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Is 2 4.79 4s Hen Mey Me alee Ae DeRe (yy oF MTs = Me fee tale essen t+ Nee 3 CUE ams tse bof Btn rove Ue + 2as Gay so + ox 13 IDE mpgt Ahem Ral > Go ponds 24,016 My oan ote teak 2 mao avasy Whee: TWAT Menee s f fhe Wee eka ib rete er a, for pray: EDM He chistame ill be enemimenn a Gite wee NE, then minim — eat nahon Po boxed bo dew bak ret distant, Mee 92Us sell ye Minima ae te we te Bele AL hy Scanned with CamScanner cebvokan, fp(2) jlebas ww crilyesll bis all JSg> dual yo * 6 yal ddlne ane dialle Spel Uslre dul) w! peiore O dogs Sl gic digs dizallo Bycull Uadlro dull gaze O Bun oo yd @) (2) gees Lg has | ax yall Gls sda! ae gare ps0 Male duulsall elo gazrall yo * last! gazxall C) eesull eazaa CY Scanned with CamScanner0/2 Are there significant XX * differences Yes, and the speed of the Dell O processor is better no O Yes, and the speed of the © lenova processor is better doyscall Ale Yes, and the speed of the Dell © processor is better Scanned with CamScanner‘The method involves a simple iteration on only one variable, pH. Simple interval-halving convergence (see Chap. 4) can be used very effectively. The titra- tion curves can be easily converted into simple functions to include in the com- puter program. For example, straight-line sections can be used to interpolate between data points. This method has been applied with good success to a number of pH pro- cesses by Schnelle (Schnelle and Luyben, Proceedings of ISA 88, Houston, October 1988). PROBLEMS BU. A fyid of constant density p is pumped ino a cone-shaped tank of total volume HAR?/3, The flow out of the botiom of the tank is proportional to the square root of the height h of liquid in the tank. Derive the equations describing the system. a vea ft LI LA Fek Vi FIGURE P31 3.2. A perfect gas with molecular weight M flows af a mass flow rate W into a cylinder through a restriction. The flow rate is proportionall to the square root of the pressure drop over the restriction: Wy = Ke/Po—P where P is the pressure in the cylinder and Py is the constant upstream pressure. The system is isothermal. Inside the cylinder, a piston is forced to the right as the pres- sure P builds up. A spring zesiss the movement of the piston with a force that is proportional to the axial displacement x of the piston. F,= Kx Restriction FIGURE P32 Process Engineering Channel @ProcessEng Scanned with CamScanner“ Figure 3. Cone-shaped tank Scanned with CamScanner22 8 Ayopall Galgadl By duly A * bya] USL Lo Y yoo Sol gadl E game 9m gazmall ABSlxall (3 Galgoul Egan 9 pazrall SslonU ahazua! Shadzwall 9 gazmall dln Aloe aire duly Jl ancy Sslgnd ahiruall Slatnuall 9% pazrall Fido Aslgtic aie duly sll ayes O O 0 © Scanned with CamScannerGinuikeneaig reackins, bt Jerernbio teymAé Are | eAt -Ki ve, — KL VES o@ Ri Ky VCA KL VGA ex predtiong for Ure Conkinui®Z eguakinA Ore op. (ven) = Cao KiVEn BY FoR : Se (ven) = foCno + KrVEa— FSR Bee, Cvee) = FeScg * REVSRM FS * ak . annie j rea ci tae Senerakion FEMA : fin Meverei nde chiasA | 6 A: -ky) Ve, + Fa VCR e Re VA - cy Veg exPrartionS fen tee Conbiesig etactiond ove t AL CVG) = Fe Cre Ky VEq_ RL VER - Fey i CvSa) = Fetes +HEIVSR -FAVGR = Fp Scanned with CamScanner2/2 What is the appropriate / * statistical test Weight before treatment | Weight after treatment 56 62 75 73 54 63. 