Apex Specifications Final

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Detaiiled Engiinee
D ering Dessign
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MTMF Fina
al Da
am Raise
R e
Tec
chnic
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pecifficattion
May 2015
ENGINEERING & DEVELOPM

MENT CORPO
ORATION OFF THE PHILIP
PPINES
3rd, 4th, & 5th Floors, The
T Professionaal Tower, 37 ED
DSA corner Boni Avenue,
Mandaaluyong City, Phhilippines
Tel. No os. (632) 534-6449  534-70044  532-9295  Fax No. (632) 533-4017
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
100 DAM CONSTRUCTION ........................................................................................ 1

101 CLEARING AND GRUBBING .......................................................................... 1
101.1 Scope ............................................................................................................ 1
101.2 Method of Construction ............................................................................... 1
101.2.1 Clearing on Lightly Vegetated Areas ...................................................... 1
101.2.2 Clearing on Swampy Areas and/or Second Growth Forested Areas ....... 1
101.2.3 Grubbing .................................................................................................. 1
101.3 Measurement and Payment .......................................................................... 2
102 CUT-OFF TRENCH EXCAVATION................................................................. 2
102.1 Scope ............................................................................................................ 2
102.2 Materials ...................................................................................................... 2
102.3.1 Stripping for Cut-off trench Excavation .................................................. 2
102.3.2 Cut-off trench ........................................................................................... 2
102.3.3 Rock Excavation ...................................................................................... 3
102.3.4 Foundation Treatment .............................................................................. 3
103 ROCK FILL ......................................................................................................... 4
103.1 Scope ............................................................................................................ 4
103.2 Materials ...................................................................................................... 4
104 FOUNDATION EXCAVATION AND DISPOSAL .......................................... 5
104.1 Scope ............................................................................................................ 5
104.2 Materials ...................................................................................................... 5
104.3.1 Stripping for Foundation of Dam Embankment ...................................... 5
104.3.2 Excavation Below Stripping Line ............................................................ 5
104.3.3 Disposal of Excavated Material ............................................................... 5
105 DAM EMBANKMENT....................................................................................... 6
105.1 LOW PERMEABILITY ZONE .................................................................. 6
105.1.1 Scope ........................................................................................................ 6
105.1.2 Materials .................................................................................................. 6
105.1.3 Method of Construction ........................................................................... 7
105.1.4 Measurement and Payment .................................................................... 10
105.2 LOW TO MEDIUM PERMEABILITY FILL........................................... 10
105.2.1 Scope ...................................................................................................... 10
105.2.2 Materials ................................................................................................ 10
105.2.3 Method of Construction ......................................................................... 10
105.3 FINE FILTER ............................................................................................ 11
105.3.1 Scope ...................................................................................................... 11
105.3.2 Materials ................................................................................................ 11
Maco Tailings Management Facility (MTMF) Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines
APEX Mining Company, Incorporated (AMCI) i

105.4 COARSE FILTER ..................................................................................... 12
105.4.1 Scope ...................................................................................................... 12
105.4.2 Materials ................................................................................................ 12
105.5 HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE LINER .......................................... 13
105.5.1 Scope ...................................................................................................... 13
105.5.2 Applicable Publications ......................................................................... 13
105.5.3 Definitions.............................................................................................. 13
105.5.4 Submittals Post-Award .......................................................................... 14
105.5.5 Material Labeling, Delivery, Storage and Handling .............................. 15
105.6 DIVERSION AND CARE OF WATER DURING CONSTRUCTION
AND DewaTERING FOUNDATION....................................................................... 20
105.6.1 General ................................................................................................... 20
105.6.3 Basis of Payment.................................................................................... 20
106 SLUSH GROUTING ......................................................................................... 21
106.1 Scope .......................................................................................................... 21
106.2 Materials .................................................................................................... 21
106.3 Method of Construction ............................................................................. 22
106.4 Measurement and Payment ........................................................................ 22
107 DENTAL CONCRETING ................................................................................. 22
107.1 Scope .......................................................................................................... 22
107.2 Materials .................................................................................................... 22
108 GROUT CURTAIN ........................................................................................... 23
108.1 Scope .......................................................................................................... 23
108.2 Materials .................................................................................................... 23
108.2.1 Grouting Material................................................................................... 24
109 MONITORING SYSTEMS ............................................................................... 34
109.1 Scope .......................................................................................................... 34
109.2 Materials .................................................................................................... 34
109.2.1 Vibrating Wire Piezometers ................................................................... 34
200 CONCRETE .......................................................................................................... 35
201 Scope .................................................................................................................. 35
202 Materials ............................................................................................................ 36
202.1 Maximum size of Aggregates (MSA) ........................................................ 36
202.2 Mix Proportions ......................................................................................... 36
202.3 Consistency ................................................................................................ 36
202.4 Cement ....................................................................................................... 37
202.5 Admixtures ................................................................................................. 37
202.5.1 General ................................................................................................... 37
202.5.2 Water-reducing Admixture .................................................................... 37

202.5.3 Air Entraining Agents ............................................................................ 37
202.5.4 Other Admixtures................................................................................... 37
202.6 Water .......................................................................................................... 38
202.7 Fine (Sand) and Coarse (Gravel) Aggregates ............................................ 38
202.7.1 Scope ...................................................................................................... 38
202.7.2 Fine Aggregates (Sand).......................................................................... 38
202.7.3 Coarse Aggregates (Gravel) ................................................................... 38
203 Method of Construction ..................................................................................... 40
203.1 Batching ..................................................................................................... 40
203.1.1 General ................................................................................................... 40
203.1.2 Equipment .............................................................................................. 40
203.1.3 Mixing and Transporting ....................................................................... 41
203.1.4 Placing.................................................................................................... 44
203.1.5 Consolidation ......................................................................................... 46
203.1.6 Repair of Concrete ................................................................................. 47
203.1.7 Tolerances for Concrete Construction ................................................... 48
203.1.8 Concrete Surfaces Finishes .................................................................... 49
203.1.9 Protection ............................................................................................... 51
203.1.10 Curing ................................................................................................ 51
203.1.11 Acceptance Criteria ............................................................................ 52
203.1.12 Forms ................................................................................................. 53
203.1.13 Construction Joint .............................................................................. 56
204 CONCRETE REINFORCEMENTS.................................................................. 58
204.1 Scope .......................................................................................................... 58
204.2 Materials .................................................................................................... 58
204.2.1 Substitution ............................................................................................ 58
204.3.1 Placing Reinforcement ........................................................................... 59
300 OPEN CHANNEL SPILLWAY ............................................................................ 60
301 BACKFILLING / EMBANKMENT (LOW AREAS AND EXCAVATION
ALONG THE SPILLWAY) .......................................................................................... 60
301.1 Scope .......................................................................................................... 60
400 CLEAR WATER DIVERSION FACILITY ......................................................... 61
401 HDPE PIPE, 600mm IN DIAMETER ............................................................... 61
401.1 Scope .......................................................................................................... 61
401.2 Materials .................................................................................................... 61
401.2.1 Pipes ....................................................................................................... 61
401.2.2 Fittings ................................................................................................... 61
401.3.1 Inspection ............................................................................................... 62
401.3.2 Hauling, Unloading and Distributing Pipes ........................................... 62
401.3.3 Testing.................................................................................................... 62
402 GABIONS .......................................................................................................... 62
402.1 Scope .......................................................................................................... 62

402.2 Materials .................................................................................................... 63
402.2.1 Stone Fill ................................................................................................ 63
402.2.2 Filter Materials ....................................................................................... 63
402.2.3 Double twisted wire mesh Gabions ....................................................... 63
402.3.1 Delivery.................................................................................................. 64
402.3.2 Sampling ................................................................................................ 64
402.3.3 Foundation Preparation .......................................................................... 64
402.3.4 Assembly................................................................................................ 64
402.3.5 Lacing Operations .................................................................................. 65
402.3.6 Installation and filling ............................................................................ 65
402.3.7 Gradation................................................................................................ 66
402.3.8 Non-rectangular Shapes ......................................................................... 66
402.3.9 Closing ................................................................................................... 67
403 RUBBLE MASONRY ....................................................................................... 67
403.1 Scope .......................................................................................................... 67
403.2 Materials .................................................................................................... 67
500 CONSTRUCTION OF SITE ROADS................................................................... 69
501 CLEARING AND GRUBBING ........................................................................ 69
502 ROADWAY EMBANKMENT ......................................................................... 69
502.1 Materials .................................................................................................... 69
502.1.1 Suitable Material .................................................................................... 69
502.1.2 Selected Borrow, for topping ................................................................. 69
502.1.3 Unsuitable Material ................................................................................ 69
502.2.1 Compaction ............................................................................................ 71
502.2.2 Protection of Roadbed During Construction.......................................... 71
502.2.3 Finishing Roadbed and Slopes ............................................................... 72
502.2.4 Serrated Slopes....................................................................................... 72
502.2.5 Earth Berms ........................................................................................... 72
503 SUBGRADE PREPARATION ......................................................................... 73
503.1 Scope .......................................................................................................... 73
503.2 Materials .................................................................................................... 73
503.3.1 Subgrade Level Tolerances .................................................................... 73
503.3.2 Subgrade in Common Excavation ......................................................... 73
503.3.3 Subgrade in Rock Excavation ................................................................ 74
503.3.4 Subgrade on Embankment ..................................................................... 74
503.3.5 Protection of Completed Work .............................................................. 74
503.3.6 Templates and Straight-edges ................................................................ 74
504 SUBBASE COARSE (300 mm THK)............................................................... 74
504.1 Scope .......................................................................................................... 74
504.2 Materials .................................................................................................... 74
504.3.1 Preparation of Existing Surface ............................................................. 75
504.3.2 Placing.................................................................................................... 75
504.3.3 Spreading and Compacting .................................................................... 75
504.3.4 Trial Sections ......................................................................................... 76
504.3.5 Tolerances .............................................................................................. 76
505 BASE COURSE SURFACING (200 mm THK) ............................................... 76
505.1 Scope .......................................................................................................... 76
505.2 Materials .................................................................................................... 76
505.3.1 Preparation of Existing Surface ............................................................. 77
505.3.2 Placing.................................................................................................... 77
505.3.3 Spreading and Compacting .................................................................... 77
505.3.4 Trial Sections ......................................................................................... 77
505.3.5 Tolerances .............................................................................................. 77
506 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT ............................................................... 78
600 CAMP FACILITIES .............................................................................................. 78
601 Scope .................................................................................................................. 78
601.1 Temporary Works ...................................................................................... 78
601.2 Mobilization of Equipment ........................................................................ 79
601.3 Demobilization........................................................................................... 79
602 Basis of Payment................................................................................................ 80
700 MISCELLANEOUS REQUIREMENTS .............................................................. 80
701 Measurement and Payment ................................................................................ 81
100 DAM CONSTRUCTION
101 CLEARING AND GRUBBING
101.1 SCOPE
The work under this section shall include clearing, grubbing and disposal, in a
manner approved by the Engineer of all vegetation such as trees, stumps, roots,
brush; rubbish and all objectionable matters within the entire right-of-way for the
dam, canals, drainage ditches, diversion works and over borrow areas, road
surfacing materials sources, stockpile areas and elsewhere mutually agreed upon
by the Engineer and the Contractor all in accordance with the Drawings and
these Specifications.
101.2 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
101.2.1 Clearing on Lightly Vegetated Areas
The areas over which diversion works shall be constructed, the right-of–way for
the dam, canals, and drainage ditches, side borrow areas, borrow haul areas,
aggregate sources and stockpile areas shall be cleared of all vegetation, trees
and all other matter except such trees or shrubs which the Engineer may order to
be preserved. All trees and shrubs ordered to be preserved including all existing
adjacent facilities, properties and utilities, if any, shall be protected from injury or
damage resulting from the Contractor’s operations. All combustible materials from
clearing operations shall be burned thoroughly or removed from the site of work
or otherwise disposed to designated areas as directed by the Engineer.
All materials to be burned shall be piled neatly and when in a suitable condition
shall be burned thoroughly. Piling for burning shall be done in such a manner and
in such locations as to cause the least fire risk. The Contractor shall at all times
take special precautions to prevent fire from spreading and shall have available at
all times suitable equipment and supplies for use in preventing and fighting fires.
In this connection, the Contractor shall be liable for costs and damages resulting
from such incidents.
No clearing shall be done on any areas where there are standing crops until such
crops have been harvested or unless the Contractor shall have secured written
permission from the Engineer.
101.2.2 Clearing on Swampy Areas and/or Second Growth Forested Areas
Clearing on swampy areas and/or second growth forested areas where canals
and structures are passing thru shall only be started when said areas are suitably
dry or when directed by the Engineer. Clearing includes felling and bucking of
trees using chain saws and cutting of tree branches extending over the entire
right-of-way. Felled trees shall be cut into the longest usable lengths and shall be
hauled and neatly stocked at designated stockpile areas. Small trees and stumps,
branches, grass and litters shall be burned in accordance with the preceding
paragraph.
101.2.3 Grubbing
Grubbing shall consist of the removal of trees, stumps, roots, brush and rubbish
from the above mentioned work areas. No roots shall be left within 50cm. from
the ground surface. It shall include necessary stripping of the natural ground
surface to a depth not more than 15 centimeters by effective means to remove all
objectionable materials or organic matters from the said work areas. Stripping
beyond the limit of 15 centimeters shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer
APEX Mining Company, Incorporated (AMCI) 1
and payment thereof shall be considered included under Foundation Excavation
and Disposal, Measurement and Payment
If required by the Engineer, stripped topsoil shall be temporarily stored at the

edges of the right-of way for subsequent use on slopes to encourage vegetative
growth and minimize erosion.
101.3 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
The area to be measured for payment shall be within the limit of the entire right-
of-way as shown on the drawings or as staked by the Engineer during
Construction Operations.
All clearing and grubbing operations for side borrow areas, borrow haul areas,
aggregate sources, stockpile areas and elsewhere are considered subsidiary
works required for other pay items in the Bill of Quantities and will not be
measured for payment under this section. The costs of such works shall be
considered included in the contract unit price for various items in the Bill of
Quantities where clearing and grubbing are required.
The cleared and grubbed areas measured as provided above shall be paid at the
contract unit price per square meter in the Bill of Quantities which price and
payment shall constitute full compensation for furnishing all labor, tools,
equipments, supplies and all incidentals or subsidiary works, including stripping
within 15 centimeters limit, necessary for the successful completion of the work.
Payment will be made under:
Pay Item Number Description Unit of Measurement

Clearing and Grubbing
1.1 Square Meter
For Dam Construction
102 CUT-OFF TRENCH EXCAVATION
102.1 SCOPE
Excavation for the cut-off trench shall consist of all the excavation work listed
below, performed to the lines and grades shown on the drawings or established
by the Engineer:
102.2 MATERIALS
Suitable material from cut-off trench excavation will be processed in accordance

with Foundation Excavation and Disposal, Disposal of Excavated Materials
102.3.1 Stripping for Cut-off trench Excavation
Area where dam embankment material is to be placed shall first be stripped in

accordance with the drawings, Foundation Excavation and Disposal and as
directed by the Engineer.
102.3.2 Cut-off trench
The cut-off trench shall be excavated approximately to the lines and grades
shown on the drawings. The cut-off trench shall be excavated to competent
bedrock; provided it is excavated with the contours, elevations and dimensions
indicated in the drawing. All loose, soft, or disintegrated material shall be
removed from pockets and depressions to the extent as directed by the Engineer.
102.3.3 Rock Excavation
Include rock excavation with blasting, excavating, grading, disposing of material

classified as rock, solid rock; rock material which cannot be removed without
systematic drilling and blasting; If at any time during excavation, the Contractor
encounters material that may be classified as rock excavation, uncover such
material and notify the Engineer. The Contractor shall not proceed with the
excavation of this material until the Engineer has classified the materials as
common excavation or rock excavation and has taken cross sections as required.
Failure on the part of the Contractor to uncover such material, notify the
Engineer, and allow ample time for classification and cross sectioning of the
undisturbed surface of such material will cause the forfeiture of the Contractor's
right of claim to any classification or volume of material to be paid for other than
that allowed by the Engineer for the areas of work in which such deposits occur.
102.3.4 Foundation Treatment
If foundation consists of bedrock formation not suitable for the cut-off trench,
foundation treatment as, slush grouting, dental concreting and/or curtain grout
can be used as approved by the Engineer. Refer to sections Slush Grouting,
Dental Concreting and Grout Curtain.
Measure and pay for fractured rock excavation by the number of cubic meters of
acceptably excavated fractured rock material. Measure the material in place, but
base volume on a maximum 750 mm width for pipes 300 mm in diameter or less,
and a maximum width of 400 mm greater than the outside diameter of the pipe for
pipes over 300 mm in diameter. Provide the measurement to include all
authorized over depth rock excavation as determined by the Engineer. For
manholes and other appurtenances, compute volumes of rock excavation on the
basis of 300 mm outside of the wall lines of the structures.
Payment for fractured rock excavation will be made in addition to the price bid for
the core trench excavation, and will include all necessary drilling, breaking, pre-
splitting and blasting and all incidentals necessary to excavate and dispose of the
fractured rock. Select granular material, used as backfill replacing rock
excavation, will not be paid for separately, but will be included in the unit price for
fractured rock excavation.
Payment for colluvium excavation will be made in accordance to the price bid for
the core trench excavation (colluvium material), and will include all necessary
excavation, trimming, disposal and all incidentals necessary to excavate and
dispose of the excavated material.
Measurement and Payment for Slush Grouting, Dental Concreting and Grout
Curtain will be made according to their respective sections.

Cut-off trench Excavation (Colluvium
1.2.a Cubic Meter
Excavation)
Cut-off trench Excavation (Fractured
1.2.b Cubic Meter
Rock Excavation)
103 ROCK FILL
103.1 SCOPE
This Item shall consist of equipment-laid rock embankment, constructed in

accordance with this Specification and in conformity with the lines and grades
shown on the Plans or established by the Engineer.
103.2 MATERIALS
Rocks shall be sound and durable and furnished in a well-balanced range of

sizes meeting the requirements herein. Rocks shall be obtained from drilling and
blasting and from designated unprocessed tunnel cuttings / excavations.
Unless otherwise provided by the Plans or Special provisions, rockfill fragments

shall not be less than 150 mm in diameter and at least 75 percent of the total
volume of rock embankment shall have a diameter in the range of 150mm to 300
mm. Stones of Adobe and other soft rocks shall not be used.
Sufficient excavation shall be made to expose a foundation bed that is in

competent ground satisfactory to the Engineer. The stones shall be founded on
this bed and laid to the lines and dimensions required.
The rockfill shall be laid in loose lifts of at least 50 cm but no more than 80 cm
and compacted using 10 T vibratory roller compactor. Maximum stone size shall
not be more than 2/3 of the lift thickness. Acceptable number of passes of a
10ton vibro roller/compactor shall be established upon results of trial
embankment observed and accepted in writing by Engineer to provide a stable
configuration to the rockfill mass to prevent future settlement.
Stones shall be laid flat and securely placed with broken joint lines. The larger
stones shall generally be located in the lower part of the structure and voids shall
be eliminated to the extent possible. Spalls smaller than the minimum stone size
specified in Material Requirements, shall be used to check the larger stones
solidly in position and to substantially fill voids between the major stones as laid
in the embankment. The exposed face of the rock mass shall be reasonably
uniform, with no projections of more than 150 mm, beyond the neat lines shown
on the Plans or as directed by the Engineer.
Backfill adjacent to the hand-laid rock embankment shall be filled entirely with
acceptable material coming from excavation items and compacted.
The quantity to be paid for will be the number of cubic meter of hand-laid rock
embankment measured in place, completed and accepted.
The quantity determined will be paid for at the contract price per cubic meter for
Hand-Laid Rock Embankment, which price and payment shall constitute full
compensation for furnishing, selecting, and transporting stones, for placing
stones by hand, for backfilling and for all labor, equipment, tools and incidentals
necessary to complete the Item including foundation excavation.
1.3 Rock Fill Cubic Meter
104 FOUNDATION EXCAVATION AND DISPOSAL
104.1 SCOPE
Excavation for the dam embankment foundation shall consist of, but not limited
to, all the excavation work listed below, performed to the lines and grades shown
on the drawings or as established by the Engineer:
(1) Stripping for foundation of dam embankment.

(2) Excavation below stripping for foundation of dam embankment, including
cutoff trench(es)
(3) Excavation for dam embankment Rock Fills.
(4) Excavation for open drain ditches.
(5) Excavation for concrete structures
104.2 MATERIALS
Insofar as practicable, as determined by the Engineer, suitable material

excavated under the provisions of this section shall be used in the required
construction work or transported to stockpiles for later use in the required
construction work, as directed by the Engineer. Excavated materials which are
unsuitable for use in the required construction work or are in excess of
construction needs, as determined by the Engineer, shall be wasted in
accordance with the provisions of this section.
104.3.1 Stripping for Foundation of Dam Embankment
Areas where dam embankment material is to be placed shall first be stripped in

accordance with the drawings, these specifications, and as directed by the
Engineer.
104.3.2 Excavation Below Stripping Line
104.3.2.1 Trench(es)
The cutoff trench(es) shall be excavated in the dam embankment foundation

approximately to the lines and grades shown on the drawings. The cutoff trench
shall be excavated to competent or firm bedrock All loose, soft, or disintegrated
material shall be removed from pockets and depressions to the extent directed.
104.3.2.2 Excavation Below Stripping Line
Cutoff trench(es) Other areas of the dam embankment foundation where shown
on the drawings or where directed by the Engineer shall be excavated to sound
rock, to firm, or to an otherwise suitable foundation as determined by the
Engineer.
104.3.3 Disposal of Excavated Material
The disposal of all excavated materials that are to be wasted shall be subject to
the approval of the Engineer, but the Contractor will not be required to haul
materials to be wasted more than the height specified by the Engineer along the
most practicable routes to the designated post area.
Waste piles shall be located where they will not interfere harmfully with the
natural flow of the stream and drainage channels, with construction operations in
the borrow areas, with the operation of the reservoir, or with the flow of water to
or from the spillway or outlet works, and where they will neither detract from the
appearance of the completed project nor interfere with the accessibility of the
structures for operations. Waste piles shall be leveled, trimmed to reasonably
regular lines and adequately compacted to be stable in place.
The cost of transporting excavated materials from excavations to disposal areas

or to points of final use, including stock piling and re handling, If required, and of
disposing of all excavated materials that are wasted, as provided in this section,
shall be included in the applicable unit prices per cubic meter bid in the schedule
excavation.
Measurement for payment, of excavation for dam embankment foundation will be

made in accordance with the provisions of this section, but as limited by the
following dividing surfaces: Dividing surfaces between excavation for dam
embankment foundation and the following items shall be defined as follows:
Excavation for Structures - Within the limits of the dam embankment foundation,
the dividing surfaces will be established for measurement for payment purposes
by extending the surfaces defining the extent of the excavation for structures
work to the original ground surface.
Excavation for Roadway -The dividing surface will be a vertical plane normal to
the centerline of the dam crest.
Payment for excavation for dam embankment will be made at the applicable unit
price per cubic meter in the schedule, which unit price shall include all costs as
provided in this section: Provided, that where separate bid items are included in
the bidding schedule for excavating and handling materials before and after the
materials are stockpiled, the costs of these separate operations shall be included
in the applicable unit price.

