A

SEMINAR REPORT

ON

HYDROGEN POWERED ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

in

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted By: Supervised By:

RISHABH KUMAR (2022UEE1098) DR. ROHIT BHAKAR

Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

MALAVIYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JAIPUR, INDIA
2023-2024
 MALAVIYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY JAIPUR

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar entitled “HYDROGEN POWERED ELECTRIC VEHICLES”
submitted by Mr. Rishabh Kumar (2022UEE1098) at Malaviya National Institute of Technology
Jaipur towards partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Electrical Engineering at Department of Electrical Engineering has been carried out
by him under my supervision.

Dr. Rohit Bhakar

Professor

Department of Electrical Engineering

MNIT Jaipur

Jaipur -302017, India

Place: Jaipur

Date:

ⅰⅰ
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Rohit
Bhakar, Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of
Technology, Jaipur, for their invaluable guidance, insightful approach, constant encouragement,
unceasing enthusiasm and cooperation throughout my seminar work. Their profound experience
and incomparable expertise along with kind support have been a substantial asset throughout my
work.

I express my indebtedness to Dr. Prerna Jain, Associate Professor, Department of Electrical

Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur for providing me an opportunity
to present this seminar.

I would like to extend my gratitude to PMR lab Research Scholars for offering invaluable
assistance and helping me in my work. The study has indeed helped me to explore more
knowledgeable avenues related to the topic and would help me in the future.

Date: Rishabh Kumar

(2022UEE1098)

ⅱⅰ
 ABSTRACT

The increasing demand for sustainable transportation has led to the development of alternative fuel
vehicles including Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles which use Hydrogen. Today, fossil fuels used in
urban transportation vehicles have great harm to the environment. In order to minimize these
damages, the demand for transportation vehicles that use renewable energy sources is increasing
day by day. Their high energy efficiency, zero emission values, not causing traffic congestion,
saving time, no parking problems and being affordable have made the use of electric vehicles more
advantageous than other means of transportation.

ⅳ
 LIST OF CONTENTS

TOPIC Page No.

CERTIFICATE ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ⅲ
ABSTRACT ⅳ
TABLE OF CONTENTS ⅴ
LIST OF FIGURES ⅶ
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ⅷ

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Organization of the report work 3

CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE REVIEW 4

CHAPTER-3 HYDROGEN AS A TRANSPORTATION FUEL 6

3.1 Storage of hydrogen 7

CHAPTER-4 FUEL CELL ELECTRIC VEHICLES 8

8
4.1 Definition
8
4.2 Working

CHAPTER-5 HYDROGEN FUEL CELL ELECTRIC VEHICLES 10

5.1 Understanding their technology 10
5.2 Working of hydrogen powered electric vehicle 12
CHAPTER-6 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FCEVs 14
6.1 Advantages 14
6.2 Disadvantages 15
6.3 Challenges 16
6.4 Comparison between HFCEVs and ICEVs 17

CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ASPECTS 19

REFERENCES 22

ⅵ
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Name of figure Page No.

No.