85 78 65, 68 75 71 one way ANOVA O paired sample t test O two sample t test C) ~ Nothing mentioned © Scanned with CamScannerProcess Engineering Channel 3.16. A semibaich reactor is run al constant temperature by varying the rate of addition of ‘one of the reactants, A. The irreversible, exothermic reaction is first order in reac- ‘nts A and B. A+B‘-C The tank is initially filled to its 40 percent level with pure reactant Bal a concentration Cy . Maximum cooling-water flow is begun, and reactant A is slowly audded to the perfectly stirred vessel. ‘Write the equations describing the system, Without solving the equations, try to sketch the profiles ofF,, Cy, and Cy with time during the batch cycle. FIGURE P3.16 3.17. Develop a mathematical model for the three-column train of distillation columns sketched below. The feed to the first column is 400 kg + mol/h and contains four components (1, 2, 3, and 4), each at 25 mol %. Most of the lightest component is removed in the distillate of the fint column, most of the next lightest in the second column distillate and the final column separates the final two heavy components. Assume constant relative volatilities throughout the system: a, @, and a3. The condensers are total condensers and the reboilers are partial. Trays, column bases, and reflux drums are perfectly mixed Distillate flow rates are set by reflux. drum FIGURE P317 £ i BN ® Scanned with CamScannerwe et Cre S Asiacell < Expert Q&A Ll] + & Anonymous = about 6 hours later Consider the forces acting on the body. Total weight along the plane of hill. F, =Mgsin@ The force of resistance is Fak’ From newton’s second law of motion, F=ma 3, F+F-=M2~ ' di It d’x ‘ M—=MgsinO-kv gr Mesin M2 ~=Mesino-K{ & dt dt From the initial conditions Xu =O (@) S| =v, dt), ° If snoopy jumps of the sled halfway, it’s gravitational force becomes less than the resistance force. Therefore the sled decelerates and finally the velocity becomes less than the actual velocity. Was this answer helpful? 2 0 i 0 Scanned with CamScanneryo try Cy Sal ZS Asiacell < Expert Q&A L] + Expert Answer mY “ Anonymous * about 3 hours later 089 +683 Jom, FEM By agmmetouy) ay We Can wsule agQ) io cy foams of deur ahion - di ’ ( Vek norths Sm(RB YER gaat cae» KGD Fe Te saya Re na i mre ae By onass balance, CGE RRA) + (RC th) fo- kim 4(3 @ yin cde B [-Bxno = ako] fo- km. % (LJ? ant dh HPL aRe anti] at let me ye e when (he. nlt=e) é hae KIA +f { en 2 BFR AA wing fay lon deucy na ig 4 Gorge gna) me hea a ) (be =2b3 3) © See comments Was this answer helpful? 2 1 > 0 Scanned with CamScannerve te Ere Sl ZS Asiacell < Expert Q&A Lf] + Poitionr: Given That fecpt 09 A mols bests Th Energy balan @n be riley Treg tetlng miyjatg ebpecls al ( Coa epp + & cpr)» “de = FTC Choc pib + (Bo Cp) - FT CO bpipt cage) -V Chi ti th. AD Als Tegotive fos- tuoThor rea) Was this answer helpful? 2 0 i 0 Scanned with CamScannerProcess Engineering Channel @ProcessEng 27, A mixture of twa immiscible liquids is fed into a decanter. The heavier liquid a settles to the bottom of the tank. The lighter liquid B forms a layer on the top. The two interfaces are detected by floats and are controlled by manipulating the wo flows Fy and Fy. F.= Kah, Fy= Kgh, + hd The contrullers increase or decrease the flows as the levels rise or fall. ‘The total feed rute is Fo . The weight fraction of liquid a in the feed is x,. The two densities p, and py are constant. Write the equations describing the dynamic behavior of this system, Decantee fs ved fe F, FIGURE P27 CHAPTER EXAMPLES OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SYSTEMS Scanned with CamScannerwe WA Berea ZS Asiacell € Expert Q&A ld =F Expert Answer & Rashid ° about 13 hours later = om ale Sa) ee Sefution: CTeyms ued iu vankeng Hy 5 Gheon 1» Hig + Hea hot very clay’) Assumptions: aie ft At Flows Fe, Faant fa ave Vea vow dev Taye lows Ke Pa apg Cl Ba) Ps wily folhe _ Thames. a ee Was this answer helpful? 