1.4.1 Foundation Excavation and
Cubic Meter
Disposal (Dam Construction)
Excavation and Disposal
1.4.2 Cubic Meter
(Open Channel Spillway)
105 DAM EMBANKMENT
105.1 LOW PERMEABILITY ZONE
105.1.1 Scope
Low Permeability Zone shall be placed as shown in the drawing.
105.1.2 Materials
The Low Permeability Zone portion of the dam shall consist of identified sources
of clay, sand, silt and gravel taken from the reservoir area or if necessary, an
outside source approved by the Engineer. The processed material for the Low
Permeability Zone shall have at least 20% by volume passing a #200 sieve and
shall have no particle of size bigger than 25mm. Materials of classification CH
and MH or with significant organic content shall not be used.
105.1.3 Method of Construction
105.1.3.1 Preparation of Foundation
Formation Surfaces - Immediately prior to placing the first layer of Low

Permeability Zone, all formation surfaces upon or against which the Low
Permeability Zone portions of the dam embankment are to be placed shall be
cleaned of all loose and objectionable materials in an approved manner by
handwork, barring, picking, brooming, air jetting, or other effective means. Such
surfaces shall be properly moistened and sufficiently cleaned so that the Low
Permeability Zone will adhere firmly to the surfaces, but standing water shall be
removed from depressions prior to placement of Low Permeability Zone.
All open joints, cracks, and fissures in the formation surface shall be cleaned of
all loose soil material and loose formation material to a depth equal to at least
three times their width, or to a depth where the opening is 12.5 mm wide or less,
whichever depth is greater, but not to exceed 1.52m, and backfilled as directed
by the Engineer with either slush grout in accordance with Slush Grouting
Foundations, or dental concrete in accordance with Dental Concreting.
Where open joints, cracks, or fissures are too deep or extensive for effective
treatment with concrete mortar or dental concrete, as determined by the
Engineer, grout nipples shall be placed in the openings and the openings grouted
in accordance with applicable provisions of Dental Concreting. Depressions and
other irregularities in the formation surface where, as determined by the
Engineer, it is not practical to compact Low Permeability Zone materials with
tamping rollers or mechanical tampers, shall be backfilled with dental concrete as
directed and to the extent necessary to permit satisfactory placement and
compaction of Low Permeability Zone materials.
Formation overhangs and protrusions which will prohibit the specified placement
and compaction of Low Permeability Zone materials shall be removed as
provided in Foundation Excavation and Disposal. The formation surface
remaining after removal of overhangs and protrusions shall be cleaned, and all
loose and objectionable material removed prior to placement of the Low
Permeability Zone.
Where, as determined by the Engineer, it is not practical to excavate formation

overhangs and protrusions, dental concrete shall be used to fill the voids beneath
overhangs or to reslope protrusions to a slope not steeper than one horizontal to
two vertical. Dental concrete shall be in accordance with Dental Concreting.
Vertical formation surfaces shall be not more than 1m in height, and benches of
sufficient width shall be provided as necessary so that the average slope of any
formation surface is not steeper than one horizontal to two vertical. Resloping of
formation surfaces shall be accomplished by the method that results in the least
damage to the formation left in place.
105.1.3.2 Placing
The distribution and gradation of the Low Permeability Zone materials shall be
such that the Low Permeability Zone will be free from lenses, pockets, streaks,
voids, or layers of material differing substantially in texture, gradation, or water
content from surrounding material. The combined excavation, and placing
operations shall be such that the Low Permeability Zone materials, when placed
on the embankment, will be blended sufficiently in the opinion of the Engineer to
secure the highest practicable degree of uniformity and strength.
Placing of Low Permeability Zone materials includes dumping, spreading, and

mixing the Low Permeability Zone materials and any other operations on the
surface of the Low Permeability Zone portion of the embankment necessary to
blend Low Permeability Zone materials to form as homogeneous a layer as
practicable prior to compaction. Successive loads of material shall be dumped
and spread on the Low Permeability Zone so as to produce the best practicable
distribution of the material, subject to the approval of the Engineer and for this
purpose, the Engineer may designate the locations in the Low Permeability Zone
where the individual loads shall be deposited.
The Low Permeability Zone materials shall be dumped and spread in a direction
parallel to the centerline crest of the embankment. When windrows of material
are formed as a result of the dumping operations, such windrows shall be parallel
to the centerline crest of the embankment. The material placed in the Low
Permeability Zone shall be spread in level, continuous, horizontal layers such that
the layers shall not exceed 150 mm in thickness after being compacted, except
that the initial layer of Low Permeability Zone placed on formation surfaces shall
be dumped and spread in a continuous, horizontal layer.
If, in the opinion of the Engineer, the surface of the prepared foundation or the
surface of any previously compacted layer of Low Permeability Zone is too dry or
too smooth to bond properly with the layer of Low Permeability Zone material to
be placed thereon, it shall be moistened and disked or scarified in an approved
manner to a sufficient depth to provide a satisfactory bonding surface before the
Low Permeability Zone material is placed.
If, in the opinion of the Engineer, the surface of any previously compacted layer of
the Low Permeability Zone in place is too wet for proper compaction of the layer
of Low Permeability Zone material to be placed thereon, it shall be removed,
allowed to dry, or be worked with a disk to reduce the water content to the
required amount, and then it shall be recompacted before the next succeeding
layer of Low Permeability Zone material is placed.
Prior to placement of Low Permeability Zone on or against the surfaces of

previously placed and compacted portions of the dam embankment, all previously
placed and compacted materials which have become soft or loose due to
exposure to weather, which contain erosion channels or cracks, or which are
excessively dry, shall be reworked by removing and replacing, or by
recompacting as directed by the Engineer. The replaced materials shall be
compacted as required by these specifications for the type of material being
compacted. Damaged or loosened surfaces shall be recompacted as originally
specified for the material being recompacted. No separate payment will be made
for removing, replacing, and compacting; or for recompacting loosened material
in the previously completed portion of the dam embankment, and the costs
thereof shall be included in the applicable price bid in the schedule for the
previously completed portion of the dam embankment.
The Low Permeability Zone on each side of the spillway conduit and the outlet-
works conduit shall be kept at approximately the same elevation as the placing of
the selected fill progresses. The elevation of the upstream embankment at the
dam abutments shall be kept at approximately the same elevation as the layer of
random fill being placed, shall be compacted thoroughly, shall be reasonably true
to line and grade, and all projections of more than 150 mm outside of the
neatlines of the random fill shall be removed at the expense of and by the
Contractor before the overlying material is placed.
105.1.3.3 Water Content Control
As far as practicable, the material shall be brought to the proper water content for
compaction in the borrow pit or at the site of required excavation before
excavation, as provided in this section, and the Contractor shall make allowances
for water loss during excavation, transportation, and placing operations.
Supplementary water, if required, shall be added to the material by sprinkling on
the Low Permeability Zone, and each layer of Low Permeability Zone shall be
conditioned by disking or other approved methods so that the water is distributed
uniformly throughout the layer. The water contained in the Low Permeability Zone
material during compaction shall be distributed uniformly throughout the layer of
material being compacted.
105.1.3.4 Compaction
When each layer or a portion of a layer of Low Permeability Zone has been
blended, leveled, and conditioned to have the water contained therein distributed
uniformly throughout the layer, it shall be initially compacted using vibro
sheepsfoot roller where it can virtually “run”, then further compacted by passing
the drum of a tamping roller, except that the initial layer of Low Permeability Zone
placed on formation surfaces shall be spread to an uncompacted thickness as
specified by the Engineer, and compacted by passing the drum of a tamping
roller. On rough or irregular formation surfaces or formation surfaces which could
be damaged by tamping rollers, the initial layer of Low Permeability Zone shall be
compacted to a thickness by passes of a rubber- tired roller.
When compacted, the dry density of the Low Permeability Zone shall be uniform
throughout the depth of the layer. Passes of the tamping roller or rubber-tired
roller shall be carried out so that the compactive effort is uniformly distributed in a
systematic manner over the entire layer.
Where steep abutments, construction activities, or other factors make it

impractical or inefficient to complete the required number of drum passes while
maintaining the same direction of roller travel, additional passes as needed to
bring the final drum passes shall be performed by routing the tamping rollers
parallel to the obstructions as approved by the Engineer. Portions of the Low
Permeability Zone which are not accessible to tamping rollers shall be specially
compacted with power tampers or other approved methods, and payment made
in accordance with the provisions of this section.
If the compacted Low Permeability Zone material has a water content greater
than allowed by Method of Construction, Low Permeability Zone, Water Content,
the Low Permeability Zone material shall be worked with a disk or other suitable
equipment to reduce the water content to the amount specified, shall be allowed
to dry until such time as its water content is within the limits specified in Method of
Construction, Low Permeability Zone, Water Content, or the material shall be
removed from the embankment.
If the compacted Low Permeability Zone material has a water content less than
allowed by Water Content section, water shall be added to the Low Permeability
Zone, and the Low Permeability Zone shall be worked with a disk or other
suitable equipment to distribute the water uniformly throughout the uncompacted
layer. Compacted earth material which has a water content or dry density which
does not meet the limits specified by the Engineer shall be reworked and rerolled,
as directed by the Engineer, to obtain the water content and dry density to 95% of
the maximum dry density determined per ASTM D1557/ASHTO T180.
105.1.3.5 Field Density Tests
105.1.3.5.1 Scope
The Engineer shall during progress of the Work, make density tests of compacted
material in accordance with AASHTO T 191, T 205, or other approved field
density tests, including the use of properly calibrated nuclear testing devices. A
correction for coarse particles may be made in accordance with AASHTO T 224.
If, by such tests, the Engineer determines that the specified density and moisture
conditions have not been attained, the Contractor shall perform additional work
as may be necessary to attain the specified conditions.
At least one group of three in-situ density tests shall be carded out for each 500
m of each layer of compacted fill.
105.1.4 Measurement and Payment
Measurement, for payment, of Low Permeability Zone will be made of the

material in place about the structure to the prescribed lines, grades, and
dimensions. Payment for Low Permeability Zone will be made at the unit price per
cubic meter bid therefore in the schedule, which unit price shall include the cost
of all work connected therewith.

1.5.1 Low Permeability Zone Cubic Meter
105.2 LOW TO MEDIUM PERMEABILITY FILL
105.2.1 Scope
The Low to Medium Permability Fill shall be constructed in accordance with this
section.
105.2.2 Materials
The Low to Medium Permeability Fill portion of the dam shall consist of original
random fill materials as defined/utilized in starter dam, available from identified
borrow pits in borrow areas, from excavations required for the dam and
appurtenant works and available materials found within the reservoir. The
materials selected for the Low to Medium Permeability Fill shall have at least 15%
by volume of the material passing a United States Standard No. 200 sieve and
shall not be bigger than 75mm.
105.2.3.1 Preparation of Foundation
Refer to Method of Construction of Dam Embankment – Low Permeability Zone
105.2.3.2 Placing
105.2.3.3 Compaction
105.2.3.4 Field Density Tests
Measurement, for payment, of Low to Medium Permeability Fill in dam

embankment will be made of all Low to Medium Permeability Fill compacted in
place. Payment for Low to Medium Permeability Fill will be made at the unit
price(s) per cubic meter bid therefore in the schedule, which price shall include all
costs of work required under this section.

Low to Medium
1.5.2 Cubic Meter
Permeability Fill
105.3 FINE FILTER
105.3.1 Scope
Fine filters shall be constructed as shown in the drawings.
105.3.2 Materials
All materials for the fine filters shall consist of unweathered sand obtained from
river bed deposits or from designated quarries. It shall be furnished by the
contractor. Processed sand will be taken from the stretch of Masara River at
Barangay Palibasan, about 15 km from the Dam Site. Grading of the material
shall be such as to prevent migration of the materials from the Low Permeability
Zone and foundation. Hardness and soundness shall conform to the
requirements specified for Concrete.
Preliminary grading of the fine filter based on initial tests results from the
identified potential materials sources are as follow,
Seive Size % Passing
1 inch 95-100
½ inch 74-90
No.4 42-63
No.8 22-44
No.16 5- 21
No.30 0-10
The final grading requirements for the fine filter shall be based on results of
gradation tests on the actual materials used for the Low Permeability Zone or as
directed by the Engineer.
Trenches for the fine filters shall be excavated to lines, shapes, and dimensions
shown on the drawings. Over excavation in a manner to disturb the compacted
foundations will not be permitted, and any material outside of the required lines
which is disturbed shall be removed, and shall be replaced at the expense of the
contractor in the manner described in Foundation Excavation and Disposal. The
sand shall be tamped into place in such a manner that mixing of fine with coarse
materials in the filter or with foundation or backfill materials will not occur. The
graded fine filters shall be placed and tamped to the dimensions shown.
Payment for fine filters will be made at the unit price per cubic meter in the
schedule, which price shall include the cost of furnishing, delivery, handling,
placing, and compacting the graded sand including guide forms that may be
needed in placing the mortar covering.
1.5.3 Fine Filter Cubic Meter
105.4 COARSE FILTER
105.4.1 Scope
Coarse filters shall be constructed as shown in the drawings.
105.4.2 Materials
All materials for the Coarse Filters shall consist of unweathered gravel obtained
from river bed deposits or from designated quarries. It shall be furnished by the
contractor. Coarse materials will be taken from the stretch of the Masarra River
at Barangay Palibasan, about 15 km from the Dam Site. The grading of the
coarse filter shall be suitable to prevent migration of the fine filter. Materials shall
be clean, and with gradation complying with specifications or as directed by the
Engineer.
Based on the initial grading of the fine filter, initial grading for the coarse filter is
as follow,
Seive Size % Passing
4 inches 80-100
2 inches 64-80
1 inch 50-67
½ inch 36-55
No.4 0-35
The final grading of the coarse filter shall be determined based on the final
grading of the fine filter or as directed by the Engineer.
Trenches for the filters shall be excavated to lines, shapes, and dimensions
shown on the drawings. Over excavation in a manner to disturb the compacted
foundations will not be permitted, and any material outside of the required lines
which is disturbed shall be removed, and shall be replaced at the expense of the
contractor in the manner described in Foundation Excavation and Disposal. The
Coarse material shall be placed and tamped into place in such a manner that
mixing of Coarse material with fine material in the filter or with foundation or
backfill materials will not occur.
Payment for Coarse materials for filters will be made at the unit price per cubic
meter in the bid schedule, which price shall include the cost of furnishing,
delivery, handling, placing, and compacting the graded coarse materials including
guide forms that may be needed.
1.5.4 Coarse Filter Cubic Meter
105.5 HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE LINER
105.5.1 Scope
This item cover the supply, delivery and installation and testing of 2 mm THK
Textured High Density Polyethylene Liner (HDPE).
The work includes furnishing all equipment and materials, providing all labor,
supervision, administration and management and supplying all
construction/installation equipment, materials and services necessary to perform
the work as detailed in this Specification.
105.5.2 Applicable Publications
105.5.2.1 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
 D 638 Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics

 D 1004 Test Method for Initial Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Sheeting
 D 1204 Test Method for Linear Dimensional Changes of Nonrigid
Thermoplastic Sheeting or Film at Elevated Temperature
 D 1238 Standard Test Method for Flow Rates of Thermoplastics by Extrusion
Plastometer
 D 1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-Gradient
Technique
 D 1603 Test Method for Carbon Black in Olefin Plastics
105.5.3 Definitions
105.5.3.1 Lot
A quantity of resin (usually the capacity of one rail car) used in the manufacture of
polyethylene geomembrane rolls. The finished roll will be identified by a roll
number traceable to the resin lot used.
105.5.3.2 Construction Quality Assurance Engineer
Party that is responsible for observing and documenting activities related to

quality assurance during the lining system construction.
105.5.3.3 Engineer
A staff duly designated representative of the Engineer.
105.5.3.4 Geomembrane Manufacturer
The party responsible for manufacturing the HDPE geomembrane rolls.
105.5.3.5 Installer
The party responsible for field handling, transporting, storing, deploying, seaming,
seam testing.
105.5.3.6 Panel
The unit area of geomembrane that will be seamed in the field. A panel is
identified as a roll or portion of a roll that is larger than 10 square meters.
105.5.3.7 Sub-grade Surface
The soil layer surface, which immediately underlies the geosynthetic materials.
105.5.4 Submittals Post-Award
a. Furnish the following product data, in writing, to the Engineer prior to

installation of the geomembrane material.
b. Certification that geomembrane manufacturer is listed by NSF International.
c. Resin Data shall include the following.
 Certification stating that the resin meets the specification requirements (Part
2 Products).
 Certification stating all resin is from the same Manufacturer.
 Copy of Quality Assurance/Quality Control certificates issued by
Geomembrane Manufacturer and resin supplier shall be submitted.
d. Geomembrane Roll
 Geomembrane shall be free of pinholes. Each roll of HDPE liner shall be

100% electrically spark tested for pinhole detection during the manufacturing
process. Manufacturer to certify conformance.
 Certification stating that the resin meets the specification requirements (Part
2 Products).
 Statement certifying no reclaimed polymer is added to resin (product run may
be recycled).
 Each roll of HDPE geomembrane liner shall be assigned a unique roll
numbers.
 Each numbered roll shall be tested by the manufacturer and an individual
Quality Assurance Certificate shall be issued for each numbered roll.
 Copy of quality assurance certificates for such numbered roll issued by
Geomembrane Manufacturer shall be furnished.
e. Extrudate resins and/or rod shall be certified that all extrudate is from one
Manufacturer, is the same resin type, and was obtained from the same resin
supplier as the resin used to manufacture the geomembrane rolls.
f. Furnish the following information to the Engineer prior to installation.
 Installation layout drawings – Submit drawings showing proposed panel

layout including field seams and details. These drawings shall be approved
prior to installing the geomembrane. This approval will be for concept only
and actual panel placement will be determined by site conditions.
 Installer’s detailed geosynthetic Field Installation Quality Assurance Plan.
 Submittals on a daily basis during installation.
 Sub-grade Acceptance Forms.
 All QC Documentation and Field Testing Results (Destructive & Non-

Destructive Test Results).
g. Submit the following to the Engineer upon completion of installation
 Certificate stating the geomembrane has been installed in accordance

with the Contract Documents.
 Material and installation warranties.
 As-built drawings showing actual Geomembrane panel placement and

seams including typical anchor trench.
105.5.5 Material Labeling, Delivery, Storage and Handling
105.5.5.1 Labeling
Each roll of geomembrane delivered to the site shall be labeled by the

manufacturer. The label shall clearly state the manufacturer’s name, product
identification, thickness, length, width and roll number. The label shall be found
on either of the end caps, an inside edge of the core, and outside the core.
105.5.5.2 Delivery
The rolls of liner shall be packaged and shipped by appropriate means to prevent
damage to the material and to facilitate off-loading.
105.5.5.3 Storage
The on-site storage location for geomembrane material should be level, smooth,
elevated and dry (not wooden pallets). The storage place should be protected
from theft and vandalism, and should be adjacent to the area to be lined. The
Contractor shall provide a suitable storage site which will protect the
geomembrane from punctures, abrasions, excessive moisture and dirt.
105.5.5.4 Handling
The materials are to be handled so as to prevent damage. Instruction for moving

geomembrane rolls shall be provided by the Manufacturer upon request.
105.5.5.5 Warranty
a. The material shall be warranted, on a pro-rata basis against manufacturer’s

defects for a period of 5 years from the date of geomembrane installation.
b. The installation shall be warranted against defects in workmanship for a period

of 1 year from the date of geomembrane completion.
105.5.5.6 Sheet Liner
The lining shall be 2.0 mm thick, textured, containing no additives fillers or
extenders. Carbon black 2.5% + 0.50% shall be added to the resin for ultraviolet
resistance. The lining system shall be manufactured, furnished and installed by a
single contractor. Except where shown on the Plans, individual sections of the
liner shall not be less than 7.0 m wide and shall be of such dimensions and shape
as will result in the minimum of site seam weld length. Physical properties of the
HDPE liner sheet are described in the succeeding table:
PROPERTY TEST METHOD UNIT MINIMUM NOMINAL

VALUE VALUE
Thickness ASTM D 5199 mm. 0.90 / 1.35 2.0
Density ASTM D 1505 g/cc 0.94 / 0.94
Tensile Properties Either ASTM D 6693
Direction
Yield Strength TYPE IV, 2 ipm N/mm 15 / 23
width
Break Strength N/mm 28 / 43
width
Yield Elongation G.L. 1.3 in. (33 mm.) % 13 / 13
Break Elongation G.L. 2.0 in. (51 mm.) % 700 / 700
Tear Resistance ASTM D 1004 N 125 / 187
Puncture Resistance ASTM D 4833 N 352 / 530
Carbon Black Content (range) ASTM D 1603 % 2.0 / 2.0
Notch Constant Tensile Load ASTM 5397 Hr. 400 / 400
Width m. 7.00 / 7.00
Roll Length (approximate) m. 210 / 140
Melt Index ASTM D 1238 (cond. E) g/10 <=1.0/<=1.0
min.
Oxidative Induction Time ASTM D 3895 Min. >100 / >100
40’ Container, roll Roll 16 / 16
2 2
Roll Area, m m 1,470 / 980
105.5.5.7 Earthwork
105.5.5.7.1 Surface Preparations
The Contractor shall be responsible for sub-grade preparations according to

project specifications.
a. The surface to be lined must be free of irregularities, protrusions, vegetation,

excessive water, loose soil or abrupt changes in grade.
b. The supporting surface must not contain stones or other matter such
composition, shape or size which maybe damaging to the membrane.
c. The surface should be free from excessively soft areas.
d. Compaction should be at least 90 proctor density.
105.5.5.7.2 Anchor Trench
The anchor trenches shall be constructed by the Contractor (unless otherwise

specified in the contract) to the lines, widths and depths as per manufacturer’s
specifications. This should be implemented prior to the geomembrane
deployment.
Backfilling of the anchor trench shall be the responsibility of the Contractor in
accordance to specifications. Backfilling should be done when the geosynthetic
material is at its most contracted state to avoid potential bridging problems. Care
must be taken to avoid damage to the material during backfilling.
105.5.5.7.3 Equipment
a. Welding equipment and accessories shall meet the following requirements.
1. Gauges showing temperatures in apparatus (extrusion welding wedge (wedge

welding) shall be present.
2. An adequate number of welding apparatus shall be available to avoid delaying

work.
3. Power source capable of providing constant voltage under combined line load
shall be used.
105.5.5.7.4 Deployment
1. Assign each panel a simple and logical identifying code. The coding system
shall be subject to approval and shall be determined at the job site.
2. Visually inspect the geomembrane during deployment for imperfections and

mark faulty or suspect areas.
3. Deployment of the geomembrane panels shall conform to the following

requirements.
4. Unroll geomembrane panels using methods that will not damage

geomembrane and will protect underlying surface from damage (i.e. spreader
bar).
5. Place ballast (commonly sandbags) on geomembrane which will not damage

geomembrane to prevent wind uplift.
6. Personnel walking on geomembrane shall not engage in activities or wear

shoes that could damage the geomembrane. Smoking will not be permitted on
the geomembrane.
7. Do not allow heavy vehicular traffic directly on geomembrane. Rubber-tired

ATV’s and trucks are acceptable if wheel contact is less that 6 psi.
8. Protect geomembrane in areas of heavy traffic by placing protective cover over

the geomembrane.
9. Sufficient material (slack) shall be provided to allow for geomembrane

expansion and contraction.
105.5.5.7.5 Field Seaming
a. Seams shall meet the following requirements.
1. To the maximum extent possible, orient seams parallel to line of slope, i.e.
down and not across slope.
2. Minimize number of field seams in corners, odd-shaped geometric locations

and outside corners.
3. Slope seams (panels) shall extend a minimum of five-feet beyond the grade
break into the flat area.
4. Use a sequential seam numbering system compatible with panel numbering

system that is agreeable to the Engineer and Installer.
5. Prior to production seaming, trial seams (welds) shall be made and accepted
using project specified criteria.
b. During Welding Operations
1. Provide at least one Master Welder who shall provide direct supervision over
other welders if necessary.
2. Prior to welding of the seams, all areas which are to become seam interfaces
shall be cleared of dust and dirt. The slick surfaces of the HDPE sheet which
are to become seam interfaces shall be roughened with a grinder.
3. Any required repair of small holes in the liner surface shall be made with the
extrusion hand welder.
c. Fusion Wedge Welding
Fusion wedge welding is the primary method for joining two adjacent, overlapped
geomembranes (100 – 150 mm overlap). The wedge welder creates a fusion
weld by heating the facing overlapped surfaces and then pressing them together
while in a molten state. The result is a permanent bond. The wedge welding
method is fast and consistent. In addition, wedge welders produce a double-track
weld. Between these two weld tracks is an air channel which is used to non-
destructively air pressure test the integrity of the seam.
d. Extrusion Welding
Extrusion welding is necessary for non-linear seams, roll ends, pipe penetrations,
patches or anywhere that it is impractical to use a wedge welder. At the sheet
overlap, the extrusion welder integrates molten polyethylene onto the prepared
geomembrane seam to create a permanent weld. The result is a continuous
connection of the adjacent panels through the seam. The extruded welding
material is manufactured from the same resin as the geomembrane itself and
therefore exhibits the same chemical resistance and physical properties.
105.5.5.7.6 Non-Destructive Weld Testing
Non-destructive air pressure testing is used for wedge weld seams, and vacuum
box testing for extrusion weld seams. In addition, destructive testing is used for all
seams at specified seam length intervals.
Air pressure testing allows non-destructive test welded seams up to 150 meters
long quickly and with confidence. Where air pressure testing is not applicable,
technicians use a vacuum chamber box to test the seam.
105.5.5.7.7 Destructive Weld Testing
Destructive seam testing to be performed at selected locations involves cutting

out a section of the seam. Test strips are cut from the section and tested on site a
field tensiometer should be used to test the seam sections for peel and shear.
Sample may also be sent for shear and peel testing according to ASTM D 4437.
Shear testing applies a tensile stress from the edge of one sheet, through the
weld to the edge of the adjoining sheet. During the peel test, the overlapping
portions of the sheet are pulled in opposite directions to observe weld separation
behavior.
105.5.5.7.8 Reporting System
Various aspects of the liner system installation should be recorded and approved.
Attachments are standard Field Installation forms:
a. Sub-grade Surface Acceptance
b. Daily Progress Report
c. Test Reports
d. Certificate of Acceptance
Payment for geomembrane installation will be as per contract unit price per
square meter for the agreed actual area of liner installed, including weld seam,
overlaps, anchor trenching, etc. plus mobilization of the installation team and
equipment to site. Prices shall include full compensation for furnishing all labor,
material, tools, equipment, and incidentals. Prices also include doing all the work
involved in performing geomembrane installation completely as shown on the
drawing as specified herein.
The quantity shall be paid for the contract unit price per square meter of HDPE
liner installed which price and payment shall be full compensation for furnishing,
placing, installing the liner, and for all labor, equipment, tools and incidentals
necessary to complete the Item.

