‫ي ت ج ته م اا ج ي ي إ ى ا ع ي‬ ‫اق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬

‫‪ /‬ســع ي اأمي‬
‫أست مس ع‬
‫ا ت ج ‪ -‬ج مع ا ك سع‬ ‫كي ا غ‬

‫ملخص‪ :‬تحظى ترجمة ا صوص ا قا و ية با تمام متزايد في مجال ا ترجمة ممارسة وت ظيرا‪ ،‬وذ ك ون ا ص ا قا و ي‬
‫مست د م م يحو مواد وأحكام ت ظم ا عاقات بين اأطراف ى أفرادا كا وا أم شركات أو دول‪ ،‬فيوضح ما ل طرف من‬
‫حقوق وما ع ي من واجباتي و سبة أ مية ذ ا مواد وما تشير إ ي من مفا يم قا و ية‪ ،‬وجب أن ترد في ا صوص‬
‫بس أو غموض أو تفسيرات متضاربةي ذا ا سبب فإن ا صوص ا قا و ية يصوغ ا‬ ‫بعبارات واضحة ا مجال في ا أ‬
‫ا مختصون با قا ون وفق طرائق معي ة‪ ،‬بعبارات راسخة ثابتة ع ى مر ا س ين‪ ،‬استعم ا من سبق م في ا م ة‪ ،‬واستمروا‬
‫ا‬ ‫في استخدام ا بعد أن تأ دوا أ ا تفضي مباشرة إ ى ا مفا يم ا مع يةي و كذا‪ ،‬فإن ا مصط ح وا تعبير ا قا و ي ا ذ‬
‫يعرف وا يف م تقريبا سو ا مختصين ا ذين تدربوا ع ي خال دراست م‪ ،‬أو ق و من ا تب ا مراجع ‪ ،‬تطور فأصبح غة‬
‫مت ام ة قوام ا مجموعة من ا عبارات ا مسكوكة وا قوا ب ا غوية ا جا زة ا جامدة ا تي ا ي فصل شك ا عن مضمو ا‬
‫فتحدد ا طرائق واأسا يب ا تي‬ ‫ا قا و يي ذ ا سمات ا تي ي فرد ب ا ا ص ا قا و ي تؤثر بدور ا ع ى عم ية ترجمت‬
‫يجب ع ى ا مترجم إتباع ا‪ ،‬كما تضيف مزيدا من ا معارف وا م ارات ا مط وبة قيام بكل واحدة من خطوتي ا عم ية‪ :‬ف م‬
‫ا ص ا مصدر‪ ،‬وصياغة ا ص ا دفي فا خطوة اأو ى تقتضي معرفة معمقة با غة ا مصدر‪ ،‬خصوصا ا وعية ا مكتوبة‬
‫م ا‪ ،‬بأس وب ا ا رسمي في أقصى درجات ‪ ،‬كما تتط ب مقدرة تح ي ية فائقة تتيح ا توصل إ ى مع ى ا ص با رغم من‬
‫سيج ا معقد بسبب ا جمل ا طوي ة وا مفردات وا عبارات ا ادرة ا تي تبتعد ما أمكن ذ ك عن غة ااستخدام ا يوميي أما‬
‫مرح ة ا صياغة فتحتاج إتقان ا تعبير ب غة ا دف إتقا ا تاما‪ ،‬خصوصا اأس وب ا رسمي ا تق ي م ا‪ ،‬كما تقتضي‬
‫ا مقدرة ع ى ا بحث في ا صوص ا موازية إيجاد ا تعبير ا قا و ي ا س يم بقوا ب ا جا زة وأ ماط ا مت ررة ا تي اعتاد‬
‫ا مختصون ع ى استخدام ا في كل وعية من وعيات ا صوص ا قا و يةي‬

‫‪1‬‬
 Characteristics of the Legal Text and its English-Arabic Translation

Saadia Elamin
Assistant Professor
College of Languages and Translation,
King Saud University