2 0 KD 1 Scanned with CamScannerve Wo CE i8 Sal SS Asiacell € Expert Q&A L] + mass balance’ mass tnput- mass output = Accumulation Fo-F = Sv ve Ch . tvh re 3 -kVh = i (see) © By equatieg Qand @ equations “hh 26s Z(Ea)h Fy~ Vn = TER she fo-kvh = Tae Bh* dh R-kh = a Scannet d with CamScannervo ey ae | S Asiacell < Expert Q&A t+ : Rea cla) . Energy balance 19 the Reacts I, va Basic - equnbien Me ea ae ' Bale S prccandel [>t = atpub + heat genertinn — hak Aétiten = satiny | Q=nqt (reo , da Org) (eee | (e519 J Heak inpuk = AF .Cp To > Beak abteh £ Fete 1 SHet Additin - ¢ > Heb Dyfappeaud = He -pr kav > P\gappenane = Rp a (v-T) at Bi the unit on in [4 ie > wh ok dines eng} balan ; S. Ong bapic equa |. Scanned with CamScannerve ur Goer a ZS Asiacell € Expert Q&A A + Fo n {ot VO 4 fe vh in The Volumetric balam(x Conytent demyiky) for oad tng Tomie Jy Ashok showin 9 O pthouny byt! Eke raduy dy Cont Jud inyile eames and tb ‘oy omg. gp med by Cone Shaped Came amd hori Jantar Tomes HA R°* ae Gitn Volume gr fluid inde tome Ve hax ~@ (| Reploun @ into eqLodwn BG) Gn gte vet) <2G)e 76 COMM ALY Ce aie sth mecca GY ate aiht Scanned with CamScannerProcess Engineering Channel @ProcessEng DUMPS OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF CHEMICAL monreNG srsroas SE iting component C on the solid fluidized catalyst. A+B +O1C Spent catalyst is circulated to the regenerator where air is added to burn off C. C+O-P Combustion products are vented overhead, and regenerated catalyst is returned to the reactor. Heat is added to or removed from the regenerator at a rate Q. ‘Your dynamic mathematical model should be based on the following assump- tions : (1) The perfect-gas law is obeyed in both vessels. 2) Constant pressure is maintained in both vessels. (3) Catalyst holdups in the reactor and in the regenerator are constant, (4) Heat capacities of reactants and products are equal and constant in each vessel, Catalyst heat capacity is also constant. (5) Complete mixing occurs in each vessel. Product Sack gas (Fi Tera! (Fp Tata) Regenerated catalyst ealalyst ten twa) Feed Fo: Tondo! he MPa Toot) x 1 Reactor reaction ATBY be f Regenerator reacton ¢ +04 P FIGURE P313 3.14. Flooded condensers and flooded reboilers are sometimes used on distillation columns. In the sketch below, a liquid level is held in the condenser, covering some of the tubes. Thus a variable amount of heat transfer area is available to condense the vapor. Column pressure can be controlled by changing the distillate (or reflux) drawoff rate. Write the equations describing the dynamics of the condenser. Scanned with CamScanner(2) «baa duday youll DS yocall clad sper ail pall! Saud! dust alaccwl * Lalsall age g CS yocall dusljall pazore O Fpasyrll OS yorall gyam dsl)! gaze O dolar ilgume ayally jut oo ud @ Scanned with CamScanner(2) sibs re gral lal plasiusl 25l9 SBS age9 ys AyagSodl jw yloall * Syed 38 gatgusall dca argeg AyagSod! uyliall ga duly! parre © Lab Ulgte aye Lalsall celle eg! yb pteall g@ dus gato O Sut les nd CE Scanned with CamScannervA EDvw Wag 4 Asiacell Find study reso... See Page 14 Problem 10 ‘Au ivotherul, irreversible reaction: Latkes pee i of Now patte Solution The Aspecies be and 2 ures F (Can