High Density Polyethylene
1.5.5 Square Meter
Liner
105.6 DIVERSION AND CARE OF WATER DURING CONSTRUCTION AND
DEWATERING FOUNDATION
105.6.1 General
The Contractor shall be fully responsible for the successful diversion and care of
the river and dewatering of all excavations, foundations and elsewhere as
required to undertake construction works in the dry.
The Contractor shall construct and maintain all necessary cofferdams, channels,
flumes, drains and sumps and/or temporary diversion and protective works during
construction operations. The Contractor shall furnish, install, maintain and
operate all necessary pumping and other equipment for the diversion and care of
river and removal of water from excavations, foundations and the various parts of
the works as require for construction. After having served their purpose, all
cofferdams or other protective works, unless otherwise directed by the Engineer,
shall be removed or leveled to give a slightly appearance and so as not to
interfere in any way with the operation of the Project.
If materials removed from “structure excavation” are used by the contractor for
the construction of cofferdams and other temporary protective works and are
washed out and carried away by floods, or rendered unsuitable for “structure
backfill” by virtue of such use by the Contractor, these materials shall be replaced
by the Contractor at his own expense.
Diversion and Care of Water
The contractor shall submit to the Engineer for approval any amendment to his
proposed schemes for handling water during construction within 30 calendar days
after the date of receipt of the Notice to Proceed.
The arrangement of the cofferdams and the materials used for their construction,
the height of these structures, and the decision for scheduling diversion and care
of water shall be the responsibility of the Contractor, However, the location of the
cofferdams, the materials used in these structures and the procedure of placing
and compacting the fill materials shall subject to the approval of the Engineer. If
steel sheet piles are necessary in the construction of the cofferdams, same shall
be furnished and installed or driven by the Contractor and all the expenses
incurred thereof shall be considered included in the fixed lump sum price or lump
sum bid price whichever is stated in the Bill of Quantities for the Diversion and
Care of River during construction and unwatering foundation.
The Contractor’s method of dewatering excavations and foundations shall be

subject to the approval of the Engineer. Where foundation excavation extend
below the water table in common materials, the portion below the water table be
dewatered in advance of excavation. The dewatering shall be accomplished in a
manner that will maintain stability of excavated slopes and bottom of the
excavation and will result in all construction operations being performed in and
dry. The contractor will also be required to control seepage along the bottom of
the excavation.
105.6.3 Basis of Payment
The cost of furnishing all labor, equipment and materials for construction of
cofferdams other diversion and protective works, where required; maintaining the
work free from water required or removal of water excavations and foundations;
disposing of materials in cofferdams; and all other works required by this Section
shall be included in the fixed lump sum price or lump sum bid price whichever is
stated in the Bill of Quantities and Unwatering Foundation. These items of work
are not to price adjustment due to variation in quantities.
In order to have a working basis for making progress payments, the Contractor
shall submit detailed drawings of their proposed cofferdams covering several
stages corresponding to the number of dry season period to enable computation
of cofferdam fill volume. Payment for the construction of cofferdams for a certain
stage can be made to the Contractor on a pro-rata basis using the cofferdam fill
volume for that particular stage as proportioned against the total cofferdam fill
volume for all stages and shall be made on the following basis:
1. Fifty percent [50%] of the corresponding lump sum price will be paid after
completion of the cofferdam work.
2. Thirty percent [30%] of the corresponding lump sum price will be paid for
maintenance after all works within the said enclosing cofferdam have been
satisfactorily completed.
The remaining twenty percent [20%] of the corresponding lump sum price will be
paid after the removal of all cofferdams and/or temporary diversion and protection
works and corresponding clean-up operations shall have been satisfactorily
undertaken by the Contractor.
All dewatering in excavations and foundations for structures along canals other
than bridges and siphons, which may pass across rivers, are considered
subsidiary works for the construction of said canal structures and will not be
included for payment under this Section.

Diversion and Care of
Water During
1.5.6 Lump Sum
Construction and
Dewatering Foundation
106 SLUSH GROUTING
106.1 SCOPE
The contractor shall supplement foundation pressure grouting by applying slush

grouting to cracks, crevices, or broken or fractured portions of the foundation
surface under the dam embankment and other areas as directed, including such
portions of the foundation surface beneath the concrete grout cap or pad. Use of
slush grouting shall be only at the direction of the Engineer.
106.2 MATERIALS
The slush grout shall be composed of neat cement grout or cement, sand, and
water. The ratios of the materials may vary as directed by the Engineer, but the
ratio of sand to cement will not exceed 2 parts sand to 1 part cement. Adequate
water shall be mixed thoroughly into the cement or cement and sand mixes to
produce a workable mixture for proper placement as approved by the Engineer.
The grout mixture shall be prepared by mechanical mixer and shall be used
within 30 minutes after mixing. Cement, water, and sand shall be as Concrete.
Slush grout shall be used to fill foundation surface cracks, crevices, and fractures
at locations as directed by the Engineer. Slush grout shall not be used to cover
exposed areas of the formation. All joints, cracks, crevices, and fractures to be
treated shall be thoroughly cleaned of all loose materials as provided in
Foundation Excavation and Disposal and shall be wetted immediately prior to
placement of the slush grout material. Placement of slush grouting shall be by
brooming into all cracks, crevices, and fractures with a stiff-bristled broom or
other approved method, but grout layers shall not be left on the foundation
beyond the edge of the crack, crevice, or fracture. Finished surfaces of slush
grouting shall be left in a roughened, broomed finish to provide a satisfactory
bonding surface to the embankment materials. Finished surfaces shall be cured
in accordance with Concrete, Method of Construction, Curing.
Payment for furnishing and placing slush grouting will be made at the unit price
per cubic meter bid in the schedule, which price shall include all costs of
materials, except cement, and the equipment and labor for cleaning, wetting,
mixing, placing, and all other work required to perform the slush grouting work as
specified.

1.6 Slush Grouting Cubic Meter
107 DENTAL CONCRETING
107.1 SCOPE
The contractor shall place dental concrete in exposed areas of broken, fractured,
or sheared portions of the dam foundation surface under the dam embankment;
the spillway structures; and at other locations as directed by the Engineer. Dental
concrete shall be used in areas too large to be satisfactorily treated by slush
grouting and volumes too small to be satisfactorily filled with contiguous
compacted embankment as determined by the Engineer.
107.2 MATERIALS
Dental concrete shall be lean concrete with minimum strength of 70 kg. sq cm.
Where, as determined by the Engineer, it is not practicable to excavate local

overhanging rock faces or rock faces steeper than 0.5 horizontal to 1 vertical
without detrimental blasting or excessive material excavation, the rock faces shall
be solidly faced with dental concrete to provide abutment contact slopes not
steeper than 0.5 horizontal to 1 vertical. All dental concrete shall be placed
following the completion of curtain grouting, unless specifically approved by the
Engineer. Where soft zones or areas exist in the surface of formations, they shall
be excavated to the extent directed and backfilled with dental concrete. Soft
zones are defined as those zones in the formation which can be hand-excavated
with a shovel. Placement of the dental concrete may require the use of form work.
Form work shall be used at locations specified by the Engineer. Dental concrete
shall also be used to fill buried river channels and potholes found upon
excavation of the dam embankment foundation and cofferdam trench to the
extent directed by the Engineer. Designated voids shall be properly excavated
and cleaned of all loose materials as approved by the Engineer. Open joints,
shear zones, and fractured areas shall be cleaned as provided in section
Foundation Excavation and Disposal. Dental concrete shall be placed as required
to form a tight, unfractured foundation surface against which the dam
embankment or concrete structure may be placed. Finished surfaces of dental
concrete shall be left in a roughened, broomed finish to provide a satisfactory
bonding surface for the embankment materials.
Measurement, for payment, of dental concrete will be made of the actual volume
of concrete (cubic meter) placed as determined by batch count.
Payment for dental concrete will be made at the unit price per cubic meter bid
therefore in the schedule, which unit price shall include the cost of form work, if
required, and the cost of all labor and materials required in the concrete
construction.

1.7 Dental Concreting Cubic Meter
108 GROUT CURTAIN
108.1 SCOPE
Curtain grouting is the construction of a curtain or barrier of grout by drilling and

grouting a linear sequence of holes. Its purpose is to reduce permeability up to
foundation at least 5 lugeons unit The curtain shall have a circular shape. The
grout curtain shall be drilled and grouted from a single row of holes following the
alignment of the Cut Off Trench, 50mm in diameter, with center-to-center
distance of 3 meters and a minimum depth of 20 meters
108.2 MATERIALS
The publications listed below form a part of this specification to the extent
referenced. The publications are referred to within the text by the basic
designation only.
ASME INTERNATIONAL (ASME)

ASME B16.3 (1998) Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings, Classes 150 and 300
ASTM INTERNATIONAL (ASTM)
ASTM A 53/A 53M (2006a) Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated,
Welded and Seamless
ASTM C 136 (2006) Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
ASTM C 150 (2005) Portland Cement
ASTM C 618 (2005) Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use
as a Mineral Admixture in Concrete
ASTM C 70 (2006) Surface Moisture in Fine Aggregate
ASTM C 91 (2005) Masonry Cement
ASTM C 937 (2002) Grout Fluidifier for Preplaced-Aggregate Concrete U.S.
ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS (USACE)
COE CRD-C 100 (1975) Method of Sampling Concrete Aggregate and Aggregate
Sources, and Selection of Material for Testing
108.2.1 Grouting Material
Grout shall be composed of water and cement, pozzolans, admixtures, and fillers.
Design of grout mixes will be submitted by the Contractor to be approved by the
Engineer and will be varied to meet the characteristics of each hole as
determined by conditions encountered. The various materials to be furnished by
the Contractor shall conform to the specifications listed in paragraphs below.
108.2.1.1 Water
Refer to Concrete
108.2.1.2 Cement
Refer to Concrete
108.2.1.3 Pozzolans
Pozzolans shall be fly ash or other raw or calcined natural pozzolans conforming
to ASTM C 618. Sampling will be done by the Engineer. All tests will be made by
and at the expense of the Engineer. Pozzolans may be furnished in paper sacks
or in bulk, It shall be transported, handled, and stored so as to avoid damage,
waste, or absorption of moisture.
108.2.1.4 Admixtures
Admixtures shall be added to the grout immediately before or during its mixing
and will consist of accelerators, retarders, water reducers, aluminum powder, and
fluidifiers.
108.2.1.4.1 Fluidifier
Fluidifier shall be a compound possessing characteristics which will increase the

flowability of the mixture, assist in dispersal of the cement grains, and neutralize
the setting shrinkage of the grout. The quality of the material shall meet the
requirements specified in ASTM C 937. Sampling of fluidifier shall be done by the
Engineer. Trial mixtures should be tested prior to using the materials in field work.
All tests will be made by and at the expense of the Contractor. Fluidifier shall be
furnished in moisture-resistant paper sacks shipped in sealed containers and
shall be handled and stored so as to avoid absorption of moisture, damage or
waste. Material which has become caked due to moisture absorption will be
rejected.
108.2.1.4.2 Bentonite
Bentonite shall be sodium (Na) cation, powdered montmorillonite. It shall be

added to the cement grout 2 percent to 5 percent by weight of cement. The
percentage shall be adjusted as directed by the Engineer. A separate colloidal
bentonite mixer is required to mix the bentonite and water to ensure fully
dispensing and hydrating the bentonite before adding to the grout mixer. The
bentonite shall be handled and stored so as to avoid absorption of moisture,
damage, or waste. Bentonite which has become caked due to moisture
absorption will be rejected. A sufficient quantity of bentonite shall be stored at or
near the site of the work to insure that grouting operations will not be delayed by
shortage of bentonite.
108.2.1.4.3 Sand
Refer to Concrete
108.2.1.5 Metal Pipes and Fittings
Metal pipe and fittings required for constructing grout, drainage and exploratory
holes shall be furnished, cut, threaded, and fabricated by the Contractor.
108.2.1.6 Pipe
Pipe will be black steel of the diameter and in the location indicated. The pipe
shall conform to ASTM A 53/A 53M.
108.2.1.7 Fittings
The fittings shall be black, malleable iron in accordance with ASME B16.3.
108.2.2.1 Grouting Equipment
The grout plant shall be capable of supplying, mixing, stirring and pumping the
grout and additives at such pressure not greater than 360 KPa at accurately
controlled pressures. It shall be maintained at all times and any grout hole that is
lost or damaged due to mechanical failure of equipment or inadequacy of grout
supply shall be replaced by another hole, drilled by the Contractor at his expense.
The equipment shall consist of such valves, packers, pressure gages, pressure
hose, supply lines, and small tools as may be necessary to provide a continuous
supply of grout.
a. A progressive cavity pump capable of passing particles up to a top size of the

approved grouting mix, generating pressures up to 360 KPa and pumping a
maximum volume of 7 m3 / hr. In no case will the pump be separated by more
than 15 meters of grout line from the header of a hole being grouted. Where
grout lines are more than what is specified by the Engineer, an additional
pump shall be placed in the line of the header.
b. A paddle type grout mixer having a maximum output of 5 m3 / hr.
c. A separate colloidal mixer for mixing and hydrating bentonite.
d. A mechanically agitated sump having a minimum output of 3 m3 / hr.
e. A circulating grout header with control valves and a pressure gage with
protector as shown on the plans. Control valves shall be connected to the
return line and header. The header shall be joined directly to the riser pipe at
the hole by means of a quick connector union.
f. Such valves, packers, pressure gages, pressure hose, supply lines, and small
tools as may be necessary to provide a continuous supply of grout at
accurately controlled pressures as specified.
The inside diameter of the pressure hose and grout supply line shall be not less
than 25 mm inches. An accurately calibrated, high precision pressure gage shall
be used to check the accuracy of all gages used in the grouting. Gages shall be
checked at least every 24 hours, or more frequently if the Engineer so
determines. When defects are found, grouting operations will be stopped until
calibration of gages has been obtained.
108.2.2.2 Grout, Drainage and Exploratory Holes
All holes for grouting, drainage or exploration shall be drilled at the locations, in
the direction, angle, and to the depths indicated or as directed by the Engineer.
The first series of holes to be drilled and grouted shall be at 3 meter intervals and
hereinafter are referred to as primary holes. The location of secondary and
succeeding series (intermediate) holes shall be determined by the split spacing
method as defined in Split Spacing. The number of grout holes shall be
increased, progressively, by the split spacing method as defined in Split Spacing.
The number of grout holes shall be increased, progressively, by the split spacing
method as deemed necessary by the Engineer until the amount of grout used
indicates that the foundation is tight. Each hole drilled shall be protected from
becoming clogged or obstructed by means of a cap or other suitable device on
the collar and any hole that becomes clogged or obstructed due to fault of the
Contractor before completion of operations shall be cleaned out in a manner
satisfactory to the Engineer or another hole provided by and at the expense of the
Contractor. That portion of holes which penetrates concrete of the dam shall be
drilled.
108.2.2.3 Pipe for Foundation Grouting and Drainage
All metal pipe and fittings required for constructing grout, drainage and
exploratory holes shall be embedded. The pipe and fittings shall be cleaned
thoroughly of all dirt, grease, oil, grout and mortar immediately before
embedment. All joints shall be made up snug and the assembly held firmly in
position and protected from damage or displacement while the concrete is being
placed. The Contractor shall take all necessary precautions to prevent any pipe
from becoming clogged or obstructed from any cause and any pipe which
becomes clogged shall be cleaned out in a manner satisfactory to the Engineer at
the Contractor's expense. The presence of tramp metal such as nails, wire, bolts,
nuts and other foreign material in the pipes through which diamond drilled holes
are to be drilled shall be considered as obstructions. The Contractor may, if he so
elects, substitute percussion or diamond drilled holes through the concrete in lieu
of pipe, provided that the method proposed meets with the approval of the
Engineer and provided further that such substitution does not result in any
increased cost to the Engineer
108.2.2.4 Grout Hole Drilling
Grout holes shall be drilled with standard rotary or percussion drilling equipment.
No core recovery will be required and the type bit used shall be optional with the
Contractor. The hole shall be of sufficient diameter to allow use of an expansion
plug or packer with an effective inside diameter of not less than 13 mm. The
minimum diameter of hole shall be 35 mm at the point of maximum penetration.
No grout hole will be drilled at an angle greater than what is specified by the
Engineer measured from the vertical nor to a depth greater than 20 meters
measured from the collar of the hole. If, as the work progresses, it is determined
that holes to depths greater than indicated are necessary, drilling to such greater
depth will be ordered in writing, and the drilling to depths in excess of 20 meters
will be paid for at a negotiated unit price.
Drilling will be done in accordance with the applicable grouting method

hereinafter described. Whenever as much as the drill water is lost or the
cumulative total of successive water is too much, as decided by the Engineer, or
artesian flow is encountered, the drilling operations shall be stopped, the hole
washed, pressure tested and grouted before drilling operations are resumed in
such hole. The grout so injected remaining in a partially completed hole shall be
removed there from by washing or other methods before it has set sufficiently to
require redrilling. Redrilling required because of the Contractor's failure to clean
out a hole before the grout has set shall be performed at the Contractor's
expense except that where the grout has been allowed to set by direction of the
Engineer, the redrilling will be paid for at the contract price for drilling the grout
hole. Upon completion of drilling of any hole and prior to pressure testing, all drill
cuttings and slurry shall be removed by applying water to the bottom of the hole
[through open end rods] and returning the wash water through the hole to the
surfaces until the return water is clear. No separate payment will be made for this
washing.
108.2.2.5 Drain Hole Drilling
Drain holes shall be drilled with standard diamond drilling equipment, but no core
recovery will be required and the Contractor may use coring or non coring bits as
he may elect. The minimum diameter of hole shall be 72 mm 2 7/8 inches,
measured at the point of maximum penetration. No drain hole will be drilled at an
angle greater than what is specified by the Engineer from the vertical nor to a
depth greater than what is specified by the Engineer, measured from the collar of
the hole. Drainage holes shall not be drilled in any location until all adjacent grout
holes within a minimum distance of 50 meters 150 feet have been drilled and
grouted to full depth.
108.2.2.6 Completion of Grouting and Drain Hole Drilling
All grouting operations and all drain hole drilling shall be completed and in proper
working condition prior to the time of impounding water. At that time all work in
the grouting and drainage galleries shall be completed, all drain holes shall be
uncovered and unobstructed, and the galleries and their gutters shall be free of
all construction debris. Nipples for grout hole drilling will be removed from the
gallery and disposed of and the finished grout holes will be patched.
108.2.2.7 Exploratory Hole Drilling
The Contractor shall perform such exploratory drilling as may be required to

determine the condition of the rock prior to grouting or the effectiveness of the
grouting operations during or after grouting. All exploratory drilling shall be
performed with rotary drilling equipment using coring type bits. Since the
maximum recovery of unpredictable soft or friable materials is of prime
importance, the Contractor shall make every effort to recover 100 percent of the
core by use of the appropriate equipment and drilling procedures.
The holes may be required to be drilled to varying depths, with a maximum depth
of 20 meters. No exploratory hole will be drilled at an angle greater than what is
specified by the Engineer.
Special care should be exercised to obtain cores in as good condition as

possible. The Contractor shall keep, in a manner satisfactory to the Engineer, an
accurate Driller's Log of all exploratory holes drilled. The log shall include a non-
technical description of all materials encountered in the drilling, their location in
the holes and the location of special features such as seams, open cracks, soft or
broken rock, points where abnormal loss or gain of drill water occurred, and any
other items of interest in connection with the purpose for which the exploratory
drilling is required.
Wooden or other approved core boxes will be furnished by the Contractor, and
the Contractor shall place the cores in the boxes in the correct sequence and
separated accurately by wooden blocks, according to the measured distances in
the hole. No box shall contain cores from more than one hole. The covers shall
be fastened securely to the core boxes and delivered in the vicinity of the work as
directed.
Exploratory holes shall be grouted under pressure, if conditions so indicate, by
stop grouting and backfilled.
108.2.2.8 Drilling
108.2.2.8.1 General
The drilling and grouting shall be accomplished in single or multiple lines as

shown. The drilling and the grouting shall be done by split spacing, stop grouting
method as described herein.
108.2.2.8.2 Section
A section is a reach along the grout curtain, with length, as provided by the
Engineer, in which grouting operations will not be permitted at the same time that
drilling is in progress. Insofar as practicable, the grout curtain will be subdivided
into sections in a manner which will facilitate the Contractor's operations.
108.2.2.8.3 Stage
A stage is one complete operational cycle of drilling, cleaning, pressure washing,

pressure testing, pressure grouting, and grout cleanout within a zone. The actual
depth of a stage depends upon geologic conditions encountered in drilling. It may
vary from a fraction to the full depth of the zone, and is marked by the loss or gain
of drill water in appreciable amounts.
108.2.2.8.4 Stop
A stop is a predetermined depth at which the expanding plug or packer is

positioned.
108.2.2.8.5 Split Spacing
Split spacing is the procedure of locating an additional grout hole midway

between two previously drilled and grouted holes.
108.2.2.9 Stop Grouting
Stop grouting is a method whereby each hole is drilled to a final depth and
grouted by stops through an expansion plug or packer which is set at
successively shallower depths. It involves the placement of a grout curtain by
drilling and grouting in accordance with the following general procedure:
a. Drill hole to the full depth and wash as specified in Grout Hole Drilling.
b. The holes thus drilled and washed shall be pressure tested, and pressure
washed as specified in Pressure Washing and Pressure Testing.
c. The expansion plug, or packer, shall be placed in the hole at the top of the
interval to be grouted blocking off the higher portion of the holes, and the
interval is grouted. The lowest zone is grouted first. In no case will the
Contractor be required to set the packer deeper than what the drawings or the
Engineer specifies.
d. After placing the grout at the pressure and mix directed by the Engineer, the
expansion plug, or packer, shall be left in place until the grout pressure drops
to that pressure required for the next higher stop or as directed by the
Engineer.
e. The expansion plug, or packer, shall then be moved to the next higher stop
and grout placed at the lower pressure as directed by the Engineer.
f. The procedures described in subparagraphs "d" and "e" above shall be

repeated until grouting of the hole is complete.
g. After the primary holes in the first zone have been completed in any section as
specified above, the second and succeeding series of holes, as determined by
the "split spacing method" shall be grouted in like manner until all zones of that
section are completely grouted as directed.
h. Other sections along the grout curtain shall be grouted in like manner until
grouting of the foundation is completed to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
i. As the drilling and grouting work progresses, it may develop that conditions are
such that all or parts of the foundation already grouted require additional
grouting. In such event, the equipment shall be returned and additional holes
for grouting shall be drilled and grouted as directed and no allowance above
contract unit prices will be made for drilling and grouting such holes or for the
expense of any movement of equipment necessary to the performance of such
work.
108.2.2.10 Pressure Washing and Pressure Testing
Immediately before the pressure grouting operation, the hole shall be thoroughly
washed under pressure and pressure tested. All intersected rock seams and
crevices containing clay or other washable materials shall be washed with water
and air under pressure to remove as much of these materials as possible. If
practicable, as determined by the Engineer, such material shall be ejected from
one or more holes by introducing water and air under pressure into an adjacent
hole. In no case shall such pressure exceed the maximum grouting pressure as
directed. All grout holes shall be tested with clean water under continuous
pressure up to the maximum grouting pressure as directed. All holes sufficiently
tight to build up the maximum required pressure shall be washed at such
pressure and the washing shall continue as long as there is any increase in the
rate at which water is taken, such increase indicating the fractures are being
opened by the washing operation. Open holes in which no pressure can be built
up shall be washed for a period of 5 minutes, with the pump operating at full
capacity, or for such period of time as fracture-filling is being removed, as
evidenced by the escape of muddy water through surface openings or other grout
holes.
108.2.2.11 Stop Grouting Procedures
108.2.2.11.1 Stop Grouting of Grout Holes
The Contractor shall perform the grouting by washing and grouting holes at
locations indicated or as directed. Before grouting is begun in any hole of a given
series in any section, at least the nearest two holes in the advance of each such
hole in that series shall be completely drilled and the adjacent hole completely
washed to facilitate washing and flushing out of any intervening clay-filled seams,
fractures, or solution channels.
108.2.2.11.2 Grouting of Existing Exploratory Holes
Existing exploratory holes or portions of holes more than five feet deep after
excavation shall be cleaned pressure-tested, and pressure grouted as specified
for grout holes. Holes less than 1.5 meters five feet deep shall be back-filled with
grout mixed in proportions directed by the Engineer. Gravity grouting or backfilling
shall be done in accordance with Backfilling of Holes.
108.2.2.11.3 Grouting Pressures
Grouting pressures to be used in the work will vary with conditions encountered in
the respective holes and pressures used shall be as directed. In no event will
pressures in excess of the depth of the hole multiplied by the density of the soil
present on the site as it will cause an uplift on the surrounding soil. Values of soil
density will be provided by the Engineer
108.2.2.11.4 Grouting
All pressure grouting operations shall be performed in the presence of the