1 Fuel cell electric vehicle layout 12

ⅶ
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviation Full form

GREET Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in

Transportation

FCV Fuel Cell Vehicle

HEV Hybrid Electric Vehicle

EV Electric Vehicle

MMT Metric Million Tonnes

PHEV Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

FCEV Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle

ICE Internal Combustion Engines

PEM Polymer Electrolyte Membrane

HFC Hydrogen Fuel Cell

BCV Battery Cell Vehicle

ⅷ
CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION

The transportation sector has always relied on fossil fuels and that has led to various environmental
issues like the global warming and the excess emission of greenhouse gases so we need the
alternatives of fossil fuels and with the emerging technology of using hydrogen power electric
vehicle it can be very appropriately used in the transportation sector, various tools such as the
GREET software that compares the wheel to wheel emissions of different types of electric vehicles
and the results indicate that hydrogen electric vehicles are considered to be more feasible than the
fuel cell electric vehicles and they offer up to times more efficiency. In 1966, electrovan produced
by General Motors was one of the first fuel cell electric vehicles that used a fuel cell in which
combined liquid oxygen and super cool liquid hydrogen was used and it was the first step in using
hydrogen in fuels. In 2018, countries like Norway, China and other parts of the UK begin using
fuel cell buses in addition it is also used in countries like Australia to produce and export this fuel
cell electric vehicles. This development promoted the lead manufacturers like Toyota and Hyundai
to release and develop more and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. According to the American
department of energy, fuel cell cost had fallen around 80% since 2002. The US President, Joe
Biden signed the inflation reduction act. The inflation reduction act mentioned that it will help on
the reduction of carbon energy and it will promote the expenditure on hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.
The EV30@30 campaign started by the central and state governments has the objective of reaching
30% sales share for electric vehicles by 2030. Various incentives have also been approved by the
central and state governments such as the fiscal incentives. This will promote the development of
charging infrastructure and the manufacturing of production centres for hydrogen powered electric
vehicles.

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A planned deployment of five to seven million electric powered cars by 2020 become primarily
based at the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) 2020. Its 2nd goal become to
decrease automobile emissions by 1.3 percentage, that is to be performed via 2020 as properly.
The DeenDayal scheme was first added in India in 2014 as a part of an effort to provide financing
options for e-rickshaws and battery rickshaws. In March 2015, the Motor Vehicles (Amendment)
Bill passed into regulation, validating battery-pushed rickshaws as a way of industrial transport,
main to an upsurge of their production and use across India. In January 2024, the country wide
Green Hydrogen Mission turned into launched by means of our government, aiming to build as a
minimum five MMT in keeping with annum and involve over Rs eight trillion of investments. This
befell inside the same month even as we witnessed Tata Motors and Ashok Leyland showcasing
big hydrogen inner combustion engine vans at the Auto Expo. It is expected that the size of India’s
hydrogen gas mobile car marketplace is projected to develop at a compound annual increase rate
of 28% between 2023 and 2029. India’s first inexperienced hydrogen gas electric powered bus that
have become a product of collaboration amongst Tata Motors and Indian oil agency turned into
released in September 2023, in Delhi. The FAME India scheme, which stands for Faster Adoption
and Manufacture of Electric Vehicles in India, was released via the Indian authorities in 2015 to
sell the faster adoption and manufacturing of electrical and hybrid vehicles within the USA. The
scheme has surpassed thru numerous levels with the primary goal of decreasing pollutants and
dependency on fossil fuels within the transportation vicinity. While the focal point of the scheme
has been by and large on electric vehicles (EVs), it has also covered provisions for selling hydrogen
gas cell era. While the preliminary levels of the FAME India scheme often targeted on battery
electric powered automobiles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric cars (PHEVs), later phases
started out to consist of provisions for hydrogen fuel mobile electric automobiles (FCEVs) as
properly. Incentives consisting of subsidies and tax advantages had been furnished to
manufacturers and customers of FCEVs to sell their adoption. One of the important thing
components of the FAME India scheme is the development of charging infrastructure for electric
cars. While initially targeted on battery electric automobiles, the scheme has also started out to do
not forget the infrastructure necessities for hydrogen refueling stations to assist FCEVs. India
currently has two hydrogen refueling stations.

2
One at Indian Oil’s R&D Centre, Faridabad and the other at National Institute of Solar Energy,
Gurugram. National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) is set to commence the operations of
India’s first public green hydrogen fuelling station in Ladakh which will be used to supply fuel to
five hydrogen fuel cell buses.

1.2 Organization of the report work

This report is divided into EIGHT chapters.

Chapter 1 is concerned with the background and future of hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles.
Chapter 2 consists of the literature review of Hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles.
Chapter 3 discusses the view of using hydrogen as a transportation fuel and its various aspects.
Chapter 4 consists of the definition and working of fuel cell electric vehicles.
Chapter 5 discusses the technology used in Hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles.
Chapter 6 covers the advantages, disadvantages and challenges of fuel cell electric vehicles.
Chapter 7 concludes and gives an insight of the future of hydrogen powered electric vehicles.