Ca) + Fa(Caa = Can) = Vikan 7 = PCa, — Car) + Fellas — =VekCaa Becuuse both F and Fry are constant, Ue total vol iu each reaetor i Ask Expert Tutors q O Scanned with CamScannerwe ur Tor ay ZS Asiacell < Expert Q&A L] + ALA fluid of constant demity pis pumpal into a coneshuped tank of total volume HaR'43, The Now out of the totom of the unk is proportional to the squue root of the height fof liquid in the tank Derive the equntions dewring the system, T L T a | Exch FIGURE P31 Scanned with CamScannerDUMPLES OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF CHENCAL ENGIEERENG SYSTEMS 79) (radians per minute). Assume Ty and Tr, are constant along their respective sections of the circumference. The drum length is Ly thickness d, and radius R. Heat transfer coefficients in the heating and cooling zmes are constant (Ug and U,). Heat capac- ity C, and density of the metal drum are constant. Neglect radial temperature gra- dients and assume steadystate operation. (@) Write the equations describing the system. {®) What are the appropriate boundary conditions? sider the system that has two stirred chemical reactors separated by a plug-flow time of D seconds. Assume constant holdups (¥, and ¥,) constant throughput (F), constant density, isothenmal operation at temperanures T, and T,, and first- order kinetics with simultaneous reactions at pate No reaction occurs in the plug-flow section. Write the equations describing the systers. FIGURE P36 3.7. Consider the isothermal hydraulic system sketched below. A. slightly compressible polymer liquid is pumped by a constant-speed, positive displacement pump so that the mass flow rate W, is constant. Liquid density is given by p= PO+AP—Pa) where Po, f, and Pp are constants, 9 is the density, and P is the pressure. Liquid is pumped through three resistances where the pressure drop is pro- portional to: the square of the mass flow: AP = RW? A surge tank of volume V is Tocated between R, and Ry and is liquid full. The pressure downstream of Ry is atmospheric. (@) Derive the differential equation that gives the pressure P in the tank as a func- tion of time and Wi. (6) Find the steadystate value of tank pressure P. Ry w, Are FIGURE P37 3B Develop the equations describing an “imened” batch distillation column, This system has a large reflux drum into which the feed is charged. This material is fed to the top of the distillation column (which acts like a stripper). Vapor is generated in a reboiler in the base. Heavy material is withdrawn from the bottom of the column. Derive a mathematical model of this batch distillation system for the case where the tray holdups cannot be neglected. Process Engineering Channel @ProcessEng Scanned with CamScannerve ut Ea al) SS Asiacell < Answer ‘of ' tL] + 3. A fluid of constant densiny p is pumpod imo a cone-shaped tank of total vole HeR?/3. Ihe dow out of the bottom of the tank is proportional to die square root of the heii h of hound im the tank. Derive the equanons describing the system. a _ poo Expert Answer é Anonymous * about 1 hours later Scanned with CamScanneralepellres erat answer the following cera) Questions The following data were for patients with diabetes. Weight tests were performed before treatment and after treatment, and they were as follows(The data is not normally distributed ) 0/2 What is the statistical XX * hypothesis Weight before treatment | Weight after treatment 56 62 Ho: weight before treatment =weight after treatment © Ho: weight before treatment & =weight after treatment vs H1: oO Scanned with CamScannerAsiacell < Expert Q&A LC] + Problem 1 An isothermal irreversible reaction AB takes place in the liquid phase in a constant volume reactor, Observation patterns indicates that a two-tank mixing system with back mixing should approximate imperfect mixing. Each of the two tanks are perfectly mixed. Vi = V2= 200 gal F = 60 gal/min; Fx = 20 gal/min k= 15 min? 2) Derive the dynamic model of the system. Substitute the given values to the model. b) Write the state-space representation of the dynamic model in deviation form. ¢) Write the following transfer functions for the dynamic model: Cy2(5) Cals) Ca2(5) Cyol8)’ Chol) ’Ca (8) Scanned with CamScannerage 9 Ijlgadl silos aa dull gore dyad Agloue ane dual yall SA los (5 yglelall jam duls ull garro ASlgdc ane dull are 9 CIjlgaJl duslyall are 9 Gull aa duly J] pozrea O O ®O®8 O duh] aire 9 wll am dsl) Jl parma 2/2 ddd Agalall |Sltroll le Syaxl A * LISI 8 Jo¥! Holl dhyu; Silgde ans US tb C) Aub Aslote ae US Mb CO) dayu) Ailgcic dye aaalall wb CO) v Sus loo usd @) G Scanned with CamScannerwe uA Een 4a ZS Asiacell < Expert Q&A CL] + 33, 4 perfectly mixal, isothermal CSTR has an outkt weir The flow rat over the weir proportional w the height of liquid over the weir, h,,, to the 1S power, The weir height & A, . The cross-sectional area of the tank is AL Assume constint density. A first-onter reaction takes phoe in the wk A: B Derive th: cyuntions describing the system. fo A 0 FekAy? Wh FIGURE P33 Scanned with CamScanneryo 0:07 Gino 8 yl] Asiacell < Expert Q&A LC] o+ 21. Write the component continuity equations describing the CSTR of Example 23 with: (a) Simultaneous reactions (first-order, isothe mal) A—“.p a? c (b) Reversible (fist-order, isothermal) A ay Expert Answer & Anonymous * 27 minutes later E is y ae ; fix Smuttenecig reackiot, tt Jenervalam leymé Ore + | mbes hi V Cy, — Ka Vica, | t eR: ky VA eet Ky VC, The ExPrcAtiong for wre conbinsiG eguakiond A1e ¢ | sd = —K,VG, — FS Beer (Vn) = Fi Cao Si ¥Cn Pace ESR eB: St (vc) = fi Ceo + Vn — Ge | orc: 4 (vee) = Fo, + Se Vn Bee Q. Fy Seversig de TEactiayé, tc Qeneralion fLAMA Ave} Scanned with CamScannerp4:41 Answer 1 of 1 We owe. Vn FV Os & My 7 Vr Sin & an 10 9 3-9 AM gonk @, 7 Vig t ~ wsin gd £ ino Sn v-cirehion Sar We Sat Unt + dant Lt wese (eS) 40 Lz wisn To! sint0 2 reine ce J d Ps vets aie Wehent Lt ro ar B27 ( Ist prac Seovbs Vex 8tt puny yist Sin[24%) wet Se ls 2 IF sys Hen | ee ' rele he z Ae A ome (ts OF TLDs — Fer Rak. “tose 1 Vo = 2 S Ure Aan ad se Gh Bom Scanned with CamScannerwe GA Een 4a BS Asiacell € Expert Q&A ld =F Initially moles of B = 0 For constant density system Overall Material balance a(Vp) dt now put the value of F in the above equation = Fy) py —F p d(V . 7 (V) = F, _ K, by dt Or Hig F a =Fy-Kk F(how)? dt Component material balance of A a(VC,) dt As CBO=0, ==> C,=Cig-Cy F, C.-K, h,," C,=V k, C,+V k, C, row (VC Thus, WE) 8 c,, -K, hy, C,-Vk, C,+V kK, (Cy -C,) lw + how)Ca) a7 = FyCay ~ Ke (tow)? Ca — KAM + Bow CA Scanned with CamScannerve te D hzvo Fy ZS Asiacell < Expert Q&A CL] + 22 Write the component continuity equations for a tubular reactor as in Example 2.5 with consecutive reactions occuring: 4 Aa A - Bo: ¢ Scanned with CamScannerve ure T a9 ay S Asiacell € Expert Q&A A) oF A fluid of constant density p is pumped into a cone-shaped tank of total volume H/3*pi*R*2. The flow out of the bottom of the tank is proportional to the square root of the height h of liquid in the tank: F=K*h*0.5 where F = Liquid flowrate (m3/min) K = constant = 3 (m3/m‘(1/2) + min) h = height of liquid in tank (m) At steady state Fo = 8 m3/min, and the dimensions of the tank are : H = 15 mand R= 2 m. a) Determine the height of liquid at steady state. b) Determine the relationship between the liquid height and the volume in the tank. c) If the inlet flow rate is decreased to 7 m3/min, estimate how long it will take for the liquid level to reach a new steady-state using: i) an exact model ii) a linearized model. oF — Scanned with CamScanner“Wh av eas i veer Taw Sal) S Asiacell < Expert Q&A ro+ L A specie: malay vydtew or fep- Ce fg te.) My tes Ad f * er ter felts o\ ae (Ce. te.) 900815 Ce, ad oer dtne Reta,- Ste, - jensen. at tes 5 Dele, » 15-4 Cos nr qi b bot ave thy He dynamic modely tor Eq tl diver system Ate, 15.4 Ca, +01 Cm 03(e0 “a4 -I5-Ule, + Oley dlee . Ore Cor at slate apace reprrrentation al his drain thodel: ts (fine) fs altel Ce deny OW fe ry Scanned with CamScanner2/2 sgl Slual> (8 RAM 351 dual ys * A Aualla Sluslel guar 99% garmall auiallg Ghuslod! exam 9% gairall dgish Aglgne Apallg RAM ga paxnall dau Aslgtic duallg RAM 5 gazmall 2/2 re ij lge jsluol slot aepus dos * SsIjlgadl silgs ays 9 CIjloadl silos am dull gazmo Abb Adlgce ane dulywl SY silos we Yolelall em duly J gazmo < O00 © v O fan Scanned with CamScannerX Ho: weight before treatment =weight after treatment © Ho: weight before treatment =weight after treatment vs H1: weight before treatment <> weight O after treatment Nothing mentioned O doa! dbl Ho: weight before treatment =weight after treatment vs H1: © weight before treatment <> weight after treatment 2/2 What is the appropriate / * statistical test Weight after treatment Weight before treatment 62 75 73. ca on Scanned with CamScanner74 elses + zainab + dajs> VLay if yo, olee t+ Olas) dea SAFE gles ens SAFE Gle jl SegyheS auld (2) gsi yall ASLAM cgi laos y Sts cle dasa 4s dall 5b 459 pride Aygusig Balgall 8ysall dals * Al jgSl BUbll fas 45 Usll agi GUase 9m dull gatne Aloe age Aulysll ayeg EdbyeSozagl CO Aplgdic aye Lulyall ageg Lib yeSassgl OC Sus loo un) @) Scanned with CamScannerve WY Corer Sal SS Asiacell € Expert Q&A Wd + A fluid of constant density p is pumped into a cone-shaped tank of total volume HR? /3. The flow out of the bottom of the tank is proportional to the square root of the height h of liquid in the tank. F2K Vk The volumetric balance (constant density) for the fluid inside the tank is then: wv qn hen Kvh Calling F to the radius of the fluid cone inside the tank, and if @ is the angle formed by the cone-shaped tank and the horizontal, we have: The volume of fluid inside the tank is: Linearize the ODE describing the change of height, h, over time and convert to perturbation variables. A fluid of constant density is pumped into a cone-shaped tank of total volume . The flow out of the bottom of the tank is proportional to the square root of the height h of liquid in the tank. The volumetric balance (constant density) for the fluid inside the tank is then: Calling r to the radius of the fluid cone inside the tank, and if @ is the angle formed by the cone- shaped tank and the horizontal, we have: The voaliume of flitid inside the tank is’ Scanned with CamScanner(2) gles Abell Slyyats GUL yoles pexsl * 6 yloselll 8 we © asle OC Scanned with CamScannerwees ere as Asiacell < Expert Q&A tL] + & Anonymous * about 2 hours later ” Fy aM phy Vege Up ches), Dveatt Mow Podome On System Tn -ut= Ajccumutahon Fa