Engineer, and shall be in accordance with the following general procedures.
108.2.2.11.5 Grout Mixes
Mixes shall be in the proportions directed by the Engineer who will, from time to
time, direct changes to suit the conditions found to exist in the particular grout
hole. The cement grout will include 2 percent to 5 percent (by weight of cement)
of sodium bentonite. The water/cement ratio by volume will be varied to meet the
characteristics of each hole as revealed by the grouting operation and will not
exceed the pressure as provided in the Grouting Pressures. The types of grout
shall be as follows:
a. Cement Grout shall consist of cement, (bentonite) and water.

b. Mortar Grout shall consist of cement, (bentonite), sand, and water
108.2.2.11.6 Grout Injection
In general, if pressure tests indicate a tight hole, grouting shall be started with a
thin mix. If an open hole condition exists, as determined by loss of drill water or
inability to build up pressure during washing operations, then grouting shall be
started with a thicker mix and with a grout pump operating as nearly as
practicable at constant speed at all times; the ratio will be decreased, if
necessary, until the required pressure has been reached. If this procedure does
not produce the desired pressure, mortar grout shall be used and the mix varied
as necessary to produce the desired results.
When the pressure tends to rise too high, the water/cement ratio shall be
increased and/or the mix of mortar grout changed or discontinued as may be
required to produce the desired results. If necessary to relieve premature
stoppage, periodic applications of water under pressure shall be made. Under no
conditions shall the pressure or rate of pumping be increased suddenly as either
may produce a water-hammer effect which may promote stoppage.
The grouting of any hole shall not be considered complete until that hole refuses
to take any grout whatever at three-fourths of the maximum pressures required
for that stage.
Should grout leaks develop, the Contractor shall caulk such leaks when and as
directed, the cost thereof being included in the contract price for unit price pay
item "Placing Grout", in accordance with Measurement and Payment.
If, due to size and continuity of fracture, it is found impossible to reach the
required pressure after pumping a reasonable volume of grout at the minimum
workable water/cement ratio or mortar grout with the maximum volume of sand at
the minimum water/cementing materials ratio the speed of the pumping shall be
reduced or pumping shall be stopped temporarily and intermittent grouting shall
be performed, allowing sufficient time between grout injections for the grout to
stiffen. Following such reduction in pumping speed, if the desired result is not
obtained, grouting in the hole shall be discontinued when directed. In such event,
the hole shall be cleaned, the grout allowed to set, and additional drilling and
grouting shall then be done in this hole or in the adjacent areas as directed, until
the desired resistance is built up.
After the grouting of any stop of a hole is finished, the pressure shall be
maintained by means of a stop-cock or other suitable device until the grout has
set to the extent that it will be retained in the hole.
Grout that cannot be placed, for any reason, within two hours after mixing shall
be wasted. If such grout is mixed at the direction of the Engineer or with his
knowledge and consent, such wasted grout, except as specified in Measurement
and Payment, shall be paid for at the contract unit prices for the materials
contained therein.
108.2.2.12 Backfilling of Holes
Holes shall be backfilled with grout proportioned as directed by the Engineer and
generally having a water/cement ratio less than 1.0. The backfilling shall be
accomplished by injection of grout through a tremie pipe or hose inserted to full
depth of hole. When grout vents at the surface, the tremie shall be gradually
withdrawn, maintaining grout in pipe or hose until completely removed. Holes
containing freshly injected grout shall not be backfilled until the injected grout has
set. No separate payment will be made for backfilling holes; however, grout will
be paid for at the contract unit price for the Portland cement therein.
108.2.2.13 Equipment Arrangement and Operation
The arrangement of the grouting equipment shall be such as to provide a

continuous circulation of grout throughout the system and to permit accurate
pressure control by operation of a valve on the grout return line, regardless of
how small the grout take may be. The equipment and lines shall be prevented
from becoming fouled by the constant circulation of grout and by the periodic
flushing out of the system with water. Flushing shall be done with the grout intake
valve closed, the water supply valve open, and the pump running at full speed.
108.2.2.14 Protection to Work and Cleanup
In case leakage of grout into drains occur the Contractor shall immediately stop
the grouting operations and shall remove all grout from the drains affected by
washing to the satisfaction of the Engineer. Payment for washing will be in
accordance with unit price pay item "Pressure Washing and Pressure Testing" in
Measurement and Payment. Such stopping of grouting operations and washing of
drains shall be repeated as often as required to complete the curtain grouting.
During grouting operations the Contractor shall take such precautions as may be
necessary to prevent drill cuttings, equipment exhaust oil, wash water, and grout,
from defacing or damaging the permanent structure. Daily maintenance may be
required along grout lines, in order to offer better inspection of interconnected
holes and breakouts. The Contractor will be required to furnish such pumps as
may be necessary to care for waste water and grout from his operations. The
Contractor shall, upon completion of his operations, clean up all waste resulting
from his operations that is unsightly or would interfere with the efficient operation
of the project as anticipated by the original design.
108.2.2.15 Records
The Engineer will keep records of all grouting operations, such as a log of the
grout holes, results of washing and pressure testing operations, time of each
change of grouting operation, pressure, rate of pumping, amount of cement for
each change in water/cement ratio, and other data as deemed by him to be
necessary. The Contractor shall furnish all necessary assistance and cooperation
to this end.
108.2.2.16 Communications
When, for his own convenience, the Contractor has the individual elements of his
plant so located that communication by normal voice between these elements is
not satisfactory, the Engineer may require him to install a satisfactory mechanical
means of communications, such as a telephone or other suitable device.
Drilling Grout Holes
Drilling of grout holes will be considered for payment on the basis of the linear
meter of holes actually drilled in concrete or rock, as shown or as directed.
Payment will be made for costs associated with drilling of grout holes actually
drilled in concrete or rock in the appropriate unit pay item provided in the bid
schedule.
Drilling Exploratory Holes
Drilling of exploratory holes will be considered for payment on the basis of the
linear meters of holes actually drilled in concrete or rock, as indicated in the
drawings or directed by the Engineer. Payment will be made for costs associated
with drilling of exploratory holes in the appropriate unit pay item provided in the
bid schedule.
.
Pressure Washing and Pressure Testing
Pressure washing and pressure testing will be considered for payment on the
basis of the actual time (nearest whole hour) water pumps are operating.
Pressure washing pressure testing will be measured from the time pumping is
begun on a hole or section of a hole until the time pumping is completed on the
hole or section of the hole as determined by the Engineer. Operation time will be
determined by rounding 30 or more minutes of operation up to the nearest whole
hour, and rounding 29 or less minutes of operation down to the nearest whole
hour. Fractional time will be measured cumulatively to the next whole minute of
operation. Payment will be considered for pressure washing and pressure testing
of grout holes, which includes the cost of making and breaking connections
incidental to the work. Measurement will be based upon the total amount of time
required for pressure washing and pressure testing, determined by reducing the
total number of minutes of operation to the nearest whole hour. Time lost due to
fault or negligence of the Contractor, or due to defective equipment furnished by
the Contractor will not be considered. Time will be measured cumulatively to the
next whole minute of operations.
Steel Pipe and Fittings
Pipe and fittings will be considered for payment on the basis of the actual weight
(kilogram) of satisfactorily installed pipe and fittings left in place as shown. No
additional allowance will be made because of differences in pipe size or length, or
the number of pipes required. Payment for costs associated with grout and drain
hole pipe and fittings remaining in the permanent work will be made in the
appropriate unit pay item provided in the bid schedule.
.
Portland Cement in Grout
Portland cement in grout will be considered for payment on the basis of the
number of bags of cement used in the grout satisfactorily placed in grout holes
and in exploratory holes, or wasted when such wasting is not due to the
Contractor's negligence. Payment for costs associated with Portland cement in
grout will be made in the appropriate unit pay items provided in the bid schedule.
.
Pozzolans (Fly Ash) in Grout
Fly ash in grout will be considered for payment on the basis of the number of
cubic meters of fly ash used in the grout and satisfactorily placed in grout holes.
Payment for costs associated with fly ash in grout will be made in the appropriate
unit pay items provided in the bid schedule.
Sand in Grout
Sand in grout will be considered for payment on the basis of the number of cubic
meters of sand (dry rodded measurement) used in the grout and satisfactorily
placed in grout holes or in exploratory holes. Payment for costs associated with
sand in grout will be made in the appropriate unit pay items provided in the bid
schedule.
Fluidifier in Grout
Fluidifier in grout will be considered for payment on the basis of the number of
kilograms pounds of fluidifier used in the grout satisfactorily placed in grout holes.
Payment for costs associated with fluidifier in grout, including full allowance for
the payment by the Contractor of all required royalties will be made in the
appropriate unit pay items provided in the bid schedule.
Bentonite in Grout
Bentonite in grout will be considered for payment on the basis of the number of
kilograms pounds of bentonite actually used in grout mixtures satisfactorily placed
in grout holes. Payment for costs associated with bentonite in grout will be made
in the appropriate unit pay items provided in the bid schedule.
Placing
The operation of placing grout will be measured for payment on the basis of the
number of cubic meters of materials, satisfactorily placed, exclusive of water and
fluidifier and regardless of the proportions of the mixes. Payment will be made for
costs associated with satisfactorily placing grout in grout holes, which includes full
compensation for proportioning the mix as directed and mixing and injecting the
grout No payment will be made for time lost due to fault or negligence of the
Contractor or due to defective equipment furnished by the Contractor.
Connections to Grout Holes
Connections to grout holes will be considered for payment per connection for
each time the grout supply line is connected to a grout hole for the purpose of
injecting grout regardless of the number of times connections are made per hole
or the amount of grout actually injected. Payment for costs associated with
connections to grout holes and where stop grouting method is used, the cost for
at least one connection for each packer setting in a hole regardless of the number
of settings will be made in the appropriate unit pay items provided in the bid
schedule.

1.8.a Grout Curtain (Drilling) Linear Meter
1.8.b Grout Curtain (Grout) Cubic Meter
109 MONITORING SYSTEMS
109.1 SCOPE
This monitoring system should be installed at locations indicated in the drawings

or directed by the Engineer. A total of 10 (ten) Units shall be installed. It shall be
maintained and operated by technically qualified personnel.
109.2 MATERIALS
109.2.1 Vibrating Wire Piezometers
Vibrating Wire piezometers are sealed in boreholes or embedded in fills to

measure pore water pressure. Components for a typical Vibrating Wire
piezometer system include:
• Vibrating Wire Piezometer

• Tubing and Quick-Connect Fittings
• Terminal Pipe or Terminal Box (Optional)
• Vibrating Wire Indicator
The piezometer, sometimes called a piezometer tip, is sealed in a borehole,

embedded in soil, or suspended in a well. Tubing carries gas to and from the
piezometer.
Terminals Tubing from piezometers are often terminated at a central readout

station. The terminal may be a simple enclosure or a more elaborate panel.
The portable Vibrating Wire indicator is carried to the readout station. The
indicator contains an internal tank that holds the compressed nitrogen gas which
is used to activate and read the piezometer.
Installing the Piezometer
• Handle the piezometer with care.

• If you are working in cold weather, do not allow a water-filled piezometer or a
saturated filter to freeze.
Tubing Care
• Store tubing where it is dry and safe from rodents and traffic.
• Handle tubing carefully. Don’t lay the tubing across roads with traffic. Avoid
dragging tubing over rocks and sharp surfaces. Do not pull hard on the tubing.
Avoid making small radius bends or kinks in the tubing.
• Mark tubing carefully for positive identification later. Also make a mark (colored
tape) on tubing so that you know when the piezometer has reached its intended
depth.
• Protect quick-connectors on the ends of tubing. Keep them clean and dry.
Embankment Installation
1. For direct contact between filter and soil, the piezometer is placed in a
preformed hole. Check project specifications for the required procedure.
2. Place a bentonite seal or backfill with select fill material.
3. Protect tubing on top and bottom with hand-compacted layers of fine
embankment materials. To compact the lift material immediately above this
protective layer of fines, use lightweight power tamping or rubber-tired
equipment, but avoid using heavy vibratory rollers or sheepsfoot rollers until
there is a lift of at least 18 inches (0.5 meters) above the tubing.
4. Avoid making tight bends in the tubing. If the tubing path changes direction,
use extra tubing at the turn. Avoid crossing tubing. If tubing must cross, place
a layer of fine fill material between the tubing. Some specifications require
that extra tubing be snaked in the trench to accommodate settlement or
lateral deformation of the embankment.
5. Terminate tubing as specified. Keep ends of tubing clean and dry. Protect the
installation from construction traffic and mark its location with a stake
All monitoring systems shall be paid in lump sum.

1.9 Monitoring System Lump Sum
200 CONCRETE
201 SCOPE
Concrete shall be composed of Portland Cement Type II, water, fine and coarse
aggregates and admixtures, all well mixed and brought to proper consistency.
The Engineer, in accordance with strength and durability requirements and types
of structures, will vary maximum size aggregate, cement, content, and
admixtures.
Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
Strength Aggregate Cement Water/Cement
Class [kg/cm² Size [mm] [kg/m³] Ratio
X 300 19 375 0.55

Y 210 12.5 350 0.60
AA 210 19 325 0.60
A 210 37.5 300 0.60
B 170 50 250 0.70
C 170 75 225 0.70
Z 140 75 200 0.85
Blinding
Concrete 70 37.5 150 No limit
202 MATERIALS
202.1 MAXIMUM SIZE OF AGGREGATES (MSA)
The maximum size of coarse aggregate (MSA) in concrete in any part of the work
shall be the largest of the specified size which is practicable from the standpoint
of satisfactory placement and consolidation of the concrete. In general, the
nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate shall be 40mm. The use of 20mm
size aggregate will be limited to minor structures, beginnings of placements at
construction joints, and in tight placement areas, as determined by the Engineer.
Backfill concrete shall be composed of 40mm MSA concrete with a low cement
content placed without forms to fill large foundation crevices, pits, holes and over-
excavation areas under structures.
Rubble Masonry Concrete shall contain hand-placed “plums” varying in size from
150 to 301mm. These plums shall be stockpiled adjacent to the work area and
thoroughly washed prior to the commencing the placement of the concrete.
202.2 MIX PROPORTIONS
Mix proportions shall be designed by the Contractor for each class of concrete
and submitted to the Engineer for approval at least thirty (30) calendar days
before concrete shall be required. The mix proportions and appropriate water-
cement ratio will be based on producing concrete having suitable workability,
density, impermeability and strength, without the use of excessive quantity of
cement.
A minimum of three (3) trial mixes shall be carried out by the Contractor using
actual production-sized batches. Compression test specimens shall be taken for
testing as required by the Engineer. The Contractor shall make adjustments to
the mix design when requested by the Engineer to meet such criteria as strength,
durability, or workability.
202.3 CONSISTENCY
The quantity of water used in the concrete shall be determined by the Engineer,
except that the Engineer will order a reduction in such quantity of water when the
slump of the concrete exceeds the specified slump. The Engineer’s determination
of the quantity of mixing water shall conform to the various limits on slump
specified hereinafter. Concrete consistency shall be uniform from batch to batch.
The quantity of mixing water shall be varied from batch to batch if necessary to
offset variation in moisture content or grading of the aggregates. Water shall not
be added to compensate for stiffening of concrete before placing.
The slump of concrete as placed shall not exceed the following limits when tested
in accordance with ASTM C143:
Type of Construction Slump
Major Structure 75 mm
Minor Structure 125 m
Provided, however, that the tolerance of 25 mm above the designated slump will
be allowed for individual batches if the average of all batches or the most recent
10 batches tested, whichever is fewer, does not exceed the maximum limit.
Concrete of lower than the designated slump may be used if it can be properly
placed and consolidated.
Concrete that has been rejected for failure to meet slump limits shall not be
salvaged for use in the Work. Increased mixing time, addition of dry materials or
similar modifications of a rejected batch for the purpose of conforming to slump
limit will not be permitted.
202.4 CEMENT
Cement shall be Type II Portland cement conforming to ASTM C150 or

equivalent.
202.5 ADMIXTURES
202.5.1 General
The Contractor shall notify the Engineer in writing of the name of source of each
concrete admixture and shall furnish such other information as will identify the
admixtures to be furnished. Once such notification is given, there shall be no
substitution of products without the prior written approval of the Engineer.
202.5.2 Water-reducing Admixture
Whenever concrete will require a water reducing or water reducing and set
retarding admixture, it shall conform to ASTM C494, Type A or Type D,
respectively, manufactured from a lignosulphonate or hydroxylated polymer base
or equivalent. Water-reducing admixture or water-reducing and set-retarding
admixture shall not contain calcium chloride
.
The admixture shall be added to each batch of concrete with the concrete mixing
water. The quantity of water-reducing or water-reducing and set-reducing
admixture to be added to each batch of concrete will be approved by the
Engineer and will, in general, be the amount required to maintain the
water/cement ratio required to produce the design strengths of the concrete.
202.5.3 Air Entraining Agents
Air-entraining agents may be used to assist workability of the concrete, with the
approval of the Engineer. However, the maximum percentage of Air Entrainment
when tested in accordance with ASTM C231 shall not exceed four per cent (4%).
Care shall be taken to ensure compatibility between the air entraining agent
proposed and water-reducing or water-reducing and set-retarding agents being
used.
202.5.4 Other Admixtures
Other admixtures such as concrete pumpability aides, time-of-set retarders or
accelerators, or non-shrinkage admixtures proposed for use for the Contractor’s
convenience shall have the Engineer’s prior approval before use in the work. The
Contractor shall submit samples and test date on all proposed admixtures, and
may be required to submit test mixes of concrete for such approval. Admixtures
shall not contain calcium chloride.
202.6 WATER
Water for mixing and curing concrete shall be free from sewage, oil, acid, alkali
and salts and shall be free from objectionable quantities of silt, organic matter
and other deleterious substances.
202.7 FINE (SAND) AND COARSE (GRAVEL) AGGREGATES
202.7.1 Scope
The Contractor shall be responsible for providing an acceptable source of raw

materials. The source of raw materials will be subject to the approval of the
Engineer; however, the approval of a source shall not be construed as
constituting the approval of all materials developed from the source, and only
materials of the specified quality, gradation, and cleanliness shall be used in the
Work. Production of sand and coarse aggregates shall include all necessary
development of the source, crushing, screening, washing and blending, to
produce sand and coarse aggregate meeting the requirements of these
specifications.
202.7.2 Fine Aggregates (Sand)
The term “sand” designates fine aggregate that will pass a No. 4 (5mm) sieve.
Sand shall be clean natural sand, sand manufactured from hard clean rock, or a
combination thereof. Sand shall consist of hard, dense, durable, uncoated rock
fragments. It shall have uniform and stable moisture content of less than 7 per
cent (oven dry weight basis) when delivered to the batching plant. Excess
moisture shall remove mechanically or by a natural drainage method. The
maximum percentages of deleterious substances in the sand, as delivered to the
mixer, shall not exceed the following values:
Percent
By Weight
Material Passing No. 200
(0.07mm) Sieve (ASTM C117) 3
Shale (ASTM C123, specific
Gravity of heavy liquid 1.95) 1
Coal (ASTM C123) 1
Other deleterious substances 1
Clay Lumps (ASTM C142) 0.5
Total of all deleterious
Substances 3
202.7.3 Coarse Aggregates (Gravel)
Coarse aggregate shall conform to the following requirements for quality when
tested as noted:
 Resistance to Abrasion (ASTM C131) – The loss for nominal size range
20mm to 5mm (3/4 inch to 3/16 inch) after 100 revolutions and 500
revolutions shall not exceed 10 per cent and 40 per cent, respectively.
The test sample shall consist of 7 parts of grading B and 3 part of grading
C.
 Resistance to Abrasion (ASTM C535) – The loss of nominal size range

40mm to 20mm (1-1/2 inch to ¾ inch). (Grading 3) after 200 revolutions
and 1000 revolutions shall not exceed 10 per cent and 40 per cent,
respectively.
 Soundness (ASTM C88) – The weighted loss after 5 cycles shall not
exceed 12 per cent when tested with sodium sulfate.
 Specific Gravity (ASTM C 127) – The bulk specific gravity on the basis of
saturated surface – dry aggregate shall be not less than 2.60.
 Absorption (ASTM C 127) – Absorption shall not exceed three per cent
(3%).
 Potential Reactivity (ASTM C289) – Only aggregates considered

innocuous shall be used in the Work.
The coarse aggregate shall be separated into nominal sizes and shall be graded
as follows:
Nominal Size Ranges Percent by Weight Passing Individual Sieves

Square Mesh
Sieve Size 5mm to 20mm 20mm to 40mm
50mm - 100
40mm - 90 – 100
25mm 100 0 – 55
20m 90 – 100 0 -15
10mm 20 – 55 0–5
5mm 0–5 -
Coarse aggregate as provided from the crushing plant or raw material source
shall be graded and separated into the respective sizes listed above. The
aggregate shall be clean, and shall not require re-washing prior to batching.
Material-receiving and handling equipment at the batch plant shall be such as

minimize segregation and contamination of all concrete aggregates. Aggregates
when sampled at the batch plant will be tested by screening on the sieves
designated in the following tabulation. The material passing the undersize test
sieve (significant undersize) shall not exceed 2% by weight, and all materials
shall pass the oversize test sieve;
Size of Square Opening

Nominal Size For Undersize Test For Oversize Test
======= ========== ==========
20mm (3/4 inch) 5mm (No.5) 20mm (7/8 inch)
40mm (1/2 inch) 10mm (3/8 inch) 45mm (1-3/4 inch)
Screens used in making the tests for undersize and oversize aggregate shall
conform to the requirements of ASTM E11 with respect to permissible variations
in average openings.
The Contractor will test coarse aggregate and have the results verified and
approved by the Engineer. A representative 100 kilograms minimum sample of
each size of coarse aggregate proposed for use in the work shall be submitted for
test and preliminary approval at least thirty (30) calendar days before the coarse
aggregate is required for use. The Contractor will take samples and conduct tests
of coarse aggregates as it is used in the work. Coarse aggregate is acceptable if
four out of five consecutive tests for each specified property comply with the
specifications requirement.
203 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
203.1 BATCHING
203.1.1 General
Batching equipment shall be provided, maintained, and operated as required to

accurately determine and control batching of the concrete. The quantities of bulk
cement, sand, and each size of coarse aggregate entering each batch of
concrete shall be determined by weighing, and the quantity of water shall by
weighing or volumetric measurements. Where sacked cement is used, the
concrete shall be proportioned on the basis of integral sacks of cement unless the
cement is weighed.
When bulk cement and aggregate are hauled from a central batching plant at the
site to the mixers, the cement for each batch shall be either placed in an
individual watertight compartment which, during transit, will prevent the cement
from intermingling with the aggregates and will prevent loss of cement, or shall be
completely enfolded in and covered by the aggregates by loading the cement and
aggregates for each batch simultaneously into the batch compartment. Each
batch compartment shall be of sufficient capacity to prevent loss in transit and to
prevent spilling and intermingling of batches as compartments are being emptied.
Batches shall be covered during the transit to prevent changes in moisture
content. If the cement is enfolded in aggregates containing moisture, and delays
occur or are anticipated between filling and emptying the compartments, extra
cement shall be added to each batch in accordance with the following schedule:
Hours of Contact Between Additional