3
CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY

The paper [1] discusses in brief about the current status and future prospects of hydrogen fuel cell
vehicles. In this paper we have discussed about the various views of using hydrogen as a fuel in
transportation sector, such as its comparison of energy content with other fuels, that is, its content
of heating is around three times higher than that of petroleum and it has the highest energy content
of any fuel by weight even though it has the lowest energy content by volume. California has the
largest network of hydrogen refueling stations in the world so it is the leading market for fuel cell
vehicles. It also discusses different methods of hydrogen storage in fuel cell vehicles. It contains
the principle of fuel cell, which is basically that a fuel cell has three main parts, a positive electrode
(cathode), a negative electrode(anode) and an electrolyte which varies for different types of fuel
cells. The paper [2] contains an overview of development and challenges in hydrogen powered
vehicles. It contains extensive study of the two main hydrogen-based technologies, Hydrogen Fuel
Cell (HFC) and hydrogen fuelled internal combustion engines. It discusses the benefits of
hydrogen cell vehicles which is mainly that they produce water vapor as the only byproduct and
supports no harmful emission challenge. It also contains the challenges and safety of hydrogen
powered vehicles. This paper proposes different methods and techniques for safe and effective
storage and transport of hydrogen from the production plants to the refueling stations. The most
effective Hydrogen delivery methods are compressed gas pipelines, cryogenic liquid trucks and
compressed tube trailers. It also provides the future aspects of hydrogen utilization in the
transportation system. The paper [3] is conception of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology. This paper
discusses about the background of hydrogen fuel cell technology , then it covers the introduction
part. It also explains the definition of fuel cells and briefly explains its different types along with
their internal mechanism. It also explains different advantages and disadvantages of using
hydrogen powered electric vehicle. There are various types of fuel cells. The fuel cells are
differentiated based on their operating temperature. There are low temperature fuel cells and high
temperature fuel cells.

4
The most prominent high temperature fuel cells are Molten carbonate and Solid Oxide. The most
prominent high low temperature fuel cells are Alkaline fuel cell, Phosphoric Acid fuel cell and
Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cell. The paper [4] presents a management strategy of the
hydrogen refueling system for FCEVs that comprehensively considers the supply of hydrogen by
various methods, the various methods of production of hydrogen to be used, and the operation of
hydrogen production stations. The paper [5] presents a detailed research report on the usage of
ammonia in fuel cell electric vehicle since ammonia consists of 50% more hydrogen than one mole
of hydrogen and also the safety concern is much less as compared to hydrogen. The proposed
electric vehicle using ammonia power is the world's first electric vehicle based on ammonia power
and represents a new method of electric vehicle energy management.

5
CHAPTER-3

HYDROGEN AS A TRANSPORTATION FUEL

So when we discuss hydrogen as a fuel, we have to cover its various aspects such as its energy
content, its advantages and disadvantages, market trends, its comparison with battery electric
vehicles, its potential use in future and its production methods. Hydrogen has low energy content
by volume but it has sufficiently high energy content by weight, it can be used in fuel cells and it
produces zero harmful emissions. Hydrogen as a transportation fuel also has some challenges like
it has three times higher heating value than petroleum and its production cost is also higher than
petroleum refining. Automakers like Honda, Tyota and Hyundai are producing Fuel cell vehicles
using hydrogen as a fuel. Fuel cell vehicles are available in North America, Asia and Europe.
Highly educated and high income individuals have driven the initial sales of these vehicles.
California leads in the FCV market because of the large network of hydrogen refueling stations.
The key differences between FCV and BCVs include driving range and refueling style. Hydrogen
is expected to have increased use as a fuel by 2030, with competitive costs against Internal
Combustion Engines (ICEs).The efficient storage of hydrogen is a major hurdle, compressed tanks
are currently used for their storage but face cost issues. Hydrogen can be extracted from water,
hydrocarbons and hydrogen sulfides and other sources. Various energy sources such as thermal,
photonic, electrical and biochemical are used for mass production. Hydrogen can also be extracted
from waste biomass through electrochemical reactions. Possible biomass feedstocks are bread
residue, cypress sawdust, and rice chaff. There is another easy to find waste material like
newspaper. Newspapers are composed of cellulose and lignin, which can be considered as a
potential source of hydrogen through direct electrolysis. Electrolysis of humidified methane is also
a method of production for hydrogen.