Abstract: Translating legal texts attracts more and more attention in the field of translation,
whether in the practice of the profession or at the theoretical level. This growing interest
arises from the importance of the text being a document containing articles of law to govern
the relationships between parties ‫ط‬individuals, companies or states, by conferring rights and
imposing obligations. Due to the importance of these articles, together with the legal concepts
they convey, they need to be stated in the texts with the maximum degree of clarity, avoiding
any ambiguity that may lead to miscomprehension or give rise to different interpretations. For
this reason, the legal texts are usually drafted in a specific manner by law professionals, who
use fixed formulaic expressions which have been tried and tested over the years by their
predecessors, and found suitable for directly conveying the desired technical concepts. These
forms and expressions, almost only known to the professionals who receive them as part of
their training, or copy them from law books, have developed into a highly technical language,
characterized by its rigidly fixed formulae, or pre-fabricated routines, whose form has
become part and parcel of their technical content. The legal text has thus acquired unique
features which, in turn, bear heavily on its translation, defining the methods and techniques to
be employed, and adding to the types of knowledge and skills required for the two steps of
the process: comprehension of the source text and drafting of the target text. The first step
requires deeper and more specific knowledge of the source language and its formal written
varieties, to which adds the skill of properly analyzing the text to uncover its meaning from
within a highly complicated structure, with lengthy sentences and rare forms which stand as
remote as possible from ordinary parlance. For the second step, full command of the target
language and its formal style is required and supposed to be complemented by the ability to
meticulously search in parallel texts for the appropriate target language prefabricated
routines, normally used by experts in each type of legal texts.

: ‫مق م‬
‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ،
، ،
‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ . ‫ا‬
. ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫إخا‬ ، ، ، ‫خ‬
‫ش‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬
‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ، ‫ش‬ ،
. ، ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬

2
 ‫‪،‬‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ خا‬ ‫أ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫أ‬
‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪،‬أ‬ ‫شا‬ ‫أ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫أخ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫خ‬
‫"‬ ‫"‬ ‫‪،‬ا‬ ‫‪" ،‬خ‬ ‫‪،‬أ‬
‫" )‪،(Sarcevic 1997: 20‬‬ ‫أ‬
‫ا ّأ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ّ‬
‫أ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫ء‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬
‫ا ّأ‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫ا‬ ‫ا ّ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫خ‬
‫(أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ا‬
‫"‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫)‪،‬‬
‫" ‪(Harvey 2002:‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫أ‬
‫)‪177‬‬

‫مح ر ا حث‪:‬‬
‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ ا‬
‫أ‬ ‫‪ّ ،‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫"‪،‬‬ ‫"أ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫أ‬ ‫"‬ ‫‪،‬أ‬
‫ء " (‪،)Garzone 2000: 1‬‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ش‬ ‫أ‬
‫ء‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ أ‬
‫‪3‬‬
 ‫‪،‬‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪ ،‬أ‬ ‫ش‬
‫أ‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫‪.‬‬

‫ي‪:‬‬ ‫اق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫س‬

‫‪،‬‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ ا‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫" )‪.(Crystal & Davy, 1986: 193‬‬ ‫"‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬
‫‪ ،‬ا‬ ‫ش‬ ‫أ‬
‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬
‫طأ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫أ ء‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫خا‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫خا‬
‫"‬ ‫خ‬
‫‪ ،‬أ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬إ‬ ‫ا ‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ّ‬
‫خ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ّ‬
‫ا‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ّ أ‬ ‫أ‬
‫" ‪(Crystal & Davy,‬‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أخ‬ ‫ا‬
‫‪،‬ا‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫)‪.1986, p 194‬‬
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪،‬ا‬ ‫‪ ،‬ا‪،‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪،‬أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫خ‬ ‫خ‬
‫ّ‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫أ‬
‫خ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫آ ‪" .‬‬
‫أ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫" )‪(Alcaraz & Hughes 2002: 7‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫أ‬ ‫‪،‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫أ‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫أخ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫أ‬
‫ا تع ي ‪.‬‬ ‫ا ح ر اأ ‪ :‬ا ف ا‬