Cement and Wet Aggregate Cement Required
---------------------------------------- --------------------------
0–1 0%
1–3 5%
3–4 10%
4–5 15%
5–6 20%
Over 6 Batch will be rejected
203.1.2 Equipment
Mixing and delivery of concrete shall be in accordance with the appropriate

requirements of AASHTO M 157 except as modified in the following paragraphs
of this section. The equipment shall be capable of ready adjustment for
compensating for the varying weight of any moisture contained in the aggregates
and for effecting changes in concrete mix proportions. Batching equipment shall
be constructed and operated so that the combined inaccuracies in feeding and
measuring the materials will not exceed 1 per cent for water, 1-1/2 per cent for
weighed cement, 2 per cent of each size of aggregate, and 3 per cent for
admixtures. Bulk cement shall be weighed in an individual hopper and shall be
kept separate from aggregates until the batch ingredients are discharged from the
batching hopper. The cement hopper may be attached to a separate scale for
individual weighing or may be attached to the aggregate scale for cumulative
weighing. If materials are weighed cumulatively by dial scales, the cement shall
be weighed before the other ingredients. If the materials are weighed
cumulatively by beam scales, a separate beam shall be provided for weighing
each material. Weighing equipment and the water-measuring device shall be in
full view of the operator.
Standard test weights and competent scale technicians shall be used to check
the operating performance of each scale or other measuring device and to make
periodic tests over the ranges of measurements involved in the batching
operations. The tests shall be made in the presence of the Engineer and shall be
adequate to prove the accuracy of the measuring devices. Tests of equipment in
operation shall be made as may be necessary to meet the specified requirements
for accuracy and measurement.
The operating mechanism in the water measuring device shall be such that
leakages will not occur when the valves are closed. Water tanks on portable
mixers shall be constructed so that the indicating device will register, within the
specified limit of accuracy, the quantity of water discharged, regardless of the
inclination of the mixer.
The sand weighing hopper shall be equipped with an electrical device for
detecting changes in moisture content of sand. The indicating instrument of this
device shall be visible at the plant operator’s station.
203.1.3 Mixing and Transporting
203.1.3.1 General
Mixers shall be operated at the speed stated on the mixer nameplate and shall
not be charged in excess of the capacity recommended by the manufacturer.
Uniformity of the mixed concrete shall be such that variations in consistency
(slump) during discharge of a single batch shall not exceed 25mm, and variations
in mix and grading in different parts of the delivered batch shall be within the
limits stated in ASTM C94. The Engineer may increase the mixing time when the
charging and mixing operations fail to produce the specified uniformity. Mixers
which still fail to comply after a 25% increase in mixing time shall be replaced.
Each mixer shall be equipped with a mechanically operated timing and signaling
device which will indicate and assure the completion of the required mixing period
and will count the batches.
Effective telephone or two-way radio communication shall be provided between

the point of placement and the batching plant, and shall be available to the
Engineer at all times. Telephones shall be equipped with call bells, horns, or
flashing colored lights which can be easily distinguished from other signals in the
proximity. The communication system shall be maintained in working conditions
at all times during placement of concrete.
203.1.3.2 Batch Mixers
Centralized batching and mixing plants shall be arranged with the plant operator’s
console located in a position from which the operator can closely and clearly see
the concrete in the mixers or at the gob hopper as it is produced without leaving
his position at the operating console. The operator shall have clearly visible from
his position at the console the indicator of moisture in the sand, sight glasses
showing dosages of admixtures as required, and all weighing dials or an
indication of them. Means shall be provided at the console for the operator to add
water well back in the mixers as necessary to offset variation in moisture content
of the aggregates.
Concrete ingredients shall be mixed for not less than one minute after all the
ingredients are in the mixer. This minimum mixing time shall be increased ½
minute for each cubic meter of concrete in excess of two cubic meters, unless
mixer’s performance test demonstrates that variations in mix ad grading are
reduced to within specified limits in less time.
Mixing water shall be admitted prior to and during mixer-charging operations.

Concrete shall not be over mixed so as to require addition of water to preserve
the required consistency.
203.1.3.3 Truck Mixers
Truck mixers will be approved only if the mixers and their operation produce a
batch as discharged which meets the limits of variations in consistency, mix, and
grading, If concrete at the end of a batch does not meet these limits, it shall be
wasted. Batches shall be reduced in size as necessary to avoid excessive slump
loss. Water shall not be added other than the portion which may be added at the
initial placement site to provide specified consistency.
Truck mixers shall be equipped with accurate means of measuring mixing water
used from the tank on the mixer, means of verifying the accuracy of this water
measurement, a device for counting the number of revolutions of the mixing
drum, and facilities for addition of water under such pressure and so directed that
the water will be added uniformly from front to back of the mixer.
Trucks mixers shall revolve at least 80 revolutions at the mixer manufacturer’s

rated mixing speed after all ingredients are in the mixer. All revolutions over 100
shall be at the manufacturer’s rated agitating speed, except that the mixer shall
revolve at least 25 times at the rated mixing speed prior to initial discharge.
The time lapse between completion of mixing in a truck mixer at the initial
discharge site and completion of the last discharge from the load shall be such
that any loss of slump will not be of such magnitude as would preclude proper
placement and consolidation of the concrete, and loads shall be sized
accordingly. In general, this time shall not exceed 90 minutes. Concrete shall not
be retempered once discharge has commenced.
203.1.3.4 Transporting
The methods and equipment used for transporting concrete and the time that
elapses during transportation shall not cause segregation of coarse aggregate or
slump loss in excess of 50mm in the concrete as it is delivered into the Works.
Equipment used to transport concrete shall be agitating equipment, or the
concrete shall be remixed or otherwise handled in a manner that will provide
uniformly mixed concrete as it is deposited into the forms
.
If a pipeline is used to transport concrete, the concrete shall be at the specified
slump before entry into the pipeline and shall not have added water to
compensate for drying in the pipeline. Pipeline equipment that cannot meet these
criteria shall not be used. Concrete shall not be transported through aluminum
pipeline. All proposed transportation equipment and method for concrete
placement shall be submitted to the Engineer for approval.
203.1.3.5 Temperature of Concrete
The as-placed temperature of concrete for tunnel lining and general use shall not
exceed 32 degrees Centigrade. To control the concrete placing temperature and
steel bins containing aggregates, use cooled mixing water, and employ other
measures such as early morning or evening placements as may be necessary to
comply with the specified temperature.
203.1.3.6 Preparation for Placing
Concrete shall not be placed during unfavorable weather conditions which could
interfere with proper placement, consolidation, protection and curing of the
concrete.
The Engineer shall be notified at least 12 hours in advance of any proposal for
concrete placement. There shall be a special ledger provided by the Contractor
for this purpose. Each entry shall be in triplicate showing location of pour, time,
place and other relevant details such as steel placement, built in-items, etc., as
required by the Engineer. No concrete shall be placed without approval from the
Engineer. Unless inspection is waived in each specific case, placing of concrete
shall be performed only in the presence of the Engineer.
Concrete shall not be placed in water except with the written permission of the
Engineer. The method of depositing such concrete also shall be subject to
approval by the Engineer. Concrete shall not be placed in running water and shall
not be subjected to the action of running water until after the concrete has taken
its final set.
All surfaces of embedded materials that have become uncrusted with dried
mortar shall be cleaned of all such mortar before the surrounding concrete is
placed.
Immediately before placing concrete, all surfaces of foundations upon or against

which concrete is to be placed shall be free from standing water, mud, and
debris. Tunnel and conduit inverts in rock shall be prepared as specified below for
rock surfaces.
All surfaces of rock upon or against which concrete is to be placed shall, in

addition to the foregoing requirements, be clean and free from oil, objectionable
coatings and loose, semi-detached, or unsound fragments, including loose or
defective concrete.
As determined by the Engineer, pits, holes, large crevices, and over excavated
areas under structures shall be filled with compacted backfill, river-run Coarse
Aggregates or backfill concrete.
203.1.4 Placing
203.1.4.1 General
The methods and equipment used for placing concrete shall not cause
appreciable segregation of coarse aggregate in the concrete as it is incorporated
into the Works. All proposed placing equipment and methods shall be submitted
to the Engineer for approval. The concrete mix design will not be altered for
placement by concrete pump or belt conveyor without approval from the
Engineer. Concrete pump or belt placement shall only be used if it can be
demonstrated by actual operation that such equipment is capable of placing
concrete of the specified mixes and slumps in the work without variations in
grading of coarse aggregate and consistency exceeding the limits specified for
mixers in ASTM C94.
Samples of concrete for determining such variations will be obtained at various

intervals as the concrete is deposited into the forms and compared to samples
taken at delivery to the placing equipment. The mix proportions of sand to coarse
aggregate may be altered for increased pump ability as approved by the
Engineer.
203.1.4.2 Handling and Placing Concrete
 Concrete shall not be placed until forms and reinforcing steel have been
checked and approved by the Engineer.
 In preparation for the placing of concrete all sawdust, chips and other
construction debris and extraneous matter shall be removed from inside the
formwork, struts, stays and braces, serving temporarily to hold the forms in
correct shape and alignment, pending the placing of concrete at their
locations, shall be removed when the concrete placing has reached an
elevation rendering their service unnecessary. These temporary members
shall be entirely removed from the forms and not buried in the concrete.
 No concrete shall be used which does not reach its final position in the forms
within the time stipulated under “Time of Hauling and Placing Mixed
Concrete”.
 Concrete shall be placed so as to avoid segregation of the materials and the

reinforcement. The use of long troughs, chutes and pipes for conveying
concrete to the forms shall be permitted only on the written authorization of
the Engineer. The Engineer shall reject the use of the equipment for concrete
transportation that will allow segregation, loss of fine materials, or in any
other way will have a deteriorating effect on the concrete quality.
 Open troughs and chutes shall be of metal lined; where steep slopes are
required, the chutes shall be equipped with baffles or be in short lengths that
reverse the direction of movement to avoid segregation.
 All chutes, troughs and pipes shall be kept clean and free from water after
each run. Water used for flashing shall be discharge clear of the structure.
 When placing operations would involve dropping the concrete more than
1.5m, concrete shall be conveyed through sheet metal or approved pipes. As
far as practicable, the pipes shall be kept full of concrete during placing and
their lower end shall be kept buried in the newly placed concrete. After initial
set of the concrete, the forms shall not be jarred and no strain shall be placed
on the ends of projecting reinforcement bars.
 The concrete shall be placed as nearly as possible to its final position and the
used of vibrators for moving of the mass of fresh concrete shall not be
permitted.
203.1.4.3 Placing Concrete by Vibrating Wire Means
 Vibrating Wire placing of concrete will be permitted only if authorized by the

Engineer. The equipment shall be so arranged that the vibration will not
damage freshly placed concrete.
 Where concrete is conveyed and placed by Vibrating Wire means, the

equipment shall be suitable in kind and adequate incapacity for the work The
machine shall be located as close as practicable to the work .The discharge
lines shall be horizontal or inclined upwards from the machine The discharge
end of the line shall not be more than 3m from the point of deposit.
 At the conclusion of placing the concrete, the entire equipment shall be

thoroughly cleaned.
203.1.4.4 Placing of concrete by pumping
 The placing of concrete by pumping will be permitted only if specified or if

authorized by the Engineer. The equipment shall be so arranged that
vibration will not damage freshly placed concrete.
 Where concrete is conveyed and placed by mechanically applied pressure

the equipment shall be suitable in kind and adequate in capacity for the work
.The operation of the pump shall be such that a continuous stream of
concrete without air pockets is produced. When pumping is completed, the
concrete remaining in the pipeline, if it is to be used, shall be ejected in such
a manner that there will be no contamination of the concrete or separation of
the ingredients. After this operation, the entire equipments shall be
thoroughly cleaned.
203.1.4.5 Placing Concrete in Water
 Concrete shall not be placed in water except with approval of the Engineer
and under his immediate supervision. In this case the method of placing shall
be hereinafter specified.
 Concrete deposited in water shall be Class A concrete with a minimum

cement content of 400 kg/m3 of concrete. The slump of the concrete shall be
maintained between 10 and 20 cm. To prevent segregation, concrete shall be
carefully placed in a compact mass, in its final position, by means of a tremie,
a bottom-dump bucket, or other approved means, and shall not be disturbed
after being placed.
 A tremie shall consist of a tube having a diameter of not less than 250 mm
constructed in sections having flanged couplings fitted with gaskets with a
hopper at the top. The tremie, shall be supported so as to permit rapid
lowering when necessary to retard or stop the flow of concrete. The
discharge end shall be closed at the start of work so as to prevent water
entering the tube and shall be completely submerged in concrete at all times;
the tremie tube shall be kept full to the bottom of the hopper. When a batch is
dumped into the hopper, the flow of concrete shall be induced by lightly
raising the discharge end, but always keeping it in the placed concrete. The
flow shall be continuous until the work is completed
 When the concrete is placed with a bottom-dump bucket, the top of the
bucket shall be open. The bottom doors shall open freely downward and
outward when tripped. The buckets shall be completely filled and slowly
lowered to avoid backwash. It shall not be dumped until it rests on the
surface upon which the concrete is to be deposited and when discharged
shall be withdrawn slowly until well above the concrete.
 Unless specifically directed otherwise, surfaces of horizontal or nearly

horizontal rock foundations to which concrete is to be bonded and surfaces of
construction joints in forms less than 1m wide, shall be covered 50 to 150
mm deep with an over sanded concrete mix having 20 mm maximum size
aggregate and a maximum slump of 100 mm.
 Concrete shall not be re tampered. Any concrete that has become so stiff that
proper placement and consolidation cannot be assured shall be rejected.
Concrete shall be deposited in all cases as nearly as practicable directly in its
final position and shall not be made to flow such that the lateral movement
will permit or cause segregation of the coarse aggregate from the concrete
mass. Methods and equipment employed in depositing concrete in forms
shall be such as will not result in clusters or groups from the concrete mass.
 All formed concrete shall be placed in continuous approximately horizontal

layers between joints, the depth of which generally shall not exceed 0.5 m.
Lesser depths of layers will be required where concrete in 0.5 m layers
cannot be made monolithic with the previous layer by vibration. Cold joints
will not be permitted in cast-in-place conduit sections. If placement is
interrupted due to equipment breakdown or similar unfavorable causes, the
concrete at the place of interruption shall be finished to the Drawings for the
construction joints. The Engineer may order conduit sections not conforming
to this provision removed and replaced.
 After each lift of concrete has been placed, a careful check shall be made to
insure that all parts requiring accurate setting have not been displaced.
203.1.4.6 Opening and Decks
If concrete that is placed monolithically around openings have vertical dimensions

greater than 0.5 m or if concrete in decks, floor slabs, or other similar parts of
structures is placed monolithically with supporting concrete, the following
requirements shall apply:
a. Placing of concrete shall be delayed at the top of opening and at the

bottom of bevels under decks, floor slabs, beams or other similar parts of
structures when bevels are specified and at the bottom of such members
when bevels are not specified, until the concrete is no longer plastic and
if much longer delayed will not respond to vibration. When consolidating
concrete placed after the delay, the vibrating unit shall penetrate and re
vibrate the concrete placed before the delay.
b. The last 0.6 m or more of concrete placed immediately before the delay
and the concrete placed after the delay shall be placed with as low a
slump as practicable. Special care shall be exercised to thoroughly
consolidate the concrete.
203.1.5 Consolidation
Concrete shall be consolidated to the maximum practicable density, so that it is

free from pockets of coarse aggregate and entrapped air and compacted
thoroughly against all forms or excavated surfaces and embedded materials.
Consolidation of concrete in structures, shall be by electric or Vibrating Wire
driven immersion-type vibrators. Consolidation of concrete for side walls shall be
by electric or Vibrating Wire-driven form vibrators supplemented by immersion-
type vibrators. Immersion-type vibrators shall be operated at speeds of at least
7,000 rpm when immersed in the concrete.
Form vibrators shall be rigidly attached to the forms and shall operate at speeds
of at least 8,000 rpm when vibrating concrete.
In consolidating each layer of concrete the immersion-type vibrators shall be

operated in a near vertical position and vibrating head shall be allowed to
penetrate and re vibrate the concrete in the upper portion of the underlying layer.
The vibrator shall be run in one location until the concrete is thoroughly
consolidated and when withdrawn slowly. Layers of concrete shall not be placed
until the layers previously placed have been worked thoroughly as specified. Care
shall be exercised to avoid contact of the vibrating head with surfaces of the
forms or fragile materials.
Where concrete is placed by using a horizontal slip form, the concrete shall be
vibrated ahead of the slip from.
203.1.6 Repair of Concrete
Repair of concrete shall be performed by skilled workmen. All imperfections on

the concrete surfaces shall be corrected as necessary to produce surfaces that
conform with the finishes specified in these specifications. Repair of imperfections
in formed concrete shall be completed as soon as practicable after removal of
forms. Fins and encrustations shall be neatly removed from surfaces for which
finish F2 or higher is specified. Concrete that is honeycombed, cracked, or
otherwise defective; and concrete which because of excessive surface
depressions must be excavated and built up to bring the surface to the prescribed
lines, shall be removed and replaced with drypack, mortar, or concrete.
Where bulges and abrupt irregularities protrude outside the limits specified on
formed surfaces for which finish F2 or higher is required, the protrusions shall be
reduced or eliminated by grinding so that the surfaces are within the specified
limits.
All materials used in repair of concrete shall conform to these specifications and
all repairs shall be made in accordance with the procedures of Chapter VII of the
seventh edition of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation concrete Manual (USBR
Manual) or equivalent, except that the edges of patched areas shall be sawed not
less than 15 mm deep, and except that an approved epoxy bonding agent shall
be used to bond repairs made so late as to have fewer than 5 days of water
curing with the surrounding concrete and for repair in concrete cured with curing
compounds. Bonding agent shall be submitted to the Engineer for approval and
shall be available in the Site before its intended use. Bonding agent used to
repair concrete subject to submerged service shall not be polysulfide type. The
agent shall be used in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
Surfaces of repairs which will be exposed to view shall blend inconspicuously

with the surrounding concrete surfaces, and all fins and encrustations shall be
removed from such surfaces.
Recesses resulting from the removal of the ends of form ties shall be filled using
a cement – sand mixture which will give a similar surface texture to the parent
concrete and will be bonded and cured as outlined in this Section.
Repairs to concrete cured by the water curing method shall be cured by the
water-curing method for five days. Repairs to concrete cured by the sealing
compound curing method shall be cured by the water-curing method for one day
after which the sealing compound shall be applied.
All fillings shall be bonded tightly to the surfaces of the holes and shall be sound,
free from shrinkage cracks and hollow sounding areas after the fillings have been
cured and dried.
203.1.7 Tolerances for Concrete Construction
203.1.7.1 General
The intent of this Section is to establish tolerances that are consistent with
modern construction practice, yet governed by the effect of permissible deviations
upon the structure action or operational function of the structure.
Deviations from the established lines, grades, and dimensions will be permitted to
the extent set forth, except that the Engineer reserves the right to diminish the
tolerance values if they impair the structural action or operational function of a
structure.
Where tolerances are not stated in the specifications or drawings for any
individual structure or part thereof, permissible deviations will be interpreted
conformably to the provisions of this Section. Tolerances shown on the Drawings
in connection with any dimension shall be considered as supplemental to the
tolerances specified herein. The Contractor shall be responsible for setting and
maintaining concrete forms within the tolerance limits.
Concrete work that exceeds the tolerance limits specified in the following
tabulation shall be remedied or removed and replaced at the sole expense of and
by the Contractor.
203.1.7.2 Tolerance Limits
203.1.7.2.1 Tolerance for Concrete Structures
Variations from established grades 15mm
Variations from the plumb or the

specified batter in the lines and
surfaces of columns, piers, walls,
and in arises :
Exposed, 3m 15mm
Backfilled, 3m 15mm
Variation from the level or from

the grades indicated on the Drawings
in slabs, beams, horizontal grooves,
and railing offsets :
Exposed, in 3m 15mm
Backfilled, in 3m 50mm
Variations in cross-section dimensions

of columns, piers, slabs, walls, beams
and similar parts :
Minus 5mm
Plus 15mm
203.1.7.2.2 Foundations
Variation in dimension in Plan

Minus 15mm
Plus 50mm
Variation from established grade:

Minus 15mm
Plus 50mm
Variation from established grade;

Minus 15mm
Plus 25mm
Misplacement of eccentricity:
2 percent of the footing width in
the direction of misplacement but
not more than 50mm
203.1.7.2.3 Tolerances for Placing Reinforcement Steel
Variation from indicated protective cover:
For 50mm cover and less 5mm

For 75mm cover and over 15mm
Variation from indicated spacing 25mm
203.1.8 Concrete Surfaces Finishes
203.1.8.1 General
The classes of finish and the requirement for finishing concrete surfaces shall be
as specified in this section and as indicate on the Drawings. Finishing of concrete
surfaces shall be done only by skilled workmen.
Surface irregularities are classified as “abrupt” or “gradual”. Offset caused by

displaced or misplaced forms, or by defective form material will be considered as
abrupt irregularities and will be tested by direct measurement. All other
irregularities will be considered as gradual irregularities and shall be tested by
templates. The length of the templates shall be 1.5 meters for formed surfaces
and 3 meters for unformed surfaces.
203.1.8.2 Formed Surfaces
The classes of finish for formed concrete surfaces are designated by use of
symbols F1, F2, F3. Except for surfaces to be painted, sack rubbing or sand
blasting will not be required on formed surfaces. No grinding or rubbing will be
required on formed surfaces, except for that necessary for the repair of surface,
except for that necessary for the repair of surface imperfections. Recesses from
removal of form ties shall be filled with drypack or epoxy mortar at the
Contractor’s option, except that filling recesses in finish F1 surfaces will be
required only if the recesses are deeper than 25mm in walls less than 0.3m thick,
or if unfilled recesses would reduce the required cover over reinforcement.
Materials and methods for filling recesses shall blend inconspicuously with the
surrounding surfaces of concrete that is exposed to view.
The classes of concrete finishes of formed surfaces and their applications shall
be as follows:
 F1- Finish F1 applies to formed surfaces upon or against which backfill or

concrete is to be placed. These surfaces require no treatment after form
removal except removal and repair of defective concrete and the
specified curing. Correction of surface irregularities will be required for
depressions only, and only for those which, when measured, exceed
25mm. Abrupt irregularities on surfaces to which premolded joint filler is
to be applied shall not exceed 30mm.
 F2- Finish F2 applies to the interior surfaces of tunnels and all formed
surfaces not permanently concealed by backfill or concrete, and not
required to have F3 finish. Surfaces for finish F2 will need no filling of pits
or sack rubbing and no grinding other than needed for repair of surface
imperfections. Surface irregularities, measured as described in Section
205.04 (1) shall not exceed 5mm for abrupt irregularities and 10mm for
gradual irregularities.
 F3 – Finish F3 applies to conformed surfaces of structures prominently

exposed to public view where appearance is of special importance. There
shall be no visible offset, fins, bulges, misalignment of concrete between
chamfered joints, and no stains or discolorations. Other abrupt
irregularities such as depressions or bubble holes, and misalignment of
concrete across chamfered joints shall not exceed 5mm, and gradual
irregularities shall not exceed 6mm.
203.1.8.3 Unformed Surfaces
The classes of finish for unformed concrete surfaces are designated by the
symbols, U1, U2, and U3. The classes of finishes of unformed surfaces and their
applications shall be as follows:
 U1 – Finish U1 (screeded Finish) applies to surfaces for which U1 is shown

on the Drawings and unformed surfaces that will be covered by backfill or by
concrete. Finish U1 is also used as the first stage of finish U2. Finishing
operations shall consist of sufficient leveling and irregularities shall not
exceed 10mm.
 U2 – Finish U2 (Wood floated finish) applies to all unformed surfaces not

permanently concealed by backfill or concrete, or for which finish U2 is
shown on the Drawings. Finish U2 is also used as the second stage of U3.
Floating shall be started as soon as the screeded surface has stiffened
sufficiently, and shall be the minimum necessary to produce a surface that is
free from screed marks and is uniform in texture. Surface irregularities shall
not exceed 5mm
 U3 – Finish U3 (Steel troweled finish) applies to inside floors except floors