3.1 Storage of hydrogen

In a fuel cellular car, hydrogen is normally saved in high-strain tanks or in a cryogenic liquid form.
The tanks used for storing compressed hydrogen gasoline in gasoline mobile motors are normally
made from lightweight composite substances which include carbon fiber bolstered polymer
(CFRP) or glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP). These composite substances offer high
electricity-to-weight ratios, that are essential for ensuring the tanks can face up to the high pressure
of the stored hydrogen while maintaining the general weight of the car achievable. There are
mainly three methods of storing hydrogen in a gas cellular car:

1. Compressed Hydrogen Gas: Hydrogen fuel is especially compressed and saved in high-
pressure tanks made of light-weight substances like carbon fiber wrapped with a high-
energy resin. The strain internal those tanks may be as excessive as 350–seven-hundred
bar (five,000–10,000 psi), which permits for more hydrogen to be stored in a smaller
volume. The excessive-strain garage tanks are prepared with protection features to prevent
leaks and ruptures.

2. Liquid Hydrogen: Here hydrogen gasoline is saved in liquid shape within the cryogenic
tanks beneath very low temperatures near -253’C. Maximum amount of hydrogen is saved
right here considering it's miles saved in liquid shape , but since it calls for very low
temperatures so it's far very hard to keep such low temperatures so it requires state-of-the-
art insulation structures and complex technology to maintain such low temperatures, it has
huge packages within the fields where maximizing the storage of hydrogen is the primary
function.

3. Metal Hydride Storage: The metal hydrides can take in and launch hydrogen via a
reversible chemical response. Hydrogen gas receives saved within the metallic lattice and
receives used from there, these operate at tremendously decrease pressures as compared to
the opposite storage mediums and hydrogen gasoline is stored on this in stable shape so it
is easy to handle and much less protection rules are required so that they provide blessings.

7
CHAPTER-4

FUEL CELL ELECTRIC VEHICLES(FCEVs)

4.1 Definition

Also known as zero-emission vehicles, FCEVs use ‘fuel cell technology’ to generate the electricity
needed to run the vehicle. The chemical energy in the fuel is converted directly into electricity
which is then used by the vehicle. Hydrogen-powered electric vehicles are more efficient than
conventional internal combustion engine vehicles and produce zero emissions. They produce only
hot water and hot air and it comes. U.S. The Department of Energy leads research efforts to make
hydrogen-powered vehicles affordable, environmentally friendly, and safe. Hydrogen is
considered an alternative fuel under the Energy Policy Act of 1992. Gasoline electric vehicles use
propulsion systems similar to electric cars, with no exhaust emissions as compared to conventional
internal combustion engines in which fuel is used to convert energy stored as hydrogen into
electricity with cells. FCEVs are powered by pure hydrogen gas stored in a tank on the vehicle
and, similar to conventional combustion engine vehicles, can be refueled in about 5 minutes and
have a driving range of more than 300 miles Advanced technologies such as regenerative braking
systems are effectively used to increase efficiency.

4.2 Working of Fuel cells

A fuel cell is a tool that used hydrogen and oxygen to produce strength. Hydrogen is a
extraordinary fuel because it can be used in many extraordinary methods and does not motive
pollution whilst it's utilized in a gas mobile. Inside a fuel cell there happens an electrolytic response
that uses hydrogen and oxygen and uses them to provide energy and its principal benefit is that it
does now not produces any dangerous with the aid of product. There are different kinds of fuel,
however all of them work in a comparable way. Fuel cells are a incredible way to generate power
with out inflicting pollutants.

8
The most common type of fuel cell is polymer membrane fuel cell and it is most widely used. In a
PEM fuel cell, an electrolyte membrane is fitted between cathode and anode. At the anode,
hydrogen gas is supplied where it breaks into protons and electrons, the electrons are forced to
travel through the external circuit since the electrolyte is selectively permeable. The travelling
electrons through the external circuit generate the current which is utilized by the batter. Oxygen
gas is supplied at the cathode, so at the cathode, the electrons, protons from the anode and the
oxygen gas combines to form the only by product which is water vapor. In this process some
quantity of heat is also released which can be utilized. Thus, here the only emission is water vapor
making it emission free in terms of harmful pollutants.