‫‪4‬‬
 ،
. ‫ا‬ ‫خ‬ ، ‫ا‬
: ‫اع ي‬ ‫م ت ك ي اا ج ي ي‬ ‫(أ) س‬
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ : ‫ا ع را ا ق ي‬ ‫ ا‬-1
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬
‫ا‬ ‫"أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ . ‫أ‬
، ‫آ‬ ، ‫ا‬
، ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬. ‫ا‬ ‫ءأ‬ ‫أ‬
‫ا‬ . ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ،
(Alkaraz & " ) ‫ (أ‬bona fide ،
. Hughes 2002: 5)
‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ،
، th ‫ا‬ ،
‫ ا‬، ‫أ‬ witnesseth . ‫ا‬ s ‫ا‬
‫أ‬ ‫ا‬
‫أ‬ .attests or confirms
‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ . ‫أ‬، ّ
، ‫أ‬ . ‫إ ا‬ ‫أخ‬
the ‫ا‬ " ‫ش‬ "،" ‫ش‬ ":
‫ش‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ ا‬of sound mind and judgment ، legally capable
.‫ خ‬، ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ :
‫أ‬ : ‫ر ااست ا في ا غ ا ع م‬ ‫ مف ا رس ي‬-2
، ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ .
‫ا‬ ، ‫أ‬ ،‫ا‬
ّ . ‫ا‬ ‫خا‬ ‫أ‬، ‫أ‬،
، (Alcaraz & Hughes 2002: 7) " "
‫ا‬ ، scale of formality ‫ش‬ ‫أ‬
start ‫ أ‬begin ‫ " أ" ا‬commence ‫أ‬
:
The rights and powers of my attorney in fact commence on August 13,
5
 ‫أ‬ to do or to make ‫ا‬ " " to effect
:
Payment of the value of this contract is to be effected in dollars as follows:
‫خ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬
‫أ‬ ‫ أ‬: to appoint, to nominate " ، ‫"أ‬ ،
I appoint Mr. Smith my attorney in fact ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬، ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ا‬
، ‫أ‬ " " ." ‫"أ‬
/ ... ‫أ‬ ": ، ‫أ‬
‫ش‬ ........ .......... ّ ‫أ‬ .... .....
...... ‫ا‬ ....... ‫أ‬ ....
: ‫يغ ا عط فتي‬ ‫است ا‬ ‫ كث‬-3
doublets ‫ أ‬conjoined phrases ‫ا‬ ،
(Alcaraz & Hughes 2002: 9) (Dickins, Hervey & Higgins, 2002 (
‫أ‬ )‫ (أ‬: ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬
، Terms and conditions : ‫ا‬
‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ) ( . ‫ ا‬null and void
considered part and parcel :
، ) ( ( premises) in good order and repair ، ‫أ‬ ‫ء ا‬
‫أ‬ ) (. ‫ش‬ ، of sound mind and judgment
The Last Will and Testament ‫ا‬ . ‫أخ‬
This contract entered into by and between ،
ordinary wear . ‫ أ‬I appoint and nominate ،".... ‫"أ‬
، ‫ا‬ )(. ‫ا‬ ‫ ا‬and tear
I direct, devise and bequeath ‫ا‬
." ‫" أ "أ‬ ‫"أ‬
.word collocation ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ : ‫ي‬ ‫اق‬ ‫ ا تا م‬-4
(Alcaraz & Hughes 2002: 167) legal collocates ‫ا‬
binding ،" ‫ "أ‬This contract entered into :‫ا‬ ،

6
 ‫أ‬ The States parties to this agreement ،" " contract
. to institute legal proceedings ، ‫ا‬
formulaic : ‫ا س ك‬ ‫ ا ع را‬-5
(Hatim & Mason 1997: 190) routines ‫أ‬ ،expressions
( Baker 1992: 63) " ‫ش‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ "
، ‫أ‬ ،
‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ "‫ـ‬ ‫أ‬
:‫ا‬ . (Garzone 2000: 3)
unless otherwise required by the context ... ‫آخ‬
represented in the signing of this contract ...
we, the undersigned, certify that ... ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬
: ‫اع ي‬ ‫ا غ اا ج ي ي‬ ‫ت‬ ‫( )س‬
، ّ shall ‫ا ت ر فع ا س ع‬ ‫ ااست ا ا‬-1
‫أ‬، ‫ط‬ ‫إ‬ ‫إ ا‬ ‫"ا‬
ّ ‫ ا‬.(Tiersma 1999 :105) " ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬
: Official Secrets Act
Any person required to file any report under this Article shall maintain records
on the matters to be reported … , and shall keep such records available for
examination … Any person who willfully violates this Article shall be fined not
more than $ 10000 … or imprisoned for not less than …
‫أ‬. ‫أ‬ shall
‫أ‬ " ‫أ‬ ‫إ‬
،‫أ ا‬ .(Hatim 1994: 20) " ‫إ‬
... ‫ّا‬ ‫ أ‬... ‫ّا‬ ‫أ‬ " ،
" ‫ " أ‬... ‫ا‬ ‫ أ‬... ‫ا‬
"... ‫ءأ‬ " ‫ أ‬،" ... ‫أ‬
:
‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ :53
... ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬

