properties
• Foundation plans for dams, bridge and
building
• Precise geological survey results are
used to solve engineering problems
ENGINEERING GEOLOGIST VS CIVIL ENGINEER
• ENGINEERING GEOLOGIST – presents
geological data and interpreted by CE
• CIVIL ENGINEERS – deal mostly with
soil, rocks, timber, steel and concrete
HISTORIES OF FAILURE ON SOME CIVIL
ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION DUE TO
GEOLOGICAL DRAW BACKS
1. ST. FRANCIS DAM (California, 1928)
2. AUSTIN DAM
• Geological studies at dam improves
it design which is suitable for
geological context
3. JEROME PARK RESERVIOR (Idaho, 1910)
• intense weathering in rocks
upstream causes silting problem
• porosity and permeability of soil
and rocks cause leakage problem
• proper studies of geological
condition will forewarn an engineer
of the problem
GEOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING
• FAULTS
• JUNCTION BETWEEN HARD AND SOFT
FORMATION
• BOUNDARIES BETWEEN POROUS AND
IMPERMEABLE FORMATIONS
• SPRING LINES
• FRACTURED GRANITES
• LANDSLIP AREAS
IMPORTANCE OF PHHYSICAL GEOLOGY
• Color, appearance, strength and
durability of rocks are affecting
weathering
• Proper understanding of geological
work in river will lead to better
utilization for engineering application –
in terms of dams
IMPORTANCE OF PETROLOGY
• Composition and textual characteristics
of rock contribute to strength and
durability
• Rocks are used in dam foundation, for
tunneling and materials for construction
IMPORTANCE OF STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
• Rocks in crust undergo deformation,
dislocation and disturbance under
tectonic forces
• Types, classification, importance of
rocks is the subject matter of structural
geology
• Rock is important for civil engineering
purposes
SPHERICAL REPRESENTATION OF GEOLOGICAL
DATA
DISCONTINUITIES
• Including bedding planes, faults and
joints
• It is important for us to define
orientation without any ambiguity
INTRODUCTION TO ROCKS
PETROLOGY
• Study of classification, texture, structure
composition of rocks
TYPES OF ROCK
1. IGNEOUS – rocks formed by
solidification of molten material
2. SEDIMENTARY – rocks formed by
deposition, compaction and
cementation of rock fragments
3. METAMORPHIC – formed by
deformation and transformation of
other rocks
IGNEOUS ROCKS
• MAGMA – molten material within
lithosphere
• LAVA – molten material that reach the
surface (magma na lumabas)
• COMPONENTS OF MOLTEN MATERIAL
o SOLID – silicate minerals
o LIQUID – magma or lava
o GAS – volatiles
HOW DO MOLTEN MATERALS SOLIDIFY?
• PLUTONIC ROCKS
o Intrusive igneous rocks
o Mineral grains are coarse
grained – PHANERITIC TEXTURE
• VOLCANIC ROCKS
o Extrusive igneous rocks
o Mineral grains are fine-grained
– APHANITIC TEXTURE
MINERAL COMPOSITION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
• OXYGEN – 46.6%
• SILICON – 27.7%
• ALUMINUM – 8.1%
• IRON – 5%
• CALCIUM – 3.6%
• SODIUM – 2.8%
• POTASSIUM – 2.6%
• MAGNESIUM – 2.1%
• OTHER ELEMENTS – 1.5%
DARK SILICATES – ferromagnesian silicates: rich
in Iron and Magnesium but low in silica
LIGHT SILICATES – non-ferromagnesian silicates;
rich in calcium, potassium, calcium, sodium and
silica
• ULTRAMAFIC - almost all mineral are
rich in iron and magnesium
• MAFIC (BASALTIC) – minerals witj
high concentration of iron,
magnesium and calcium
• INTERMEDIATE (ANDESITIC) – 25%
(dark silicate), 75% (light silicates)
o Specifically PLAGIOCLASE
FELDSPAR
• FELSIC (GRANITIC) – almost all minerals
rich in potassium and aluminum
BOWEN’S REACTION SERIES
• graphical representation of the
sequence in which minerals crystallize
from a cooling magma

IGNEOUS TEXTURE
• PHANERIITIC (COARSE-GRAINED)
TEXTURE – rocks with mineral can be
seen by naked eye
• PORPHYRITIC TEXTURE – rocks with
mineral with varying mineral size
o PHENOCRYST – large crystal
o GROUNDMASS – small crystal
• APHANITIC (FINED GRAINED) TEXTURE
– rocks with mineral that are very small
to distinguish by the naked eye
• PYROCLASTIC (FRAGMENTAL) TEXTURE
– rocks that formed consolidation of
rocks ejected from volcanic eruption
• GLASSY TEXTURE – rocks that are
ejected from volcanic eruption that are
solidified in the atmosphere
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
ORIGIN OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• Weathering of rocks
• Erosion and transport of weathered
rock fragments – SEDIMENTS
• Deposition of sediments
• Precipitation of cementing material
• LITHIFICATION (compaction and
cementation) of older sediments due to
deposition of younger sediments –
DIAGENESIS
DIAGENESIS
• Collective term for physical, chemical
and biological changes
o COMPACTION – process of
adding sediments to deposited
sediments
o CEMENTATION – crystallization
of mineral
TYPES OF SEDIMENT ROCKS
• DETRITAL (CLASTIC) - rocks formed
from weathering, erosion and
compaction of sediments
• CHEMICAL – rocks from the
precipitation of soluble materials
produced by chemical weathering
• ORGANIC - rocks made up of organic
materials from the remains of dead
organism
DETRITAL (CLASTIC) SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
CLASSIFICATION OF CLASTIC ROCKS
1. CLAST
a. Rock fragment
b. Quartz
c. Clay mineral
d. Feldspar
e. Micas
f. Fossil
2. PARTICLE SIZE
• Used as primary basis for
distinguishing sedimentary rocks
• Udden-Wentworth Scale
 3. SORTING – refers to the degree of
similarity of particle size
4. DEGREE OF ROUNDNESS – describe the
shape of sediments or fragment
PARENT ROCK
METAMORPHIC TEXTURE
COMMON CLASTIC ROCKS
• CONGLOMERATE – have more spherical
grains
• BRECCIA – more angular grains
• SANDSTONE – composed of sand-size
particle
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
• Rocks that undergo deformation or
transpormation – METAMORPHISM
WHAT DRIVES METAMORPHISM?
1. HEAT
• Recrystallize the minerals of rocks
• SOURCE OF HEAT : EARTH’S INYERIOR
2. CONFINING PRESSURE
• Forces applied in all direction
• Pressure increased with depth
3. DIFFERENTIAL STRESS
• Refers to the greater force applied I one
direction
4. CHEMICALLY ACTIVE FLUIDS
• Promotes recrystallization by enhancing
the migration of mineral matter
• Rock subject to metamorphism
• FOLIATION – planar arrangement of
mineral grains within the rocks
o SLATY CLEAVAGE – exhibits
splitting property
o SCHISTOSITY – platy minerals
can be seen in a naked eye
o GNEISSIC – banded appearance
• NON FOLIAtION – rocks exhibit any
foliated texture
o POROPHYROBLASTIC- with
large grain surrounded by fine-
grained matrix