9
CHAPTER-5

HYDROGEN FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY

5.1 Understanding their Technology

Hydrogen fuel technology is not a new form of Technology. In 1839, Sir William Robert used
hydrogen mixture gas for street lamps and the first cell was invented by him. In a hydrogen fuel
cell, there occurs a chemical reaction between hydrogen gas and Oxygen gas inside a fuel cell and
in this reaction electricity and water are generated as a bi product. The major issue that occurs is
the required infrastructure, high manufacturing cost, less efficiency, complicated storage and
transport requirements have also held back hydrogen fuel cells however for industrial applications
they may be much more effective for those who can afford their required infrastructure and can
afford the manufacturing cost. There are different types of fuel cells based on the type of electrolyte
used. Their properties are decided by their difference in their operating temperature and which
varies widely between the types. There are two types of fuel cells, one is high temperature fuel cell
and the other is low temperature fuel cell.
High temperature fuel cells operate at temperatures greater than 1100 °F or 600 °C. Since they
operate at such high temperatures, their occurs spontaneous internal reforming of methane into
hydrogen and carbon in the presence of water.
Low temperature fuel cells operate at temperatures below 480 °F or 250°C. These do not permit
internal reforming as possible in the high temperature fuel cells and therefore they require an
external source of hydrogen.
Some of the widely used high temperature fuel cells are:
1) Molten carbonate
2) Solid oxide
Some of the widely used low temperature fuel cells are:
1) Alkaline
2) Phosphoric acid
3) Proton exchange membrane

10
● Molten carbonate fuel cells- They contain electrolyte which is a mixture of alkaline lithium
and potassium carbonate and that conducts carbonate ions from the cathode to the anode.
● Alkaline fuel cells- They contain electrolyte which is composed of molten alkaline mixture
such as potassium hydroxide and that conducts hydroxyl ions from the cathode to the
anode.
● Solid oxide fuel cells- These fuel cells use electrolyte made of zirconia and takes the form
of a ceramic and that conducts oxide ions from the cathode to the anode.
● Phosphoric acid fuel cells- Their electrolyte is composed of liquid phosphoric acid with
silicon carbide matrix material that conducts hydrogen ions from the anode to the cathode.
● Proton exchange membrane fuel cells- Their electrolyte is composed of solid polymer film
that consists of a form of acidified teflon that conducts hydrogen ions from the anode to
the cathode.

11
 Fig.1 Fuel cell electric vehicle layout [1]

5.2 Working of Hydrogen powered electric vehicle

The working of a hydrogen powered electric vehicle is as explained below. So first if the fuel tank
is empty the driver has to take it to the refueling station and get the tank fully filled with hydrogen
gas, and the process of refueling is same as the refueling process of the conventional diesel or
petrol engine vehicles. The hydrogen stored in the fuel tank is supplied to the connected fuel cell
stack where numerous fuel cells are present and inside each and every fuel cells current is
generated due to electrochemical reactions. Inside each fuel cell the process is same. There are
cathode, anode and between them is present, electrolytic membrane. At the anode, hydrogen gas
is supplied where it breaks into protons and electrons, the electrons are forced to travel through
the external circuit since the electrolyte is selectively permeable. The travelling electrons through
the external circuit generate the current which is utilized by the batter. Oxygen gas is supplied at
the cathode, so at the cathode, the electrons, protons from the anode and the oxygen gas combines
to form the only by product which is water vapor. In this process some quantity of heat is also
released which can be utilized. Thus, here the only emission is water vapor making it emission
free in terms of harmful pollutants.
12
Advanced technologies like regenerative braking systems that capture the energy lost during
braking and store it in a battery , are now effectively used in FCEVs to increase the efficiency.