7
 ‫ أ‬... ‫ا أ‬ )50( :54
...
... ّ ّ ‫ّـ‬ ‫أ‬ :64

‫ أ‬fossilized terms ‫أ‬ : ‫ اأ ف ط ا ح ت‬-2

. ‫ا‬ ّ compound adverbs
there + of ‫ ا‬، ّ + ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬
‫ء‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ." " thereof
، " hereinafter here + in + after +ّ +
‫ء‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ، ‫إش‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ." ‫أ‬
‫أ‬ ، ‫ش‬ ‫أ‬
: ، ‫ء‬
The proceedings provided for in this article shall be instituted within two
months of the publication of the measure, or of its notification to the plaintiff,
or, in the absence thereof, of the day on which it came to the knowledge of the
latter, ....
‫ا‬ ، thereof
‫أ خا ش‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ : ‫خ‬
... ، ، ‫أ‬، ‫خ‬ ‫أ‬، ‫ا‬
: ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬
Landlord shall not be liable for any damage thereto or theft thereof
‫أ أ‬، ‫ش‬ premises
. ‫أ‬ ‫أ خ‬
.‫ خ‬، ،" "،" ‫ "أ‬،" " ،
. ‫ ا ت كي‬:‫ا ح ر ا ث ي‬
‫أ ا‬،
، ‫ا‬ ، ‫ا‬
. ‫ا‬
. ‫أ‬ ّ : ‫ك‬ ‫اط ي ا‬ ‫ ا ج‬-1
‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ا‬
8
 ‫أ‬، ‫أ‬، ‫أ‬،
‫أ‬، ‫أ أ‬ 250 .‫ خ‬، ‫أ‬ ‫ أ اش‬،
. ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ .
(Crystal & Davy, 1986, p 197) ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬
، " ‫ش‬ ‫خ‬ ،ّ draftsman
، ، ‫ ا‬، ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬
‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ّ .... ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬
." ‫خ‬ ‫أ‬
، ، ‫أ‬ ، ، ّ
.)1960 ( ‫ ـ‬1380 ‫أ‬
" ، ‫أ‬
restrictive connectors ‫أ‬ ... ‫ا‬
(Alcaraz & Hughes " ... ‫أ‬ ... ... ‫ـ‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫ش‬
‫ش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ ا‬. 2002 : 19)
‫أ‬
، ‫ء‬ ‫أ‬ ،‫ا‬ ،
‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ . ،‫أ‬
، ‫أ‬
‫ء‬ . ‫ا‬
‫أ‬ ، ‫أ‬
: ‫أخ‬ ‫ء‬
An equality clause is a provision which relates to terms (whether
concerned with pay or not) of a contract under which a woman is employed (the
woman's contract) and has the effect that, where the woman is employed on like
work with a man in the same employment, if (apart from the equality clause)
any term of the woman's contract is or becomes less favourable to the woman
than a term of a similar kind in the contract under which that man is employed,
that term of the woman's contract shall be treated as so modified as not to be
less favourable, and if (apart from the equality clause) at any time the woman's
contract does not include a term corresponding to a term benefiting that man
9
included in the contract under which he is employed, the woman's contract shall
be treated as including such a term; …
: ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬
whether concerned with pay or not, … the woman's contract, … apart from
the equality clause,
if, apart from, where : ، ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬
‫أ‬
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ،
. ‫أ‬ ‫ءأ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫إش‬
، ‫أ‬
‫أ ا‬ ‫ا‬ . ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬
‫ ا‬her ‫ أ‬، she ‫ ا‬a woman ،
. any term of the woman's contract ‫ا‬ it ‫ أ‬، the woman's
‫أ‬ ‫أ‬
:
‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫خ‬ ‫أ‬
،
:‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬
.
‫ا‬ ‫أ‬
‫ا‬ The Court's order ، a man's contract, : ‫خ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬
contract of ،"‫ـ‬ ،‫ـ‬ " of ‫أ‬
contract under which ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ أ‬The order of the Court ‫ أ‬a man
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ أ‬a man is employed
the woman's contract ، ‫ش‬
: ‫ش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ش‬
a contract under which a woman is employed (the woman's contract)
، : ‫ج‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ا ف ط‬ ‫ ااستع‬-2
. ‫ا‬ ، ‫ا‬
‫أ‬ ، ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬
10
 . ‫أ‬ ‫خ‬
‫أ‬ ، ‫أ‬ "
‫أ‬ (Alcaraz & Hughes 2002: 20) "
:
A person found guilty of one or more offences, ... and sentenced or ordered to
be imprisoned or detained indefinitely or for more than one year, shall be
disqualified for membership of the House of Commons while ….
‫أ أ‬ ... ‫أ أ‬ " ،
" ... ‫أ‬ ، ‫أ أ‬ ‫أ‬
‫أ‬ . ، ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬، ‫خ‬ ‫أ‬
، ‫أ‬ ، : ‫أ أ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫أ‬
.‫ خ‬، ‫أ‬
:‫ي‬ ‫اق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت ج‬
‫أ‬ ،‫ أ ا‬، ، ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬
. ّ ،
‫أ‬ ‫أ‬
. ‫خ‬ ،
‫ا‬ ّ ، ‫ا‬ ّ ‫أ‬
)1 ( ، .
‫أ‬ ، )2 ( ،
‫ا‬ ، ‫ا‬ ،
. ،
، ،
‫أخ‬ ، ‫أ‬ .
،‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ، ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ، ‫خ‬
، ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ، ‫أ‬ " ‫أ‬
‫ء‬ ‫ش‬ ‫خ‬ ...
،‫ ا‬، ‫أ‬ (Dickins, Hervey & Higgins 2002: 189) " ... ‫أ‬
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ،‫ش ا‬
‫ا‬ employer/employee, contractor/contractee, lessor/lessee ،
11
 ّ ، ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ، ‫أ‬ or ‫ أ‬er
‫خا‬ ، ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ee ‫ا‬
‫ا‬ . ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ، ‫أ‬
Lessee further agrees to pay the sum required … : ‫أ‬
" " lessor " ‫أ‬ " Lessee ‫أخ أ‬
. ‫أ‬ ‫ء‬ ‫أ‬
، ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬
. ‫أ‬ ،‫أ ا‬ ،
‫أ‬ ، ‫أ‬ ‫ء‬ ، ‫ا‬ ،
‫ا‬ ‫أ‬، ‫خ‬ ،
، ‫أخ‬ . ‫ء‬
. ‫) أ ا‬2 ( ، ‫ا‬ ،
‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ء‬ " ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬
‫( ا‬Crystal & Davy, 1986: p 194) " ‫ء‬ ‫أ‬
‫ا‬ ،
" ‫ أ‬، ‫اخ‬ ‫خ‬ ،
.)Garzone 2002: 3 )" ‫أخ‬ ‫أ‬
‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ ا‬،
. ‫أ‬ ‫خ‬،
، " ‫أ‬ ، ‫أ‬
،(Sarcevic 2000: 4( "
‫اء‬ ‫أ‬، ّ ّ .
‫ أ‬، ‫ا‬ ،
‫أ‬ ، ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬
. ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ،
. ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬
" ‫ أ‬،
(Crystal & Davy, " ‫ا‬ ،
" " ‫أ‬ 1986, p 194)
‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ .
12
 . ‫ا‬ parallel texts
، " " ،
.‫ خ‬، ‫أ‬، ‫أ‬ ‫ش‬ ، ‫ء‬ ‫ا‬
، ‫ا‬
، ّ ‫أ‬ ، . ‫ أ‬، ‫أ‬
،chunks ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ،
‫أ‬ ‫ ا‬.chunk-for-chunk ‫ا‬
‫أخ‬ ‫ا‬ ،
، ‫خا‬ " ‫أ‬ . ‫إ‬
‫(أ‬ ) ‫(أ‬ ‫أ‬
(B. Hatim 1994: " ‫ا‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ إخ‬.) ‫ش‬
ّ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ 1,1)
" ‫أ‬ ،
، (Garzone 2000: 3) "
‫أ‬ ،
‫ا‬ .
:‫ا‬ ،
without prejudice to the provisions of this Act ‫إخا أ‬
except as otherwise specified in this ‫خا‬ ‫ا‬
contract
represented in the signing of this contract
‫أ‬ ‫أ‬
For the purpose of the present Contract, the following terms shall have
the meanings hereunder assigned to them
‫أ‬ ‫أ‬
Any erasure or alteration renders this certificate invalid
‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ّ ‫ش‬
In witness whereof we, the undersigned, have affixed our seals and signatures
‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬
‫أ‬ ‫ا‬. ‫أ‬
13
 ‫أ‬ ‫أ ا أ‬ ،
: ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ . ‫أ‬ ،
Tenant has examined the premises and is satisfied by the physical conditions
thereof. ‫أ‬
‫أ‬ ‫ا‬
، ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ، . ‫ا‬
،
.
‫أ‬ ، ‫أ‬
. ‫ا‬ ، ‫خا‬
‫أ أ أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ،ّ ّ
، ‫ش‬ ‫أ‬ . ‫أخ‬
. ‫اخ‬ ‫خ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬
‫أ‬ ، ‫ء‬ ‫أ‬
. ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ ا‬،
‫خت‬
، ، ‫أ‬ ‫خا‬
، ‫خ‬
‫أ‬ ، ‫أخ‬ ، ،
‫خا‬ ، ‫إ‬
‫أ‬ ‫ ا‬.
. ‫ء‬ ،
، ‫أ‬
‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ . ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫خ‬ ، ،
‫أ‬ ، ، . ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ،
‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ،
To whom it may ! ‫أخ‬ ،" ‫أخ‬ " ‫أ ش‬
‫أ‬ ّ ، ‫أ ش‬ concern
. ّ ‫أ‬