requiring a bonded concrete finish. When the floated surface has hardened
sufficiently to prevent excess of fine material from being drawn to the surface,
steel troweling shall be started. Steel troweling shall be done with sufficient
pressure to flatten the sandy texture of the floated surface and produce a
dense uniform surface, free from blemishes and trowel marks. Surface
irregularities shall not exceed 5mm.
203.1.8.4 Slip Form Surfaces
The surfaces of slip formed concrete, unless otherwise specified, shall be

equivalent in evenness, smoothness and freedom from rock pockets and surface
voids to that attainable by effective use of a long-handled steel trowel. Light
surface pitting and light trowel marks will not be considered objectionable.
Surface irregularities shall not exceed 5mm bottom slabs and 10mm for side
slabs.
203.1.9 Protection
203.1.9.1 General
All concrete shall be protected against damage until final acceptance.
203.1.9.2 Moisture Control Measures for Unformed Surfaces
In warm, dry or windy weather, moisture control measures shall be taken to inhibit
loss of moisture from the surface of the concrete. Such surfaces shall be fog
sprayed, covered completely with white polyethylene sheet, or otherwise treated
as approved by the Engineer. Curing shall be started as soon as the concrete
hardens. However, the surface of the concrete shall be kept wet during the
change in curing methods.
If the surfaces are fog sprayed, the fog spray shall maintain a sheen of moisture
on the concrete but shall not displace cement or create a wet surface during
finishing operations. Surfaces shall be fog sprayed during immediately following
finishing operations and the fog spraying shall be interrupted only to enable
finishing operations. Such interruptions shall be of minimum duration and shall
occur only in the immediate area being finished.
Plastic shrinkage cracks shall be closed by tamping the concrete with heavy
strokes; cracks shall not be sealed by troweling only.
203.1.10 Curing
203.1.10.1 General
The unformed surfaces of formed concrete shall be kept moist by covering with
water-saturated materials or by other effective means as soon as the concrete
has hardened sufficiently to prevent damage by water. Formed surfaces shall be
kept moist, prior to and during from removal, by water applied on the unformed
top surfaces so as to pass between the forms and the formed concrete faces. All
such surfaces shall be kept completely and continually moist until the forms are
removed. Water curing or membrane curing shall start immediately upon form
removal.
The following shall be cured by the water curing method, the membrane curing
method, or the form curing method, at the Contractor’s option:
Concrete in structure walls not covered by backfill linings.
The following shall be cured by the water curing method, the membrane curing
method, or moist earth curing method, at the Contractor’s option: Concrete
footings, walls and cast-in-place conduit exterior surfaces to be permanently
covered by backfill.
Sealed compounds will be accepted on manufacturer’s certification but shall be

subject to sampling and testing after the delivery. The Contractor shall supply
facilities and assistance as may be necessary for procurement of test samples.
Samples shall be taken only after thorough mixing has distributed the pigment
uniformly in the vehicle.
203.1.10.2 Moist Earth Curing Method
The concrete shall be covered with a minimum 100mm thick blanket of wet earth.
The concrete shall be wet when the earth. The earth blanket shall be kept wet
and shall remain in place for ten (10) days or until earth backfill or concrete is
placed on the surface being cured, whichever occurs first.
The wet earth shall be applied to unformed surfaces immediately upon

completion of moisture control measures. Where such measures are not
required, the wet earth shall be applied as soon as the concrete is hard enough to
preclude damage by the earth blanket.
203.1.10.3 Form Curing Method
Forms shall be left in place and shall not be loosened for a period of at least 10
days, unless a shorter period is approved by the Engineer. Unformed surfaces of
formed concrete shall be kept continuously wet or covered with white
polyethylene sheet and the sheet shall be sealed to the form in a manner which
will prevent evaporation of moisture. In the event that the forms are removed
before expiration of the 10 – day curing method, water curing of tunnel lining shall
be by means of spraying in such a manner that surfaces will be kept continuously
wet.
203.1.10.4 Membrane Curing
Membrane curing shall be by application of a sealing compound which forms a

water retaining membrane on the surfaces of the concrete. The sealing
compound shall be white-pigmented conforming to ASTM C-309, Type 2.
The compound shall be of uniform consistency and quality within each container
of each shipment. The sealing compound shall not be toxic to workmen.
Sealing compound shall be applied to the concrete surfaces by spraying one coat
to provide a continuous, uniform white membrane over all areas. Rate of
application shall be as recommended by the manufacturer, and on rough
surfaces this rate shall be increased as necessary to obtain the required
continuous membrane. Sealing compound shall be applied before concrete
repairs are started.
When sealing compound is used on unformed concrete surfaces, application of

the compound shall commence immediately after finishing operations are
completed. When sealing compound is to be used on formed concrete surfaces,
the surfaces shall be moistened with a light spray of water immediately after the
forms are removed and shall be kept wet until the surfaces will not absorb more
moisture. As soon as the surface film of moisture disappears but while the
surface still has a damp appearance, the sealing compound shall be applied.
Special care shall be taken to ensure ample coverage of edges, corners, and
rough spots of formed surfaces.
After application of the sealing compound has been completed and the
membrane is dry to touch, any required repair of concrete surfaces shall be
made. Each repair to concrete cured by membrane curing shall be moist – cured
for 24 hours and then coated with sealing compound in accordance with the
foregoing requirements.
203.1.11 Acceptance Criteria
Final acceptance of all concrete will be based on satisfactory results of
compressive strength tests outlined in these specifications and compressive
strength of various classes of concrete as shown on the Drawings.
Acceptance criteria will be as outlined in ASTM C94 and ACI Code of Practice
214-65. Concrete which achieves the required compressive strength will be
accepted as satisfactory for payment provided placement, finish and tolerance
meet the specified requirements.
Concrete represented by compressive strength tests which fail to achieve the

required strength as specified shall be liable to rejection and subsequent removal
and replacement.
The Contractor may be given the opportunity by the Engineer to verify the
strength of the concrete based on the test results of diamond drill core samples
cut from the suspect concrete.
Such core samples shall be taken and tested in accordance with ASTM C-42
except that they shall have an L/D ratio of not less than 1.25 prior to capping for
testing. All core samples so tested shall be water-cured for a minimum of 24
hours prior to testing and shall be tested in a saturated state.
Rebound hammer test (ASTM C805) may be carried out by the Contractor prior
to drilling core samples from suspect concrete but the results of such rebound
tests will not be used for acceptance or otherwise of the concrete.
All costs associated with the cutting, preparing and testing of diamond drill core
samples will be borne by the Contractor. Acceptance of the suspect concrete and
payment will however be based on the results of such tests provided the
complete operation has been supervised by the Engineer.
203.1.12 Forms
203.1.12.1 General.
Forms shall be used wherever necessary to confine the concrete during vibration
and shape to it to the required lines. Forms shall have sufficient strength to
withstand the pressure resulting from placement and vibration of the concrete,
and shall be maintained rigidly in position. The strength and rigidity of the forms
shall be such that formed surfaces will conform to specification requirements
relating to surface irregularities and tolerances for concrete construction. Forms
shall be tight to prevent loss of mortar from concrete.
Chamfer strips shall be placed in the corners of forms for exposed exterior
corners so as to produce beveled edges. Interior corners and edges of formed
joints shall not be beveled unless the requirement therefore is shown on the
Drawings.
The tolerance limits specified in Tolerance of Concrete Structures and the surface
irregularity limits specified in Concrete Surface Finishes are the maximum
permissive limits of misalignment or irregularity surface which may occur despite
workmanlike effort to construct and maintain the forms to the specified surfaces.
These limits pertain only to inadvertent and occasional irregularities, even though
these limits, shall not be construed to be tolerances for aligning forms or
determining acceptability of form materials.
Stub walls shall not used, except that stub walls shall be used for, walls having
fillets at the bottom.
Concrete in such stub walls shall be revibrated after adjacent floor concrete is
placed.
Forms for finishes F2 and F3 shall be constructed with grade strips at the
horizontal construction joints, unless the use of groove strips is specified on the
Drawings. Such forms shall be removed and reset from lift to lift, they shall be
continuous from lift to lift. Sheathing of reset forms shall overlap the previous lift
by not less than 25 mm. Forms shall be tightened against the concrete so that the
forms will not spread and permit abrupt irregularities or loss of mortar or paste.
Supplementary bolts or form ties shall be used necessary to hold the rest forms
against the concrete.
Forms for all openings shall be constructed so as to facilitate loosening.
203.1.12.2 Form Sheathing and Lining.
Wood sheathing or lining shall be of such kind of quality and shall be so treated
or coated that there will be no chemical deterioration or discoloration of the
formed concrete surfaces. The type and condition of form sheathing and lining,
and the fabrication of forms for finishes F2, F3, and F4 shall be such that the form
surfaces will be even and uniform. The ability of forms to withstand distortion
caused by placement and vibration of concrete shall be such the formed surfaces
will conform with applicable requirements of these specifications pertaining to
finish of formed surfaces. Where finish F3 is specified, the sheathing or lining
shall be placed so that the joint marks on the concrete surfaces will be in general
alignment, both horizontally and vertically.
Plywood used for sheathing or lining shall be high density overlaid plywood
specially manufactured for use in construction concrete forms as approved.
Materials used for form sheathing or lining shall conform with the following
requirements, or other materials producing equivalent results as approved by the
Engineer.
Surfaces Required Finish Formed Steel Sheathing of Lining

Any grade, surfaced on 2 edges
[S2S] with no limits to defects
F1 except imposed by other Steel Sheathing Permitted
requirements of these
specifications
Selected lumber, surfaced on side
F2 and two edges [S1S2E] or Steel Lining Permitted
plywood sheathing or lining
Selected lumber, surfaced on four
Steel Sheathing
F3 sides [S4S] or Plywood sheathing
Steel Lining not Permitted
or lining
Surfaces Required Finish Formed Steel Sheathing of Lining

For plane surfaces, selected
lumber surfaced on or side [S4S]
T&G or plywood. For warped
surfaces, the lumber shall be free
F4 from knots and other Steel Sheathing Permitted
imperfections and which can be
cut and bent accurately to the
required curvatures without
splintering or splitting
* Steel sheathing denotes steel sheets not supported by a backing of wood boards.
** The lumber shall be free from warp and knotholes and shall have no knots larger than
five centimeters in diameter. All knots shall be sound and tight. There will be no pitch
pockets, barb or lack of wood on the face of the lumber against which concrete is to
be placed.
203.1.12.3 Form Ties
Embedded ties for holding forms shall remain embedded and, except for F1
finish, shall terminate within the concrete approximately two diameters or twice
the minimum dimensions of the tie from the formed faces of the concrete.
Embedded ties for F1 finish shall terminate within the concrete or shall be cut-off
flush with the faces of the concrete, at the Contractor’s option.
203.1.12.4 Cleaning and Oiling of Forms
The surfaces of the forms in contact with the concrete shall be free from
encrustation of mortar, grout or other foreign materials when the concrete is
placed. The surfaces of the forms to be in contact with the concrete shall be
coated with an approved coating, which will enable the ready release of the forms
and will not contaminate the concrete surfaces. Except as provided below, forms
for surfaces which are to be painted shall be coated with straight, refined, pale,
paraffin mineral oil, or other approved coating, and the coating for steel forms
shall consist of refined mineral oil suitably compounded for the purpose.
203.1.12.5 Forms of Curved Surfaces.
Curved surfaces have been dimensioned at several sections. The Contractor

shall interpolate intermediate sections as necessary and shall construct the forms
so that the curvature will be continuous between sections. Where necessary to
meet requirements for curvature, the form lumber shall be built up to laminated
plies cut to make tight, smooth form surfaces. The forms shall be constructed so
that the joint marks on the concrete surfaces generally will follow the line of water
flow. After the forms have been constructed, all surface imperfections shall be
corrected, and all surface irregularities at packing faces of form materials shall be
dressed to the specified curvature.
203.1.12.6 Forms for Slopes or Battered Surfaces
Forms for sloped or battered surfaces shall be built so that the sheathing can be
placed boar-by-board immediately ahead of concrete placement so as to enable
ready access for placement, vibration, and inspection of the concrete. The
sheathing shall be built so that the sheathing can be removed board-by-board
from the bottom to top.
203.1.12.7 Forms for Open Channel Transitions
When warped surfaces of transitions are not back formed, natural or compacted
earth shall be shaped to the specified surface and covered immediately with a
plaster coat of cement-sand mortar at least 0.95 centimeter.
Forms for the warped surfaces shall be tied securely to the floor slab and braced
against spreading. In the upper surface, forms shall be butt and removed as
specified in Removal of Forms, so as to enable ready access for placement,
vibration, inspection, and repair and finishing of the concrete.
203.1.12.8 Falsework for Other Superstructures
False work for the support of other superstructures shall be designed and
constructed to support the loads that would be imposed where the entire structure
placed at one time.
Suitable jacks, wedges or camber strips shall be used in connection with

falsework or centering to set the forms to the required grade or camber and to
take up any settlement in the formwork either before or during the placing of
concrete.
203.1.12.9 Removal of Forms
Forms shall be removed as soon as possible to enable the earliest practicable

repair of surface imperfections, but in no case shall they be removed before
approval of the Engineer. Any needed repair or treatment shall be performed at
once, and be followed immediately by the specified curing. Forms shall be
removed with care so at to avoid injuring of the concrete and any concrete so
damage shall be repaired.
In field operation that are not controlled by beam or cylinder test the removal of
forms and support shall be governed by the following:
Time of Removal After

Type of Structure the last Pouring
Arch, beam, girders and slabs 14 days
Slab in close span of less than the meters 7 days
Side forms for beams, railings, parapets,

Balustrade, walls and columns 48 hours
203.1.13 Construction Joint
203.1.13.1 General
After the top surface of a lift is finally compact, it shall be immediately and
carefully protect from direct rays of the sun, pedestrian traffic, materials being
placed thereof, running water, heavy rains, or any activity upon the surface that in
any manner will affect the setting of the concrete. Unless otherwise specified,
vertical and horizontal joint on exposed faces shall be chamfered as shown on
standard detailed drawings and formed to produce a uniform and neat
appearance
203.1.13.2 Cleaning
Horizontal construction joint on lifts with relatively open and accessible surface
may be prepared for receiving the next lift by either wet sand blasting or by
cutting with an –all –water jet, as specified below. If the surface of the lift is
congested with reinforcements, or relatively inaccessible or, if for any other
reason the Engineer considers it undesirable to disturb the surface of a lift before
final set has taken place, surface cutting by means of air-water jets will not be
permitted and the use of wet sand blasting or light brush hammering will be
required. After approved cleaning, the surface of the construction joints shall be
kept continuously wet for at least 12 hours immediately prior to placing concrete.
A mortar coating of approximately one centimeter in thickness shall be applied to
all approximately horizontal surface immediately prior to the placing of the next lift
of concrete. The mortar shall have the same cement sand ratio as the concrete.
Any free water on the joint surface shall be removed prior to placing the mortar.
The Contractor shall ensure that the surface of any horizontal joints [ and the
formwork in general ] is completely clean of any dust, weed, wood showing or
other deleterious material prior to the placing of concrete.
1. Air-Water Cutting. Air-water cutting of construction joint shall be performed

after initial set has taken place but before the concrete has obtained its final set.
The surface shall be cut with a high pressure air-water jet to remove all laitance
and expose clean, sound aggregate, but not to undercut the edges of the larger
particles of aggregate. After cutting, the surface shall be washed and rinsed as
long as there is a trace of cloudiness of the was water.
2. Wet Sandblasting. When employed in the preparation of construction joints,

wet sandblasting shall be performed immediately before placing the following lift.
The operation shall be continued until all satisfactory concrete and laitance,
coatings, stain, debris, and other foreign materials are removed. The surface of
the concrete shall then be washed thoroughly to remove all loose materials.
3. Cleaning Vertical Construction Joint. The vertical construction joints shall be

cleaned by wet sand blasting or by brush manner.
Measurement shall be in cubic meters of concrete, including formwork and

construction joints where required, actually put in place as ordered by the
Engineer or in accordance with the Drawings and Specifications, and accepted by
the Engineer.
Payment shall be made at the contract unit price shown on the Bill of Quantities.
The unit price is deemed to include all costs of labor, materials, equipment, and
all incidentals needed to complete the work.

Concrete Class “A” For Open
2.1 Cubic Meter
Channel Spillway
204 CONCRETE REINFORCEMENTS
204.1 SCOPE
The Contractor shall furnish and install all concrete reinforcements, supports and
accessories required for the Works.
204.2 MATERIALS
The sizes, number and location of reinforcement bars and welded fabric are
shown on the Drawings. The Contractor shall prepare and submit Shop Drawings
for all bar placing and bending diagrams including detailed bar schedules for the
various project features. The bending diagrams and bar lists shall be detailed in
accordance with ACI 315, or equivalent standard.
204.2.1 Substitution
The following reinforcing steel bar sizes have been used for all reinforced
concrete design under this Contract.
Philippine Standard Nominal Sectional Area Unit Weight (kg/m)

2
Designation (mm )
6mm 28.27 0.222
10mm 78.54 0.616
12mm 113.10 0.888
16mm 201.10 1.579
Philippine Standard Nominal Sectional Area Unit Weight (kg/m)
2
Designation (mm )
20mm 314.20 2.466
25mm 490.87 3.854
28mm 615.75 4.833
32mm 804.25 6.313
36mm 1017.90 7.991
Should the Contractor wish to use reinforcing steel bars having areas different
from those shown (with consequent different designations), the following
requirements will apply.
If the proposed substitute bar has an area from 95% to 105% of the designated
bar, a direct substitution may be made without changes to bar spacing.
If the proposed substitute bar has an area less than 95% of the designated bar,
the substitution may be unacceptable without changes in bar spacing. If the
proposed substitute bar has an area more than 105% of the designated bar,
changes in spacing may be proposed by the Contractor. All proposed changes
shall be submitted to the Engineer for approval.
Proposed changes in spacing shall be submitted to the Engineer for

review/approval by way of the reinforcing arrangement drawings required as shop
drawings.
Approval by the Engineer of the bar size substitution does not relieve the
Contractor from other specified requirements including steel grade and bar
deformations.
Concrete reinforcements steel shall, unless otherwise specified, conform to the
following specifications.
1. Bars for general use ASTM A615, Grade 40

2. Welded wire fabric ASTM A185
204.3.1 Placing Reinforcement
Steel reinforcement bars and welded wire fabric shall be placed in the concrete
wherever shown on the Drawings or where directed by the Engineer.
Measurement made in placing the bars shall be to the centerlines of the bars.
Before the reinforcement bars are placed, the surfaces of the bars shall be
cleaned of loose mill scale, dirt, grease, flaky, rust that can be removed by firm
rubbing with burlap or equivalent treatment, or other foreign substances which will
interfere with bonding of the concrete. After being placed, the reinforcement bars
shall be maintained in a clean condition until they are completely embedded in
the concrete.
Unless otherwise shown on the Drawings, Reinforcement shall have a minimum

protective cover to the face of the concrete as follows:
Type of Faces Exposed Faces Exposed

Construction to Water or Ground to Air
Slabs and Decks 50 mm 40 mm
Walls less than 300 mm 50 mm 40 mm

Thick
Heavy sections,
Over 1.2m thick 100mm 75mm
Reinforcement bars shall be accurately placed and secured in position with

1.5mm or heavier annealed wire ties at all bars intersections so that they will not
be displaced during the placing of the concrete. Special care shall be exercised to
prevent any disturbances of the reinforcement bars in concrete that has already
been placed. Precast concrete blocks or metal chairs, metal hangers, metal
spacer, or other supporting metal supports shall be used for supporting
reinforcement bars, except that where portions of such supports will be exposed
on concrete surfaces designated to receive an F2 finish or better, the supports
shall be precast concrete blocks.
Concrete reinforcements bars shall be measured for payment in kilograms, based

on the approved bar schedules.
Concrete Reinforcements Kilogram

2.2
For Open Channel Spillway
300 OPEN CHANNEL SPILLWAY
301 BACKFILLING / EMBANKMENT (LOW AREAS AND EXCAVATION ALONG

THE SPILLWAY)
301.1 SCOPE
Excavated areas around structures shall be backfilled with free draining granular
material approved by the Engineer and placed in horizontal layers not over 150
mm in thickness, to the level of the original ground surface. Each layer shall be
moistened or dried as required and thoroughly compacted with mechanical
tampers.
In placing backfills or embankment, the material shall be placed simultaneously in

so far as possible to approximately the same elevation on both sides of an
abutment, pier, or wall. If conditions require placing backfill or embankment
appreciably higher on one side than on the opposite side, the additional material
on the higher side shall not be placed until the masonry has been in place for 14
days, or until tests made by the laboratory under the supervision of the Engineer
establishes that the masonry has attained sufficient strength to withstand any
pressure created by the methods used and materials placed without damage or
strain beyond a safe factor.
Backfill or embankment shall not be placed behind the walls of concrete culverts
or abutments or rigid frame structures until the top slab is placed and cured.
Backfill and embankment behind abutments held at the top by the superstructure,
and behind the sidewalls of culverts, shall be carried up simultaneously behind
opposite abutments or sidewalls.
All embankments adjacent to structures shall be constructed in horizontal layers

and compacted as prescribed in Subsection 104.3.3, Item 103 Structure
Excavation of the DPWH Standard Specifications Vol. II 2004 except that
mechanical tampers may be used for the required compaction. Special care shall
be taken to prevent any wedging action against the structure and slopes
bounding or within the areas to be filled shall be benched or serrated to prevent
wedge action. The placing of embankment and the benching of slopes shall
continue in such a manner that at all times there will be horizontal berm of
thoroughly compacted material for a distance at least equal to the height of the
abutment or wall to the backfilled against except insofar as undisturbed material
obtrudes upon the area.
Broken rock or coarse sand and Coarse Aggregates shall be provided for a
drainage filter at weepholes as shown on the Plans.
The volume of foundation fill will not be paid for directly but will be included in the
appropriate pay items for the structures where the foundation fill is incorporated
below the foundation elevation of structures as specified, complete in place and
accepted.

Backfilling / Embankment
2.4 Cubic Meter
(Low Areas Along Spillway)
For Open Channel Spillway
400 CLEAR WATER DIVERSION FACILITY
401 HDPE PIPE, 600MM IN DIAMETER
401.1 SCOPE
The work in this section consists of installation of owner-supplied 600mm

diameter High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) pipe to the details as indicated in the
drawings and specifications.
401.2 MATERIALS
401.2.1 Pipes
Pipe shall be manufactured from a PE 3408 resin listed with the Plastic Pipe
Institute (PPI) as TR-4. The resin material will meet the specifications of ASTM
D3350 with a cell classification of PE:345464C. Pipe shall have a manufacturing
standard of ASTM F714. Pipe Nominal Outer Diameter (Nom OD) sizes 4” to 24”
shall be available in both steel pipe sizes (IPS) and ductile iron pipe sizes (DIPS).
Pipe Nom OD sizes 26” to 54” shall be available in steel pipe sizes (IPS). Pipe
shall be DR 17 (0.689 MPa WPR) for pipe sizes up to 36” unless otherwise
specified on the plans. The pipe shall contain no recycled compounds except that
generated in the manufacturer's own plant from resin of the same specification
from the same raw material. All pipes shall be suitable for use as pressure
conduits and per AWWA Pressure Class (PC) 100 have a nominal burst value of
three and one-half times the Working Pressure Rating (WPR) of the pipe. Peak
flow water velocity of 1.52 m/sec shall be used in the hydraulics engineering
design.
Specifications of HDPE Pipe (sizes based on Iron Pipes) is listed below:
Size Working Pressure / Average ID (mm)

Nom. OD 0.44785 0.5512 0.689 0.88192 1.1024 1.378 1.83963
(mm) MPa MPa MPa MPa MPa MPa MPa
59.375 - - 51.95 50.05 47.925 45.375 41.4
87.500 - - 76.575 73.775 70.65 66.875 61
112.500 - 101.15 98.45 94.85 90.825 86 78.425
139.075 193.125 125.025 121.75 117.25 112.25 106.325 96.925
165.625 152.1 148.925 144.95 139.6 133.725 126.625 115.475
215.625 198.025 193.85 188.75 181.75 174.075 164.85 150.325
268.750 246.85 241.625 235.25 226.55 216.975 205.475 187.35
318.750 292.775 286.575 279 268.725 257.325 243.65 222.225
350.000 321.475 314.65 306.325 295.05 282.525 267.525 244
400.000 367.4 359.625 350.125 337.2 322.875 305.775 278.85
450.000 413.325 404.575 393.875 379.35 363.3 344 313.725
500.000 459.25 449.55 437.675 421.5 403.65 382.225 348.575
550.000 505.15 494.45 231.425 463.6 444 420.475 383.425
600.000 551.075 539.425 525.175 505.775 484.35 458.65 418.275
401.2.2 Fittings
Butt Fusion Fittings - Fittings shall be PE3408 HDPE, Cell Classification of

345464C as determined by ASTM D3350-02, and approved by the Engineer.
Butt Fusion Fittings shall have a manufacturing standard of ASTM D3261.
Molded & fabricated fittings shall have a pressure rating equal to the pipe unless
otherwise specified in the plans. Fabricated fittings are to be manufactured using
Data Loggers. Temperature, fusion pressure and a graphic representation of the
fusion cycle shall be part of the quality control records. All fittings shall be
suitable for use as pressure conduits, have nominal burst values of three and
one-half times the Working Pressure Rating (WPR) of the fitting
Install pipe as shown in the drawings in accordance specifications and with

manufacturer’s recommendations
401.3.1 Inspection
Inspect the pipe for defects before installation and fusion. Defective, damaged or
unsound pipe will be rejected.
401.3.2 Hauling, Unloading and Distributing Pipes
During loading, transportation and unloading, every precaution shall be taken to

prevent injury to the pipe. No pipe shall be dropped from cars or trucks, or
allowed to roll down slides without proper retaining ropes. During transportation
each pipe shall rest on suitable pads, strips, skids or blocks securely wedged or
tied in place. Any pipe damaged shall be replaced.
401.3.3 Testing
Pressure testing shall be conducted in accordance with ASTM F2164, Field Leak
Testing of Polyethylene Pressure Piping Systems Using Hydrostatic Pressure.
The HDPE pipe shall be filled with water, raised to test pressure and allowed to
stabilize. The test pressure shall be 1.5 times the operating pressure at the
lowest point in the system. The pipe shall pass if the final pressure is with 5% of
the test pressure for 1 hour. For safety reasons, only hydrostatic testing will be
used.
Payment for HDPE Pipe, Fittings and Accessories will be included under the bid
item to which the work relates.