lesa) = 9 oh Whe dhp | Fa— (ugg “Ug rethy|= A dkhedye) Combonent Padonee, fe ae You — Fa = Atache the Udheshp) = AR lng \ Comlporat Beene hoe e Bagi Feo Ay the | (Fe Kphe 7 Mody using mass balance on over all system and components we can find the dynamic eauations for decanter for anv doubts wrive in camments Scanned with CamScannerwets eres Asiacell < Expert Q&A Ll] + 27. A mixture of two immpcible liquids is fed into a decanter, The heavier hquid a settles tw the bottom of the tank The lighter liquid § forms a layer on the top. The two: interfaces are detected by floats and are controlled by manipulating the two flows F, and Fy. F, = Kh, F,= Kh, + Ah} ‘The controllers increase or decrease the flows as the level. rise or fall The woul foed rate is Fy. The weight fraction of liquid a in the feod is. x,, The two densities p, and py are constant Write the equations descriting the dynamic behavior of this system. Decanter % fe FIGLRE P27 Scanned with CamScannerve Vet Ear Sl S ¥ OAsiacell Find study reso... Solution The amass balance for the liquld zone i ah P Ah Fe hype P The mars balance for the gu zone iy At MP) Gary Kod? Where A is the total height of the foeder drum, ant py is the density of Problem 19 A wax filtration plant hos six Gilters that operute in parallel, feeding fron muon feel Lk Each filter ea © 1000 gpan when running, biel the Blters must be taken off Line every six Cloning procedure that takes ten minutes, ‘The operating schechile calls k Alter to a dday can the plaut handle? Ifthe flow rate into the feed rate, sketch: howe te licurid level fn the fee tank ak is held constant ver a typical threw Solution ted considering iit in aK hour peti, 3 filters operate during 60 filter operates during 50 minutes, wetage capacity is calen nd the 1000] gpm(5 + Glan} + 50jnnin]) Gbjeniny e = 5835 gpa} This capacity, over a day of activity, gives a processing capacity for the plant Every hour, during the firs 1 minntes of operation, the capacity of the plant is only 500 gpm so an excess of R335 gallons accumulate at the feed tank, the excess is 30 mimutes, when the eapacity of the plant is G00 gprn. The food tank level variation over a Unroe hour period iv sketched ia Figure 19. 7 Figure 19: Feed tank liquid level variation. Ask Expert Tutors 4 O Scanned with CamScannerwe FA Berra S Asiacell < Expert Q&A Ll] + Expert Answer & Anonymous -* 23 minutes later sok? = Fee tp hp = ye ke Chott) suaralt macs babante On oyters — ej Jn - out = Aco rauady Fotfeim) > 4 d au +E) ad Ct, sane te Het es Foe Ckephpt wa Chad sig Cowponent Bodence dor Ss ove — Faq Aly hA dha a(R - Est hetipys ata de Componext Bolawe for B To (xp) — Fp = APR db dc Veiva mats balante 6n ovreal sytem and Components we can find Mee dynamic equations ty de cantey Was this answer helpful? 1 0 > 0 Scanned with CamScannerwe Gt ew ZS Asiacell < Expert Q&A Ll] + An ice cube is dropped into a hot cup of coffee. As the ire cube melts, the coffee cools down. What happens to the entropy of the coffee, the entropy of the ice cube, and the your results in terms of microscopic interactions ropy of the univene? Discuss Expert Answer 2 e Brodys * about 2 hours later When an ice cube is dropped into cup of hot coffee, the temperature of the ice cube increases to 0°C. As the coffee is hot, the ice cube starts to melt thereby making a phase transition, which makes the entropy of the ice cube to decrease and spread out into the coffee. This allows the entropy of the coffee to increase until it comes into equilibrium with the surroundings. The entropy of the universe keeps on increasing. Was this answer helpful? 