13
CHAPTER-6

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FUEL CELL

ELECTRIC VEHICLES

6.1 Advantages of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

1) One of the major advantages of using hydrogen powered electric vehicles is that it there is
not any emission of CO2 and other harmful gases which promotes the usage and generation
of hydrogen powered electric vehicles, the only by product involved here is water vapour.
2) The refueling time of hydrogen fuel cells is about three to five minutes, means it can be
refuels very easily just like petrol and diesel vehicles and takes very less time for refueling
in comparison with other electric vehicles where we have to replace the heavy lead
batteries.
3) They offer longer driving range in comparison with other electric vehicles.
4) Hydrogen fuel cells have good applications in heavy duty vehicles such as buses and trucks
where there is weight and space limitations on the batteries, since hydrogen has high energy
density therefore it can be used there.
5) Hydrogen can be produced through variety of sources including water and other renewable
sources, this diversity of sources in production of hydrogen contributes to its energy
independence and reduces our dependence on fossil fuels and other non-renewable sources.
6) In addition of energy carrier, hydrogen can also serve as energy storing medium, where
excess of renewable energy from wind, solar energy, tidal energy, can be used to generate
hydrogen through electrolysis and can be stored for later use.

14
6.2 Disadvantages of fuel cell electric vehicles

1) One major disadvantage is that even though the hydrogen powered electric vehicles do not
produce any harmful gases, yet there are harmful gases emissions in the production of
hydrogen and it is energy neutral gas that means it takes almost same amount of energy to
produce it as of that it produces.
2) Hydrogen can be either stored in compressed high pressure tanks or in liquid form in the
cryogenic containers, both the methods involve loss of energy. Hydrogen if compressed it
requires almost 13 percent of the energy content of the hydrogen itself and if it is liquified,
it loses almost 40 percent of its energy content.
3) Hydrogen is highly flammable gas and if it escapes from the container, it can make them
brittle and easy to break.
4) It requires a large capital investment for setting up the infrastructure of hydrogen fuel cells.
5) Even though hydrogen fuel cells are more efficient than the internal combustion engines
yet they are less energy efficient than the standard lithium ion batteries and they are most
commonly used.

Different ways of production of hydrogen

There are different ways to prepare hydrogen to use it as a fuel.Some of the ways are mentioned
below.
1) The most common way is to prepare it from natural gas, but it emits carbon dioxide which
contradicts its emission free energy source.
2) The second way in the production of hydrogen is from the electrolysis of water where it
can be directly extracted from water and separated from oxygen molecules using electric
current and that is most commonly generated using natural gas powered plant but the only
carbon Freeway is to use solar or wind energy and that is not accessible in some of the
areas of the world. Since its production process is so complicated, it makes hydrogen fuel
cells more costly than other forms of energy.

15
6.3 Challenges of Hydrogen Powered Fuel cell electric vehicles

1) Infrastructure has always been one of the major challenges since building a network of
refueling stations requires both time as well as it is expensive.
2) The second most important challenge in using hydrogen powered electric vehicles is the
production of hydrogen, even though the most common way in the production of hydrogen
is through a process called steam Methane reforming but since it results into carbon
emissions unless carbon capturing devices are used but that will make the production cost
very expensive.
3) Also the efficiency of the hydrogen power electric vehicle is lower as compared to the
vehicles directly using electricity and that also changes the overall cost effectiveness of
using hydrogen has a fuel.
4) The storage and distribution of hydrogen fuel is also one of the major factors since the
energy density of hydrogen per unit volume of hydrogen is very low so the hydrogen
molecules are very small and can lead to leakage issues.

16
6.4 Comparison between HFCEVs and ICEVs

Hydrogen-powered electric powered cars (HPEVs) and distinct automobiles, commonly referring
to gas or diesel-powered internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), have numerous variations
in the course of numerous elements. Let's compare them in phrases of efficiency, emissions,
refueling time, infrastructure, and environmental impact:

1. Efficiency
HPEVs: Hydrogen gas cells are generally greater inexperienced than traditional internal
combustion engines. However, the overall performance of converting hydrogen fuel to
electricity after which to movement can vary relying on the precise generation and layout
of the auto.
ICEVs: Internal combustion engines are a lot less inexperienced in contrast to gas cells in
converting power from gas to movement. A big a part of energy is misplaced as warmth
inside the combustion procedure.