Installation of Clearwater
3.1 Diversion HDPE Pipe, 600 Linear meter
mm Diameter
402 GABIONS
402.1 SCOPE
Gabions shall be constructed of wire mesh and shall be supplied in various

lengths and heights. A double twisted wire mesh container of variable sizes,
uniformly partitioned into internal cells, interconnected with other similar units,
and filled with stones at the project site to form flexible, permeable, monolithic
structures such as retaining walls, sea walls, channel linings, revetments and
weirs for erosion control. The lengths shall be multiples of 2, 3 or 4 times the
width of the gabion and heights shall be 0.50 m to 1.00 m or as shown on the
plans. The horizontal width shall not be less than one meter. Gabion furnished
shall be of uniform width.
The width, height and length of the gabion as manufactured shall not differ more
than ±5% from the ordered size prior to filling.
Mattresses are double twisted wire mesh container uniformly partitioned into
internal cells with relatively small height in relation to other dimensions, having
smaller mesh openings than the mesh used for gabions. Mattresses are
generally used for riverbank protection and channel linings. The length shall be
3.00 m to 6.00 m, the width shall be 2.00 m and the height shall be 0.17 m, 0.23
m or 0.30 m or as shown on the Plans.
The width and length of the mattress as manufactured shall not differ more than
5%, and the height shall not differ more than ±10% from the ordered size prior to
filling.
402.2 MATERIALS
402.2.1 Stone Fill
Rock used in the gabions and mattresses shall consist of hard, durable rock
pieces that will not deteriorate when submerged in water or exposed to severe
weather conditions. Rock pieces shall be generally uniformly graded in sizes
ranging from 100 mm to 200 mm. Filled gabions shall have a minimum density of
1.400 kg/m3. Voids shall be evenly distributed.
No rock size shall exceed 2/3 the mattress depth and at least 85% by weight of
the stone shall have a size greater than 80 mm. No stones shall be able to pass
through the mesh.
The rock shall meet the requirements of AASHTO M 63 except that the sodium
sulphate soundness loss shall not exceed 9% after 5 cycles.
402.2.2 Filter Materials
The material shall meet the quality requirements of ASTM C 33 for the region in
which the structure is located. The gradation test shall be performed in
accordance with ASTM C 136. Filter material shall consist of sand and Coarse
Aggregates or crushed stone, well graded between the prescribed limits listed
below.
402.2.3 Double twisted wire mesh Gabions
The minimum size of the galvanized and PVC coated wire to be used in the
fabrication of the gabion and mattresses shall be as follows:
Diameter Tolerances for Galvanized Wire to be used in the fabrication of gabion

and mattress shall be  .10.
The nominal and the minimum thickness of PVC coating shall be 0.50 mm and
0.38 mm, respectively.
402.2.3.1 Mechanical Properties
Tensile Strength – The tensile strength of Zinc-coated wire used in the fabrication
of gabion and mattresses when tested in accordance with Test Methods ASTM A
370, shall be as follows:
Maximum Strength, MPa

Gabion Mattresses
Body Wire 485 515
Selvedge or Perimeter Wire 485 485
Tying Connecting Wire 515 515
402.2.3.2 Weight of Coating
The minimum weight of zinc per unit area of uncoated wire surface shall be in
accordance with ASTM A 975 or as follows:
Wire Diameter, mm Class 3 or A Coating, g / m2

ASTM A 641
Over 1.90 to 2.30 220
Over 2.30 to 2.70 230
Over 2.70 to 3.10 240
Over 3.10 to 3.50 260
Over 3.50 to 3.90 270
402.3.1 Delivery
Stone fill, filter materials and wire mesh for gabions shall be delivered to the work
site. Rocks shall be delivered in a manner to minimize its reduction in sizes
(breakdown) during the handling of the rock.
402.3.2 Sampling
Samples of materials used to fabricate the Gabions shall be furnished to the

Engineer 60 days prior to start of installation. Samples will be tested in
accordance with specification and either ASTM A 974 or ASTM A 975 depending
on which system is being furnished by the Contractor. he Engineer reserves the
right to test additional samples to verify the submitted test records at the
Contractor’s expense. When the first test results indicate that the fasteners do not
meet the specified requirements, the additional test will be at the Contractor's
expense. The fasteners will be rejected after two tests failing to meet the
requirements.
402.3.3 Foundation Preparation
402.3.3.1 Filter Placement
Filter material shall be spread uniformly on the prepared foundation surface in a

manner satisfactory to the Engineer, and to the slopes, lines, and grades as
indicated on the drawings or as directed. The placing of filter material by
methods, which will tend to segregate particle sizes, will not be permitted. Any
damage to the foundation surface during the filter placement shall be repaired
before proceeding with the work. Compaction of the filter materials will not be
required, but it shall be finished to present a reasonably even surface free from
mounds or windrows.
402.3.4 Assembly
The gabions shall be opened and unfolded one by one on a flat, hard surface.
Gabion units over 1.82 m in length usually have an extra shipping fold, which
must be removed. The sides, ends and diaphragms shall be lifted up into a
vertical position to form an open box shape. The back and the front panels of the
gabion shall be connected to the end panels and center diaphragms. The top
corner of the end panels and center diaphragms have a selvedge wire extending
approximately 100 mm out from the corner edge. The end panels and the
diaphragms shall be raised to a vertical position and the selvedge wire shall be
wrapped around the edge wire of the top and back panels.
402.3.5 Lacing Operations
Either lacing wire or ring fasteners are permitted to lace double twisted wire mesh
Gabions.
a. When using lacing wire, a piece of wire 1.2 to 1.5 times the length of the edge
to be laced shall be cut off. If the edge of the basket is 0.91 m long, no more
than 1.2 to 1.5 m of wire should be uses at a time to lace. For vertical joints,
starting at the bottom end of the panel, the lacing wire shall be twisted and
wrapped two times around the bottom selvedge and double and single loops
shall be alternated through at intervals not bigger than 100 to 150 mm. The
operation shall be finished by looping around the top selvedge wire. The use of
pliers to assemble the units with lacing wire is normally recommended.
b. When steel wire ring fasteners are used, the rings shall be installed at the top
and bottom connections of the end and center diaphragms. The ring spacing
shall be based on the minimum pull apart strength as specified. In any case,
the maximum ring spacing along the edges shall not exceed 0.15 m. The use
of either a mechanical or a Vibrating Wire fastening tool for steel wire ring
fasteners is required. Ring fasteners shall be galvanized, stainless steel or Zn-
5% aluminum-mischmetal alloy coated.
402.3.6 Installation and filling
Empty gabion units shall be assembled individually and placed on the approved
surface to the lines and grades as shown or as directed, with the sides, ends, and
diaphragms erected in such a manner to ensure the correct position of all creases
and that the tops of all sides are level. All gabion units shall be properly
staggered horizontally and vertically as shown in the construction drawings.
Finished gabion structures shall have no gaps along the perimeter of the contact
surfaces between adjoining units. All adjoining empty gabion units shall be
connected along the perimeter of their contact surfaces in order to obtain a
monolithic structure. All lacing wire terminals shall be securely fastened. All
joining shall be made through selvedge-to-selvedge or selvedge-to-edge wire
connection; mesh-to-mesh or selvedge-to-mesh wire connection is prohibited
except in the case where baskets are offset or stacked and selvedge-to-mesh or
mesh-to-mesh wire connection would be necessary. As a minimum, a fastener
shall be installed at each mesh opening at the location where mesh wire meets
selvedge or edge wire.
a. The initial line of basket units shall be placed on the prepared foundation and
adjoining empty baskets set to line and grade, and common sides with
adjacent units thoroughly laced or fastened. They shall be placed in a manner
to remove any kinks from the mesh and to a uniform alignment. The basket
units then shall be partially filled to provide anchorage against deformation and
displacement during the filling operation. The stone shall be placed in the units
as specified in Filter Placement.
b. Undue deformation and bulging of the mesh shall be corrected prior to further
stone filling. Care shall be taken, when placing the stone by hand or machine,
to assure that the PVC coating on gabions will not be damaged. All visible
faces shall be filled with some hand placement to ensure a neat and compact
appearance and that the void ratio is kept to a minimum.
c. Gabions shall be uniformly overfilled by about 25 to 50 mm to compensate for

future rock settlements. Gabions can be filled by any kind of earth-filling
equipment, such as a backhoe, gradall, crane, etc. The maximum height from
which the stones may be dropped into the baskets shall be 0.91 to 1.20 m.
After the foundation has been prepared, the pre-assembled gabions shall be
placed in their proper location to form the structure. Gabions shall be connected
together and aligned before filling the baskets with rock. All connections (panel-
to-panel) and basket-to-basket shall be already carried out. Stone fill shall have a
gradation of 0.10 to 0.20 m, as described in Gradation, and shall be placed in
0.30 m lifts. Cells shall be filled to a depth not exceeding 0.30 m at a time. The fill
layer should never be more than 0.30 m higher than any adjoining cell. Stiffeners
or internal cross ties shall be installed in all front and side of the gabions at 1/3
and 2/3 of the height for 0.91 m or higher gabions, as the cell is being filled.
Stiffeners shall be installed in the center of the cells. In 0.46 m high units,
stiffeners or internal crossties are not required. Internal cross ties, or alternatively
the preformed stiffeners, shall be looped around three twisted wire mesh
openings at each basket face and the wire terminals shall be securely twisted to
prevent their loosening. The number of voids shall be minimized by using a well-
graded stone in order to achieve a dense, compact stone fill. All corners shall be
securely connected to the neighboring baskets of the same layer before filling the
units. When more than one layer of gabions is required, in order for the individual
units to become incorporated into one continuous structure, the next layer of
gabions shall be connected to the layer underneath after this layer has been
securely closed. Gabions shall be uniformly overfilled by about 25 to 50 mm to
compensate for future rock settlements.
402.3.7 Gradation
Gradation of stone for gabions shall be performed every 1000 tons placed under
this contract in accordance with ASTM C 136. Sizes of rock to fill gabions are
chosen on the basis of the mesh sizes, the structure's thickness, and within the
limits as specified by the Engineer. Within each range of sizes, the rock shall be
large enough to prevent individual pieces from passing through the mesh
openings. Each range of sizes may allow for a variation of 5% oversize rock by
weight, or 5% undersize rock by weight, or both.
Oversized Rock. In all cases, the sizes of any oversize rock shall allow for the
placement of three or more layers of rock within each gabion compartment [and
two or more layers of rock within each mattress compartment dependent upon
the height of the mattress.
Undersized Rock. In all cases, undersize rock shall be placed within the interior of
the gabion or mattress compartment and shall not be placed on the exposed
surface of the structure. There shall be a maximum limit of 5% undersize or 5%
oversize rock, or both, within each gabion compartment. The required rock
gradation is reported in the following table.
Required rock gradation for gabions
Type of structure (height) m Rock sizes mm
Gabions 0.30 100 - 200

Gabions 0.50 or higher 100 - 200
402.3.8 Non-rectangular Shapes
Gabion units can conform to bends up to a radius of curvature of 18 to 21 m

without alterations. Units shall be securely connected together first, and be
placed to the required curvature, holding them in position by staking the units to
the ground with hardwood pegs before filling. For other shapes, bevels and miters
can be easily formed by cutting and folding the panels to the required angles.
402.3.9 Closing
Lids shall be tightly secured along all edges, ends and diaphragms in the same
manner as described for assembling. Adjacent lids may be securely attached
simultaneously. The panel edges shall be pulled to be connected using the
appropriate closing tools where necessary. Single point leverage tools, such as
crowbars, may damage the wire mesh and shall not be used. All end wires shall
then be turned in.
Gabions and filter material will be measured for payment based upon
computations made from the cubic meter of stone filled gabions in place and
theoretical filter thickness as specified or shown, and the areas acceptably placed
where shown or staked in the field.
Payment will be made for costs for filter material, including furnishing, hauling,
placing, and maintenance of the filter layers until placement of the gabion cover is
completed and accepted. No payment will be made for excess thickness of filter
layers or for material required to replace material lost by rain wash, wind erosion,
or otherwise, except for additional filter material ordered in writing.
Payment will be made for costs associated with gabions, including the costs of
furnishing, assembling, and placing the wire baskets, the stone fill, and all other
materials, labor, equipment, tools, supplies, and incidental costs in connection
with completing this item of work.

Gabions for Dam
1.5 Cubic Meter
Embankment
Gabions for Clearwater
3.3 Cubic Meter
Diversion Facility
403 RUBBLE MASONRY
403.1 SCOPE
The work under this Section shall include furnishing all materials, supplies, tools
and equipment; construction of all necessary form work; placing rubble stone and
concrete binder on an approved foundation and form work; the removal of forms
and curing of the rubble masonry, all in accordance with the Drawings and these
Specification or as directed by the Engineer.
403.2 MATERIALS
Rubble stones shall consist of field stone that are clean, sound durable, resistant
to the action of water, and diameters ranging from 15 centimeters to 60
centimeters, sixty percent (60%) which comprises the bigger sizes. Stones shall
have the prior approval of the engineer before their use.
Preparation and handling of the concrete binder shall be in accordance with this
section. The stones shall be thoroughly wet before they are installed in place. The
entire surface of every stone shall be thoroughly covered with concrete binder. In
general, one cubic meter of rubble masonry will require one-half cubic meter of
concrete binder. Actual variation in this proportion will not entitle the Contractor to
any price adjustment. It is expected that the whole rubble masonry especially in
the case of dam and apron as well as other structures should be well encased
and covered by the concrete so that it forms the heating of the body of dam and
apron and will act contiguous with the concrete shell. This can be achieved by
tamping the stones into the concrete using heavy wooden blocks handled by one
or two people. After the bed has been prepared as required the first layer of
mortar should be laid and rubble embedded in them. The thickness of mortar
should be such that reach rubble could be embedded at least 50% of its longest
dimension in the mortar so that when the next layer of mortar is poured the rubble
which has been embedded is not disturbed. The next layer of boulders can be
arranged in the mortar now placed following the same procedure. This will ensure
that all the boulders are fully covered with mortar and they are well entrenched
and stable in the mortar so that they are not disturbed when subsequent layers of
mortar stones are poured. The stones shall be well set such that no stone will
project beyond the lines indicated on the Drawings.
The concrete binder shall be properly worked into the spaces between stones so
that no void is left within the rubble masonry. In case reinforcements are placed,
no stone shall be closer than four inches (10 centimeters) to the nearest
reinforcing bars. Rubble masonry shall be cured by water four five days.
In situations when rubble masonry is directly constructed on the sub-grade should

be prepared exactly as for any other concrete structures. In these cases, also the
first layer can consist of concrete of 15 centimeters thickness in the case of minor
structures and 20 centimeters in the case of major structures.
Rubble Masonry will be measured in cubic meters in its final position based on
the neat lines of the structure as shown on the Drawings.
The volume measured as provided above will be paid at the contract unit price
per cubic meter, which price and payment shall constitute full compensation for
furnishing all materials, supplies, labor, tools, equipment and all incidentals or
subsidiary works necessary for the successful completion of the work described
under this Section.

Rubble Masonry for
3.4 Cubic Meter
Clearwater Diversion Facility
500 CONSTRUCTION OF SITE ROADS
501 CLEARING AND GRUBBING
Refer to Item 100, Clearing and Grubbing of the DPWH Standard Specifications
for Highways, Bridges and Airports, Vol. II, 2004
502 ROADWAY EMBANKMENT
502.1 MATERIALS
Embankments shall be constructed of suitable materials, in consonance with the

following definitions:
502.1.1 Suitable Material
Material which is acceptable in accordance with the Contract and which can be
compacted in the manner specified in this item. It can be common material or
rock.
502.1.2 Selected Borrow, for topping
Soil of such gradation that all particles will pass a sieve with 75 mm (3 inches)
square openings and not more than 15 mass percent will pass the 0.075 mm (No.
200) sieve, as determined by ASSHTO T 11. The material shall have a plasticity
index of not more than 6 as determined by ASSHTO T 90 and a liquid limit of not
more than 30 as determined by ASSHTO T 89.
502.1.3 Unsuitable Material
Material other than suitable materials such as:
a. Materials containing detrimental quantities of organic materials, such as

grass, roots and sewerage.
b. Organic soils such as peat and muck.
c. Soils with liquid limit exceeding 80 and/or plasticity index exceeding 55.
d. Soils with natural water content exceeding 100%.
e. Soils with a very low natural density, 800 kg/m3 or lower.
f. Soils that cannot be properly compacted as determined by the Engineer.
Prior to construction of embankment, all necessary clearing and grubbing in that

area shall have been performed in conformity with Item 100, Clearing and
Grubbing of the DPWH Standard Specifications for Highways, Bridges and
Airports, Vol. II, 2004.
Embankment construction shall consist of constructing roadway embankments,

including preparation of the areas upon which they are to be placed; the
construction of dikes or adjacent to the roadway; the placing and compacting of
approved material within roadway areas where unsuitable material has been
removed; and the placing and compacting of embankment material in holes, pits,
and other depressions within the roadway area.
Embankments and backfills shall contain no muck, peat, sod, roots or other
deleterious matter. Rocks, broken concrete or other solid, bulky materials shall
not be placed in embankment areas where piling is to be placed or driven.
Where shown on the Plans or directed by the Engineer, the surface of the
existing ground shall be compacted to a depth of 150 mm and to the specified
requirements of this Item.
Roadway embankment of earth material shall be placed in horizontal layers not

exceeding 200 mm, loose measurement, and shall be compacted as specified
before the next layer is placed. However, thicker layer maybe placed if vibratory
roller with high compactive effort is used provided that density requirement is
attained and as approved by the Engineer. Trial section to this effect must be
conducted and approved by the Engineer. Effective spreading equipment shall be
used on each lift to obtain uniform thickness as determined in the trial section
prior to compaction. As the compaction of each layer progresses, continuous
leveling and manipulating will be required to assure uniform density. Water shall
be added or removed, if necessary, in order to obtain the required density.
Removal of water shall be accomplished through aeration by plowing, blading,
discing or other methods satisfactory to the Engineer.
Where embankment is to be constructed across low swampy ground that will not
support the mass of trucks or other hauling equipment, the lower part of the fill
may be constructed by dumping successive loads in a uniformly distributed layer
of a thickness not greater than necessary to support the hauling equipment while
placing subsequent layers.
When excavated material contains more than 25 mass percent of rock larger than
150 mm in greatest diameter and cannot be placed in layers of the thickness
prescribed without crushing, pulverizing or further breaking down the pieces
resulting from excavation methods, such materials may be placed on the
embankment in layers not exceeding in thickness the approximate average size
of the larger rocks, but not greater than 600 mm.
Even though the thickness of layers is limited as provided above, the placing of
individual rocks and boulders greater than 600 mm in diameter will be permitted
provided that when placed, they do not exceed 1.2 m in height and provided they
are carefully distributed with the interstices filled with finer material to form a
dense compact mass.
Each layer shall be leveled and smoothed with suitable leveling equipment and
by distribution of spalls and finer fragments of earth of. Lifts of material containing
more than 25 mass percent of rock larger than 150 mm in greatest dimensions
shall not be constructed above an elevation 300 mm below the finished subgrade.
The balance of the embankment shall be composed of suitable material
smoothed and placed in layers not exceeding 200 mm in loose thickness and
compacted as specified for embankments.
Dumping and rolling areas shall be kept separate, and no lift shall be covered by
another until compaction complies with the requirements Subsection 104.3.3
Compaction of the DPWH Standard Specifications for Highways, Bridges and
Airports, Vol. II, 2004.
Hauling and leveling equipment shall be so routed and distributed over each layer
of the fill in such a manner as to make use of compaction effort afforded thereby
and to minimize rutting and uneven compaction.
502.2.1 Compaction
Before commencing the formation of embankments, the Contractor shall submit

in writing to the Engineer for approval his proposals for the compaction of each
type of fill material to be used in the works. The proposals shall include the
relationship between the types of compaction equipment, and the number of
passes required and the method of adjusting moisture content. The Contractor
shall carry out full scale compaction trials on areas not less than 10 m wide and
50 m as required by the Engineer and using his proposed procedures or such
amendments thereto as may be found necessary to satisfy the Engineer that all
the specified requirements regarding compaction can be consistently achieved.
Compaction trials with the main types of fill material to be used in the works shall
be completed before work with the corresponding materials will be allowed to
commence.
Throughout the periods when compaction of earthwork is in progress, the