14
، ‫ش‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬ ،" ‫أ‬ "
. ‫أ‬
، ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ،
‫أ‬ ‫أخ‬ ، ‫ أ‬، ‫أ‬
‫أ‬ ‫ء‬
‫اخ‬ ‫ أ‬، ‫خ أ‬
‫أ‬ ، ‫ا‬
. ‫ء‬ ‫أ‬ ، ‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ،

References:
- Alcaraz, E. & Hughes, B. (2002) Translation Practices Explained,
Legal Translation Explained. Manchester: St. Jerome.
- Baker, M. (1992) In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation.
London, Routledge.
- Chrystal, D and Davy, D. (1986) Investigating English Style. London
and New York: Longman.
- Dickins, J, Hervey, S & Higgins, I (2002) Thinking Arabic Translation.
London and New York: Routledge.
- El-Farhaty, H. (2008) Legal Translation: Theory and Practice in
‘Aiyn, Journal of the Saudi Association of Languages and Translation:
vol. 1, Issue: 2.
- Farghal, M. & Shunnaq, A. (1992) Major problems in Students’
Translations of English Legal Texts into Arabic, in Babel 38 (4): pp
203-210.
- Garzone, G. (2000 ) Legal Translation and Functionalist Approaches:
a Contradiction in Terms.
http://www.tradulex.org/Actes2000/sarcevic.pdf
15
 - Haigh, R.(2004) Legal English. London: Cavendish Publishing limited.
- Harvey, M. (2002) What’s so special about legal translation in Mata,
vol. 47(2): pp 177-185.
- Hatim, B (1994) English-Arabic-English Translation: A practical text-
linguistic guide. Publications of the King Fahd School of Translation:
Tangier.
- Hatim, B. & Mason I. (1997) The Translator as Communicator.
London, Routledge.
- Sarcevic, S. (1997) New Approach to Legal Translation.
London/Boston: Klwer Law International.
- Sarcevic, S. (2000) Legal translation and Translation Theory: A
Receiver-oriented Approach. http://www.traduzioni-
giuridiche.com/files/functional%20approach.pdf
- Tiersma, P. (1999) Legal Language, Chicago : University of Chicago
Press.
http://www.tradulex.org/Actes2000/sarcevic.pdf
http://www.traduzioni-giuridiche.com/files/functional%20approach.pdf
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