4.2.

10 Electrical Power
Electrical Power Equation
 In mechanics, power P is defined as the rate of doing work
o The potential difference is the work done per unit charge
o Current is the rate of flow of charge
 Therefore, the electrical power is defined as the rate of change of work done:

 The work done is the energy transferred so the power is the energy transferred per second in an electrical
component

 The power dissipated (produced) by an electrical device can also be written as

 Using Ohm's Law V = IR to rearrange for either V or I and substituting into the power equation, means power
can be written in terms of resistance R

 This means for a given resistor if the current or voltage doubles the power will be four times as great.
o Which equation to use will depend on whether the value of current or voltage has been given in the
question
 Rearranging the energy and power equation, the energy can be written as:

E = VIt

 Where:
o E = energy transferred (J)
o V = potential difference (V)
o I = current (A)
o t = time (s)
 Worked Example
Two lamps are connected in series to a 150 V power supply.

Which statement most accurately describes what happens?

A. Both lamps light normally

B. The 15 V lamp blows

C. Only the 41 W lamp lights

D. Both lamps light at less than their normal brightness

ANSWER: A

Exam Tip
You can use the mnemonic “Twinkle Twinkle Little Star, Power equals I squared R” to remember whether to multiply
or divide by resistance in the power equations.

When doing calculations involving electrical power, remember the unit is Watts W, therefore, you
should always make sure that the time is in seconds
Measuring Energy Usage
The Kilowatt Hour (kWh)

 Energy usage in homes and businesses is calculated and compared using the kilowatt hour
 The kilowatt hour is defined as:

A unit of energy equivalent to one kilowatt of power expended for one hour

 Appliances are given power ratings, which tell consumers:

The amount of energy transferred (by electrical work) to the device every second

This kettle uses between 2500 and 3000 W of electrical energy

 This energy is commonly measured in kilowatt-hour (kW h), which is then used to calculate the cost of energy
used

Calculating with kWh

 The kilowatt hour can also be defined using an equation:

 Where
 o E = energy (kWh)
o P = power (kW)
o t = time (h)
 This equation is unusual because S.I. unit are not used, both energy and power are × 103,
and time is in hours, not seconds

 Since the usual unit of energy is joules (J), this is the 1 W in 1 s

o Therefore:


o Since 1 kW = 1000 W and 1 h = 3600 s

 To convert between Joules and kW h:

 The kW h is a large unit of energy, and mostly used for energy in homes, businesses, factories and so on

Worked Example
A cooker transfers 1.2 × 109 J of electrical energy to heat. How much will this cost if 1 kW h costs 14.2p?

Step 1: Convert from J to kW h

Step 2: Calculate the p