Contractor shall adhere to the compaction procedures found from compaction
trials for each type of material being compacted, each type of compaction
equipment employed and each degree of compaction specified.
502.2.1.1 Earth
The Contractor shall compact the material placed in all embankment layers and
the material scarified to the designated depth below subgrade in cut sections,
until a uniform density of not less than 95 mass percent of the maximum dry
density determined by AASHTO T 99 Method C, is attained, at a moisture content
determined by Engineer to be suitable for such density. Acceptance of
compaction may be based on adherence to an approved roller pattern developed
as set forth in Item 106, Compaction Equipment and Density Control Strips.
The Engineer shall during progress of the Work, make density tests of compacted
material in accordance with AASHTO T 191, T 205, or other approved field
density tests, including the use of properly calibrated nuclear testing devices. A
correction for coarse particles may be made in accordance with AASHTO T 224.
If, by such tests, the Engineer determines that the specified density and moisture
conditions have not been attained, the Contractor shall perform additional work
as may be necessary to attain the specified conditions.
At least one group of three in-situ density tests shall be carded out for each 500
m of each layer of compacted fill.
502.2.1.2 Rock
Density requirements will not apply to portions of embankments constructed of

materials which cannot be tested in accordance with approved methods.
Embankment materials classified as rock shall be deposited spread and leveled

the full width of the fill with sufficient earth or other fine material so deposited to
fill the interstices to produce a dense compact embankment. In addition, one of
the rollers, vibrators, or compactors meeting the requirements set forth in
Subsection 106.2.1, Compaction Equipment of the DPWH Standard
Specifications for Highways, Bridges and Airports, Vol. II, 2004, shall compact the
embankment full width with a minimum of three complete passes for each layer of
embankment.
502.2.2 Protection of Roadbed During Construction
During the construction of the roadway, the roadbed shall be maintained in such
condition that it will be well drained at all times. Side ditches or gutters emptying
from cuts to embankments or otherwise shall be so constructed as to avoid
damage to embankments by erosion.
502.2.3 Finishing Roadbed and Slopes
After the roadbed has been substantially completed, the full width shall be
conditioned by removing any soft or other unstable material that will not compact
properly or serve the intended purpose. The resulting areas and all other low
sections, holes of depressions shall be brought to grade with suitable selected
material. Scarifying, blading, dragging, rolling, or other methods of work shall be
performed or used as necessary to provide a thoroughly compacted roadbed
shaped to the grades and cross-sections shown on the Plans or as staked by the
Engineer.
All earth slopes shall be left with roughened surfaces but shall be reasonably
uniform, without any noticeable break, and in reasonably close conformity with
the Plans or other surfaces indicated on the Plans or as staked by the Engineer,
with no variations there from readily discernible as viewed from the road.
502.2.4 Serrated Slopes
Cut slopes in rippable material (soft rock) having slope ratios between 0.75:1 and
2:1 shall be constructed so that the final slope line shall consist of a series of
small horizontal steps. The step rise and tread dimensions shall be shown on the
Plans. No scaling shall be performed on the stepped slopes except for removal of
large rocks which will obviously be a safety hazard if they fall into the ditchline or
roadway.
502.2.5 Earth Berms
When called for in the Contract, permanent earth berms shall be constructed of
well graded materials with no rocks having a diameter greater than 0.25 the
height of the berm. When local material is not acceptable, acceptable material
shall be imported, as directed by the Engineer.
502.2.5.1 Compacted Berm
Compacted berm construction shall consist of moistening or drying and placing

material as necessary in locations shown on the drawings or as established by
the Engineer. Material shall contain no frozen material, roots, sod, or other
deleterious materials. Contractor shall take precaution to prevent material from
escaping over the embankment slope. Shoulder surface beneath berm will be
roughened to provide a bond between the berm and shoulder when completed.
The Contractor shall compact the material placed until at least 90 mass percent
of the maximum density is obtained as determined by AASHTO T 99, Method C.
The cross-section of the finished compacted berm shall reasonably conform to
the typical cross-section as shown on the Plans.
502.2.5.2 Uncompacted Berm
Uncompacted berm construction shall consist of drying, if necessary and placing

material in locations shown on the Plans or as established by the Engineer.
Material shall contain no frozen material, roots, sod or other deleterious materials.
Contractor shall take precautions to prevent material from escaping over the
embankment slope.
503 SUBGRADE PREPARATION
503.1 SCOPE
This Item shall consist of the preparation of the subgrade for the support of
overlying structural layers. It shall extend to full width of the roadway. Unless
authorized by the Engineer, subgrade preparation shall not be done unless the
Contractor is able to start immediately the construction of the pavement structure.
503.2 MATERIALS
Unless otherwise stated in the Contract and except when the subgrade is in rock
cut, all materials below subgrade level to a depth 150 mm or to such greater
depth as may be specified shall meet the requirements of Section 2.2, Selected
Borrow for Topping of the DPWH Standard Specifications for Highways, Bridges
and Airports, Vol. II, 2004.
Prior to commencing preparation of the subgrade, all culverts, cross drains, ducts
and the like (including their fully compacted backfill), ditches, drains and drainage
outlets shall be completed. Any work on the preparation of the subgrade shall not
be started unless prior work herein described shall have been approved by the
Engineer.
503.3.1 Subgrade Level Tolerances
The finished compacted surface of the subgrade shall conform to the allowable
tolerances as specified hereunder:
Permitted variation from + 20 mm

design LEVEL OF SURFACE - 30 mm
Permitted SURFACE IRREGULARITY

MEASURED BY 3-m STRAIGHT EDGE 30 mm
Permitted variation from

design CROSSFALL OR CAMBER + 0.5%
Permitted variation from

design LONGITUDINAL GRADE
503.3.2 Subgrade in Common Excavation
Unless otherwise specified, all materials below subgrade level in earth cuts to a
depth 150 mm or other depth shown on the Plans or as directed by the Engineer
shall be excavated. The material, if suitable, shall be set aside for future use or, if
unsuitable, shall be disposed off in accordance with the requirements of
Subsection 102.2.9 – Removal of Unsuitable Material, Item 102 - Excavation of
the DPWH Standard Specifications for Highways, Bridges and Airports, Vol. II,
2004.
Where material has been removed from below subgrade level, the resulting
surface shall be compacted to a depth of 150 mm and in accordance with other
requirements of Subsection 104.3.3 of the DPWH Standard Specifications for
Highways, Bridges and Airports, Vol. II, 2004.
All materials immediately below subgrade level in earth cuts to a depth of 150
mm, or to such greater depth as may be specified, shall be compacted in
accordance with the requirements of Subsection 104.3.3 of the DPWH Standard
Specifications for Highways, Bridges and Airports, Vol. II, 2004.
503.3.3 Subgrade in Rock Excavation
Surface irregularities under the subgrade level remaining after trimming of the
rock excavation shall be leveled by placing specified material and compacted to
the requirements of Subsection 104.3.3 of the DPWH Standard Specifications for
Highways, Bridges and Airports, Vol. II, 2004.
503.3.4 Subgrade on Embankment
After the embankment has been completed, the full width shall be conditioned by
removing any soft or other unstable material that will not compacted property.
The resulting areas and all other low sections, holes, or depressions shall be
brought to grade with suitable material. The entire roadbed shall be shaped and
compacted to the requirements of Subsections 4.3.3 of the DPWH Standard
Specifications for Highways, Bridges and Airports, Vol. II, 2004. Scarifying
blading, dragging, rolling, or other methods of work shall be performed or used as
necessary to provide a thoroughly compacted roadbed shaped to the
cross-sections shown on the Plans.
503.3.5 Protection of Completed Work
The Contractor shall be required to protect and maintain at his own expense the
entire work within the limits of his Contract in good condition satisfactory to the
Engineer from the time he first started work until all work shall have been
completed. Maintenance shall include repairing and recompacting ruts, ridges,
soft spots and deteriorated sections of subgrade caused by the traffic of the
Contractor's vehicle/equipment or that of the public.
503.3.6 Templates and Straight-edges
The Contractor shall provide for use of the Engineer, approved templates and
straight-edges in sufficient number to check the accuracy of the work, as provided
in this Specification.
504 SUBBASE COARSE (300 MM THK)
504.1 SCOPE
This item shall consist of furnishing, placing and compacting an subbase course
on a prepared subgrade in accordance with this Specification and the lines,
grades and cross-sections shown on the Plans, or as directed by the Engineer.
504.2 MATERIALS
Aggregate for subbase shall consist of hard, durable particles or fragments of

crushed stone, crushed slag, or crushed or natural Coarse Aggregates and filler
of natural or crushed sand or other finely divided mineral matter. The composite
material shall be free from vegetable matter and lumps or balls of clay, and shall
be of such nature that it can be compacted readily to form a firm, stable subbase.
The subbase material shall conform to the following table:
Sieve Designation
Standard, mm Alternate US Standard Mass Percent Passing
50 2” 100
25 1” 55-85
9.5 3/8” 40-75
0.075 No. 200 0-12
The fraction passing the 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve shall not be greater than 0.66
(two thirds) of the fraction passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve. The fraction
passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve shall have a liquid limit not greater than 35
and plasticity index not greater than 12 as determined by AASHTO T 89 and T
90, respectively. The coarse portion, retained on a 2.00 mm (No. 10) sieve, shall
have a mass percent of wear not exceeding 50 by the Los Angeles Abrasion
Tests as determined by AASHTO T 96.The material shall have a soaked CBR
value of not less than 25% as determined by AASHTO T 193. The CBR value
shall be obtained at the maximum dry density and determined by AASHTO T 180
Method D.
504.3.1 Preparation of Existing Surface
The existing surface shall be graded and finished as provided under section 601,
Subgrade Preparation, before placing the subbase material.
504.3.2 Placing
The aggregate subbase material shall be placed at a uniform mixture on a

prepared subgrade in a quantity, which will provide the required compacted
thickness. When more than one layer is required, each layer shall be shaped and
compacted before the succeeding layer is placed. The placing of material shall
begin at the point designated by the Engineer. Placing shall be from vehicles
especially equipped to distribute the material in a continuous uniform layer or
windrow. The layer or windrow shall be of such size that when spread and
compacted the finished layer be in reasonably close conformity to the nominal
thickness shown on the Plans. When hauling is done over previously placed
material, hauling equipment shall be dispersed uniformly over the entire surface
of the previously constructed layer, to minimize rutting or uneven compaction.
504.3.3 Spreading and Compacting
When uniformly mixed, the mixture shall be spread to the plan thickness, for
compaction. Where the required thickness is 150 mm or less, the material may
spread and compacted in one layer. Where the required thickness more than 150
mm, the aggregate subbase shall be spread and compacted in two or more
layers of approximately equal thickness, and maximum compacted thickness of
any layer shall not exceed 150 mm. All subsequent layers shall be spread and
compacted in a similar manner. The moisture content of subbase material shall, if
necessary, be adjusted prior to compaction by watering with approved sprinklers
mounted on trucks or by drying out, as required in order to obtain the required
compaction. Immediately following final spreading and smoothening, each layer
shall be compacted to the full width by means of approved compaction
equipment. Rolling shall progress gradually from the sides to the center, parallel
to the centerline of the road and shall continue until the surface has been rolled.
Any irregularities or depressions that develop shall be corrected by loosening the
material at these places and adding or removing material until surface is smooth
and uniform. Along curbs, headers, and walls, and at all places not accessible to
the roller, the subbase material shall be compacted thoroughly with approved
tampers or compactors. If the layer of subbase material, or part thereof, does not
conform to the required finish, the Contractor shall, at his own expense, make the
necessary corrections. Compaction of each layer shall continue until a field
density of at least 100 percent of the maximum dry density determined in
accordance with AASHTO T 180, Method D has been achieved. In-place density
determination shall be made in accordance with AASHTO T 191.
504.3.4 Trial Sections
Before subbase construction is started, the Contractor shall spread and compact
trial sections as directed by the Engineer. The purpose of the trial sections is to
check the suitability of the materials and the efficiency of the equipment and
construction method, which is proposed to be used by the Engineer. Therefore,
the Contractor must use the same material, equipment and procedures that he
proposes to use for the main work. One trial section of about 500 m shall be
made for every type of material and/or construction equipment/procedure
proposed for use. After final compaction of each trial section, the Contractor shall
carry out such field density tests and other tests required as directed by the
Engineer. If a trial section shows that the proposed materials, equipment or
procedures in the Engineer’s opinion are not suitable for subbase, the material
shall be removed at the Contractor’s expense, and a new trial section shall be
constructed. If the basic conditions regarding the type of material or procedure
change during the execution of the work, new trial sections shall be constructed.
504.3.5 Tolerances
Aggregate sub base shall be spread with equipment that will provide a uniform
layer which when compacted will conform to the designed level and transverse
slopes as shown on the Plans. The allowable tolerances shall be as specified
hereunder:
Permitted variation from design ± 20mm

THICKNESS OF LAYER
Permitted variation from design + 10mm

LEVEL OF SURFACE - 20mm

Measured by 3-m straight-edge 20mm
Permitted variation from design

ROSSFALL OR CAMBER ± 0.3%
LONGITUDINAL GRADE over
25 m in length ± 0.1%
505 BASE COURSE SURFACING (200 MM THK)
505.1 SCOPE
This Item shall consist of furnishing, placing and compacting an aggregate base
course on a prepared subgrade/subbase in accordance with this Specification
and the lines, grades, thickness and typical cross- sections shown on the Plans,
or as established by the Engineer.
505.2 MATERIALS
Aggregate for base course shall consist of hard, durable particles or fragments of
crushed stone, crushed slag or crushed or natural Coarse Aggregates and filler of
natural or crushed sand or other finely divided mineral matter. The composite
material shall be free from vegetable matter and lumps or balls of clay, and shall
be of such nature that it can be compacted readily to form a firm, stable base. In
some areas where the conventional base course materials are scarce or
non-available, the use of 40% weathered limestone blended 60% crushed stones
or Coarse Aggregates shall be allowed, provided that the blended materials meet
the requirements of this Item.
Grading Requirements:
Sieve Designation Mass Percent Passing
Standard, mm Alternate US Standard Grading A Grading B
50 2” 100
37.5 1-1/2” - 100
25.0 1” 60-85 -
19.0 ¾” - 60-85
12.5 ½” 35-65 -
4.75 No. 4 20-50 30-55
0.425 No. 40 5-20 8-25
0.075 No. 200 0-12 2-14
The fraction passing the 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve shall not be greater than 0.66
(two thirds) of the fraction passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve. The fraction
passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve shall have a liquid limit not greater than 25
and plasticity index not greater than 6 as determined by AASHTO T 89 and T 90,
respectively. The coarse portion, retained on a 2.00 mm (No. 10) sieve shall have
a mass percent of wear not exceeding 50 by the Los Angeles Abrasion test
determined by AASHTO T 96.The material passing the 19 mm (3/4 inch) sieve
shall have a soaked CBR value of not less than 80% as determined by AASHTO
T 193. The CBR value shall be obtained at the maximum dry density (MDD) as
determined by AASHTO T 180, Method D. If filler, in addition to that naturally
present, is necessary for meeting the grading requirements or for satisfactory
bonding, it shall be uniformly blended with the base course material on the road
or in a pugmill unless otherwise specified or approved. Filler shall be taken from
sources approved by the Engineer, shall be free from hard lumps and shall not
contain more than 15 percent of material retained on the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve.
505.3.1 Preparation of Existing Surface
The existing surface shall be graded and finished as provided under Subgrade
Preparation, Preparation of Existing Surface, before placing the base material.
505.3.2 Placing
It shall be in accordance with all the requirements of Subgrade Preparation,

Placing.
505.3.3 Spreading and Compacting
It shall be in accordance with all the requirements of Subgrade Preparation,

Spreading and Compacting.
505.3.4 Trial Sections
Trial sections shall conform in all respects to the requirements cited in Subgrade
Preparation, Trial Sections.
505.3.5 Tolerances
The aggregate base course shall be laid to the designed level and transverse
slopes shown on the Plans. The allowable tolerances shall be in accordance with
following:

THICKNESS OF LAYER ± 10 mm
Permitted variation from design + 5mm

LEVEL OF SURFACE - 10 mm

Measured by 3-m straight-edge 5 mm
CROSSFALL OR CAMBER± 0.2 %

LONGITUDINAL GRADE over
25 m in length ± 0.1 %
506 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
Payment for Construction of Site Road shall be in Lump Sum, and shall include
Clearing and Grubbing, Roadway Embankment, Subgrade Preparation, Subbase
Coarse (300mm THK) and Base Course Surfacing (200mm THK).
4.1 Construction Of Site Roads Lump Sum
600 CAMP FACILITIES
601 SCOPE
601.1 TEMPORARY WORKS
The Contractor shall furnish all materials, labor, equipments, tools, and install
such temporary works as are necessary for successful completion of the Contract
Work. The Contractor shall negotiate the site for his construction camp, office and
work areas.
These temporary works and construction plant shall include but will not be limited
to the following:
1] Construction camp for housing, feeding and accommodating of all the

Contractor’s employees. The Contractor shall also, within close proximity of
his camp, provide an office and sleeping quarters for the employees,
complete with facilities [specified in item 2 below] and shall have a minimum
floor area of 80 square meters.
2] Facilities such as potable water, drainage, lightning, sewage, disposal,

sanitation, first aid and fire protection facilities.
3] Workshops, warehouses, site offices, stockpile areas for materials,

equipments, spare parts, fuel and oil.
4] All other temporary facilities not specifically listed but nevertheless required
for the proper functioning of the camp set-up and construction activities.
Temporary works shall conform to all government standards and codes and shall
meet the sanitary requirements of the Department of Health.
Contractor shall submit to the Engineer, for approval, layout drawings, program of
erection and specifications for the Temporary Works within 30 calendar days
following the date of receipt of the Notice to Proceed. No construction or erection
of Temporary Works shall be started without the approved layout drawings,
program of erections and specifications.
601.2 MOBILIZATION OF EQUIPMENT
The contractor shall mobilized and move into the Project Site within 20 calendar
days after receipt of Notice to Proceed the required initial equipment requirement
as listed under item 2.6 of Section 3, Evaluation and Qualification Criteria
Notwithstanding the mobilization of the initial equipment requirements, the

Contractor shall mobilize to the Site the additional equipment requirement within
20 calendar days upon receipt of the approval Equipment Moving-in and
Utilization Schedule.
If for the reasons or causes other then “major calamities”, the Contractor fails to
mobilize fully the initial equipment required within said period, and all other
equipments listed in his approved Equipment moving-in and Utilization Schedule,
at the discretion of the Administrator, he may be given an extension of time to
mobilize them fully but no case shall it exceed 30 calendar days. Failure to fully
mobilize the required construction equipments within said period will be a ground
for contract rescission. During said extension period liquidated damages
equivalent to the daily operated ACEL rental rate of eight hours of the undelivered
equipment per day of delay shall be imposed and collectible from any subsequent
payment due the Contractor. If delays are caused by “major calamities” the
corresponding number of calendar days caused by such calamities will not
counted. Delays shall be reckoned starting at 12:00 O’clock noon of the
succeeding day after the date scheduled for the mobilization of the programmed
equipment to the site.
The Engineer shall check and verify the number, type and actual condition of the
equipment moved into the Project Site. The Engineer reserves the right to order
the removal of such equipment that is not in good working condition from the
Project Site at the Contractor’s expenses and said equipments are not to be
counted for as mobilized.
Construction equipment once moved into the Project Site, checked and
accounted for by the Engineer shall not be permitted, prior to the completion of
the Contract work, to be moved out or transferred by the contractor to another
Project Site without the written approval of the Engineer.
Periodic check-up of the Contractor’s equipments moved-in for the Contract Work
shall be conducted by the Engineer. The contractor will pay to the Engineer the
amount equivalent to the ACEL Rental Rate of any equipment not accounted for
during said check- up for the number of calendar days the equipment have been
removed without the written consent of the Engineer from the Project Site until
said equipment have been returned. Such cases are grounds for disapproval of
claims by the Contractor for time extensions.
601.3 DEMOBILIZATION
Demobilization shall include dismantlement and removal from the site of

Contractor’s Construction Plant, materials and equipments and all Temporary
Facilities with exception of some facilities which the Engineer shall consider to
remain and which shall be handed over to the Engineer at the time of
demobilization in a fully operational condition. Demobilization shall also include
clean up of the site after completion of the Contract Work as approved and
accepted by the Engineer and transportation of Contractor’s employees from the
site.
602 BASIS OF PAYMENT
Payment for furnishing of all materials, equipment and labor for the temporary
works, mobilization of construction equipments including demobilization work,
shall be made at the fixed lump sum price or lump sum bid price whichever is
stated in the Bill of Quantities which shall not be subject to price escalating and
adjustment, in accordance with the following:
1. Twenty percent [20%] of the lump sum price will be paid upon complete
mobilization of the initial equipment requirement.
2. Ten percent [10%] of the lump sum price will be paid upon submittal and
approval by the Engineer of the Contractor’s plan for the temporary works
including list if equipment requirement based on his work schedule as
approved by the Engineer.
3. Twenty percent [20%] of the lump sum price will be paid upon completion of
the Contractor’s temporary works.
4. Thirty percent [30%] of the lump sum price will be paid upon completion of
moving-in of all the construction equipments approved under Equipment
moving-in and Utilization Schedule, duly certified by the Engineer, Project
Auditor or their duly authorized representatives. Partial payment of this 30%
mat be given on a pro-rata basis after fifty percent [50%] of the approved
equipment has been moved-in to the Project Site.
For purposes of computing the percentage of the equipment moved-in,

corresponding number of points of each equipment listed in the Equipment
Moving-in and Utilization Schedule shall be provided by the Engineer to serve
as the basis for any partial payment.
The remaining twenty percent [20%] of the lump sum price will be paid to the
Contractor upon final acceptance of the Contract Work.

Camp Facilities (Including
5.1 Mobilization and Lump Sum
Demobilization)
700 MISCELLANEOUS REQUIREMENTS
The contractor shall provide to the Engineer, brand new and with Certificate of
Calibration the following minimum survey equipment:
1- Total Station- similar to Sokkia 5E- with complete accessories

1- Automatic Level- Similar to Sokkia E32- with complete Accessories
1- Electronic Field Book/Data Logger – complete with software
1- Tape (50m- Fiber glass)
The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer for approval the proposed equipment
make, type, and models with parts and performance catalogs warranty, prior to
loan or purchase of the following minimum list of equipment:
The Contractor shall provide the Engineer with additional surveying equipment
and materials such as pegs, mallets, stakes, nails, paints, etc., as required, and
shall make available to the Engineer any surveying instruments owned by his
surveying department but not included in the above list of equipment which may
be necessary for checking the Work. Any instrument, which has been damaged
or is non-operational shall immediately be replaced or repaired by Contractor at
his own expense.
All surveying equipment shall be returned to the Contractor upon issue of the
Provisional Completion Certificate.
The Contractor shall install, operate and maintain for the duration of the Contract
the following communications systems. The communication system shall remain
the property of the Contractor after the project completion.
B. Site Communications
a) Telecommunication System (telephone and cable service) complete and with

standby power supply at the site and to be made available to the Site offices
of the Employer, the Engineer and Contractor as well.
b) The Contractor shall supply, install and maintain mobile two-way radio
transceiver sets for the Employer, Engineer and for personnel of the
Contractor for on-site communication.
C. Outside Communications
The Contractor shall supply, install, operate, and maintain two (2) Radio
Communication Systems (Transceiver VHF/SSB) at the site, one system to
maintain contact between the Contractor’s field offices and his main office,
and the other system to maintain contact between the field Engineer and the
Project Manager at the Employer’s office.
The Employer will provide assistance in acquiring the necessary radio license
application of the Contractor.
701 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
All miscellaneous requirements which include provisions for Survey Equipment

and Communication System shall be paid in lump sums which shall include all
costs incurred in providing, installing and maintaining surveying and
communications equipment. All instruments provided in this contract shall remain
to be the property of the contractor.
6.1 Miscellaneous Requirements Lump Sum

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ENGINEERING & DEVELOPM

100 DAM CONSTRUCTION ........................................................................................ 1

105.3.4 Measurement and Payment .................................................................... 12

202.5.2 Water-reducing Admixture .................................................................... 37

402.1 Scope .......................................................................................................... 62

101 CLEARING AND GRUBBING

101.2 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

101.2.1 Clearing on Lightly Vegetated Areas

101.2.2 Clearing on Swampy Areas and/or Second Growth Forested Areas

If required by the Engineer, stripped topsoil shall be temporarily stored at the

101.3 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

Payment will be made under:

Pay Item Number Description Unit of Measurement

102 CUT-OFF TRENCH EXCAVATION

Suitable material from cut-off trench excavation will be processed in accordance

102.3 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

102.3.1 Stripping for Cut-off trench Excavation

Area where dam embankment material is to be placed shall first be stripped in

102.3.2 Cut-off trench

102.3.3 Rock Excavation

Include rock excavation with blasting, excavating, grading, disposing of material

102.3.4 Foundation Treatment

102.4 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

Payment will be made under:

This Item shall consist of equipment-laid rock embankment, constructed in

Rocks shall be sound and durable and furnished in a well-balanced range of

Unless otherwise provided by the Plans or Special provisions, rockfill fragments

103.3 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

Sufficient excavation shall be made to expose a foundation bed that is in

103.4 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

1.3 Rock Fill Cubic Meter

(1) Stripping for foundation of dam embankment.

Insofar as practicable, as determined by the Engineer, suitable material

104.3 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

104.3.1 Stripping for Foundation of Dam Embankment

Areas where dam embankment material is to be placed shall first be stripped in

104.3.2 Excavation Below Stripping Line

The cutoff trench(es) shall be excavated in the dam embankment foundation

104.3.2.2 Excavation Below Stripping Line

104.3.3 Disposal of Excavated Material

The cost of transporting excavated materials from excavations to disposal areas

104.4 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

Measurement for payment, of excavation for dam embankment foundation will be

Payment will be made under:

Pay Item Number Description Unit of Measurement

105 DAM EMBANKMENT

105.1 LOW PERMEABILITY ZONE

Low Permeability Zone shall be placed as shown in the drawing.

105.1.3.1 Preparation of Foundation

Formation Surfaces - Immediately prior to placing the first layer of Low

Where, as determined by the Engineer, it is not practical to excavate formation

Placing of Low Permeability Zone materials includes dumping, spreading, and

Prior to placement of Low Permeability Zone on or against the surfaces of

105.1.3.3 Water Content Control

Where steep abutments, construction activities, or other factors make it

105.1.3.5 Field Density Tests

105.1.4 Measurement and Payment

Measurement, for payment, of Low Permeability Zone will be made of the

Payment will be made under:

1.5.1 Low Permeability Zone Cubic Meter

105.2 LOW TO MEDIUM PERMEABILITY FILL

105.2.3 Method of Construction