2. Emissions
HPEVs: Hydrogen gasoline cells produce zero tailpipe emissions. The only byproducts are
water vapor and heat.
ICEVs: Internal combustion engines emit pollutants collectively with carbon dioxide
(CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate count (PM), and carbon monoxide (CO)
contributing to air pollutants and greenhouse gasoline emissions.

3. Refueling time
HPEVs: Refueling a hydrogen-powered car typically takes a couple of minutes, similar to
refueling a gasoline or diesel vehicle.
ICEVs: Refueling fuel or diesel cars commonly takes a couple of minutes as well.

17
 4. Infrastructure
HPEVs: Hydrogen refueling infrastructure remains instead restrained compared to
conventional gasoline stations. Building out hydrogen refueling stations is luxurious and
calls for huge funding.
ICEVs: Gasoline and diesel refueling infrastructure is well-hooked up globally.

5. Environmental impact
HPEVs: Hydrogen production can be environmentally pleasant if produced thru renewable
electricity assets or techniques like electrolysis using renewable energy. However, if made
from fossil fuels, the environmental effect may be widespread because of carbon emissions.
ICEVs: The environmental impact of ICEVs is extra regularly than not associated with
emissions at some point of gas combustion and extraction, contributing to weather trade,
air pollution, and environmental degradation.
In summary, hydrogen-powered electric powered automobiles provide the gain of zero tailpipe
emissions and quick refueling times, however they presently face disturbing conditions associated
with infrastructure and the environmental effect of hydrogen production. On the alternative hand,
traditional ICEVs have a nicely-mounted infrastructure however produce harmful emissions and
are tons much less inexperienced than HPEVs. The desire the various relies upon on different
factors collectively with availability of infrastructure, environmental worries, and technological
improvements.

18
CHAPTER-7

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ASPECTS

The destiny marketplace of hydrogen relies upon upon the potential long term regulations on
greenhouse gases, the value of hydrogen and the advancement of generation that uses hydrogen as
a gas. The hydrogen required for FCVs must be of excessive purity to enhance the overall
performance and life of the stack which increases the value of the fuel. An green and budget
friendly approach for monitoring hydrogen purity need to be incorporated into the refueling
network and production facil-ities. The motor groups must be capable of reap a good return on
investment whilst implementing the hydrogen FCV to the market. The cars need to be offered at
an affordable income after the engineering and production costs are recovered.Some groups, like
ULEMCo in the UK, paintings to transform semi trucks from diesel to a twin-fuel hydrogen-diesel
engine,which is slowly moving the HDV market closer to a hydrogen-primarily based future.The
EV30@30 initiative is a international campaign aimed at accelerating the deployment of electrical
automobiles (EVs) worldwide with the goal of accomplishing a 30% market proportion for EVs
in the general income of light-obligation automobiles via 2030 (consequently the
"@30" inside the name). The initiative became launched through the Clean Energy
Ministerial (CEM) and the International Energy Agency (IEA) in 2017 as a part of broader efforts
to lessen greenhouse fuel emissions from the transportation quarter and mitigate weather exchange.
The primary objective of the EV30@30 initiative is to sell the sizeable adoption of electric cars to
assist decarbonize the transportation region and reduce air pollutants. By accomplishing a 30%
market percentage for EVs with the aid of 2030, the initiative ambitions to illustrate the feasibility
and benefits of transitioning faraway from internal combustion engine cars to electric powered
automobiles. The EV30@30 initiative brings collectively governments, enterprise stakeholders,
and international groups to collaborate on coverage development, generation development, and
market assist measures to accelerate the adoption of electrical vehicles. Participating countries and
organizations percentage first-class practices, exchange information, and coordinate efforts to
conquer boundaries to EV deployment.
19
The initiative advocates for the implementation of supportive rules and regulations to create an
allowing environment for electric powered motors. This consists of measures inclusive of financial
incentives, regulatory mandates, infrastructure improvement, and public awareness campaigns to
stimulate call for for EVs and facilitate their full-size adoption. The EV30@30 initiative promotes
research, development, and deployment of advanced electric automobile technology to enhance
vehicle performance, lessen prices, and beautify charging infrastructure. This includes helping
innovation in battery generation, electric powered drivetrains, charging infrastructure, and smart
grid integration to cope with technical demanding situations and enhance the elegance of EVs to
customers. The initiative tracks development toward its dreams through ordinary monitoring and
reporting of EV sales, marketplace developments, policy trends, and technological advancements.
This permits participating countries and stakeholders to assess their development, perceive
obstacles, and modify their strategies to accelerate the transition to electric mobility. Overall, the
EV30@30 initiative performs a essential role in driving worldwide efforts to sell electric vehicles
as a sustainable transportation solution. By bringing collectively governments, industry, and other
stakeholders, the initiative targets to create a supportive surroundings for electric powered mobility
and contribute to the achievement of climate and electricity desires. Another scheme commenced
by the Department of Heavy Industry in India, “Faster Adoption and manufacturing of electrical
and hybrid motors in India”, popularly referred to as the FAME India scheme, started out on 1st
April, 2015. While the scheme basically focuses on battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in
hybrid electric motors (PHEVs), it also covers provisions that in a roundabout way contribute to
the improvement of hydrogen fuel cellular electric cars (FCEVs).The primary objective of the
FAME India scheme is to boost up the adoption of electrical and hybrid vehicles to mitigate
vehicular emissions, lessen dependence on fossil fuels, and promote sustainable transportation.
The scheme pursuits to reap those goals via a combination of fiscal incentives, infrastructure
development, capability constructing, and cognizance campaigns. The FAME India scheme
supports research and development tasks geared toward advancing electric mobility technology,
which includes hydrogen fuel cellular generation. Funding is allotted for research tasks, era
demonstrations, and pilot programs to sell innovation and generation switch in the electric car
environment.

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Research and development efforts in gas cell technology could result in upgrades in efficiency,
sturdiness, and cost-effectiveness, making FCEVs extra aggressive within the market.The FAME
India scheme includes provisions for the development of charging infrastructure to help electric
vehicles. While to begin with centered on battery electric powered motors, destiny iterations of the
scheme ought to increase to consist of provisions for hydrogen refueling infrastructure to support
the deployment of FCEVs. Investments in hydrogen infrastructure are critical for permitting the
enormous adoption of FCEVs by using ensuring convenient get right of entry to to refueling
stations. It is expected that FAME III may also include Hydrogen fueled vehicles, and we may
additionally see the inclusion of ethanol-powered cars.

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References
[1] Manoharan, Yogesh, Seyed Ehsan Hosseini, Brayden Butler, Hisham Alzhahrani, Bhi Thi
Fou Senior, Turaj Ashuri, and John Krohn. "Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles; current status and
future prospect." Applied Sciences, vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 2296, 2019.
[2] Hosseini, Seyed Ehsan, and Brayden Butler. "An overview of development and challenges
in hydrogen powered vehicles." International Journal of Green Energy, vol. 17, no. 1, pp.
13-37, 2020.
[3] Pritam Pain, and Deep Dewan. "Concept of Hydrogen Fuel Technology." International
Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 7, no. 11, pp.1007-1012, January 2020.
[4] Fang, Yu, Chen Junshi, Xie Tianyou, Zhang Zhitao, Yao Ying, and Tao Yuechuan. "A
Hydrogen Refueling System for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles: Towards Low Carbon
Oriented Power and Transportation Systems." In 2022 IEEE 5th International Electrical
and Energy Conference (CIEEC), pp. 4617-4622. IEEE, 2022.
[5] Cheng, K. W. E., Xiangdang Xue, Molly Li, Daniel Lau, and S. X. Niu. "Zero-emission
Low-Storage-Pressure Ammonia Technology for Future Electric Vehicles." In 2022 IEEE
9th International Conference on Power Electronics Systems and Applications (PESA), pp.
1-5. IEEE, 2022.

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