2 2 > 0 Scanned with CamScannerisos © ius C tae O (2) glia ASI I All Jgcg Jane duslys * Ob badll 3S dyaos C) ©) woe © Scanned with CamScannerwe Mt BNF Wao 4 Asiacell Find study reso Figure 9: Jacketed non isothermal CSTR. The energy balances are: any Cp an 7 FCeN He TA Ua Aes (FTe) Chew Ag (TE Tw) aT, ae Coa Me ag = Cpe galTy > Ts) Cpe Mow i =U joes rey > Tre) UrweArwdTrw > Te) Coot te Fe Ce leo? Lt Urwcdew (Tin? FD be aw(Fe* Tye) Core Me ye(Te* Tye) Where 7 denotes properties of the fluid inside the reacton properties of the stirer.ru- properties of the reactor wallac properties of the cooling fluid angi properties of the jacket wall Problem 12 The reactions 34. 212+ (is carried out in an isothermal semibaich reactor. Product® is the desired product. Product Cis a very volatie by product that must be vented off to prevent a pressure build up in the reactor. Gaseous’ is vented off through a condenser to force any. and B back into the feactor to prevent loss of reactant and product. ‘Assumey:, 1s pure C. The reacton is frst order inc’,. The relate volathites of 4 end to 2 are ayy * 1.2 and nc = 10. Assume perfect gases and constant pressure Write the equations describing the system. List all assumptions. ce at Scanned with CamScannerwitt get {D0 ih equation —( toe. Vo ~ o | & e als = ae (fh Ange t's (84) aR Tops as h Y My So Fron equates @) we toll gab jan acl dA] at | to 2 vr itm | ) Sno AY 4,- cf Se | ie blame rig) 4,0.) 2" + snide bLAeames ay dh Oo = 7 a &, ; oie T Cdeviectuin vaiagc, a™. ha ban Scanned with CamScannerye 001 BE hizro al Asiacell < Expert Q&A fC] + Expert Answer & anonyMous °* 15 minutes later - a batch yeaclor , the cortemuity equations axe yeactton volume & constant Assuming the ie a Coraecute ve - z = ki : A: AQ = Kica Br ace = Klan ke Ce at Cs dee = kote at 6b. Berniltare ous” eign 7 ka0e > es ae Cp = Hic % B: . cA 1 dle, = K ci de Cc: Reversible ip a Ce Rcatheee a: 8 = , z “Kila” ace Was this answer helpful? 2 0 i 0 Scanned with CamScannerwet iro SS Asiacell < Expert Q&A fC] + toad . . oy seeeee * 31 minutes later ‘Consider the given reaction. AsB % BoC Write the expression for the first order the rate. nake, Kea Write the component of the material balance for the reactant A. des op dt = Solve the above expression. FC Write the component of the material balance for the reactant B. Solve the above equation. Cat laet He, Write the component of the material balance for the reactant A. de, ak Solve the above expression fe Slut tlc Gunes Hence, the expression for the component for the continuity equation is Ky Pott igtt a [oe] Mae, ot K Was this answer helpful? 2 1 > 0 Scanned with CamScannerve GeV Tae al S Asiacell oo Re eel Derivation bf na fre matical oeclelbiag CSTR acd ceca sacket | (How Reatley pide ) ao 5 skp ue a eat Cols) Fre | ee Basicn «9/0 ti a 2 i . fs re) ] (Foxte) PAT = a) vie) | fee Bled i (check ali the abe oni om fame ia ae idia ) ae pAStame — Density Th conphant ; = & xf & ef =fa(y f-F =dv [Peres | all the unit oat mi, haw “x Bai) Scanned with CamScanner<€ Expert Q&A (| ct Solus = Cs Solution: 108 s.cpmeded ‘ogie ay Hine > The sperier baler fee He Ant reset are! v, Wye ce TE = FEC EY Gap EBM Ge Cont BL “Te = ~ Fenn thous V, Coe. TR = WF Cy pth Cane The Species balance Loe He second peachy are! vd = ye Fento ~F Cane ~ Fun Vy Cram kstMi Card C; Nv —t = Fle PCa th Ma Sane a ~ Flat + tion Scanned with CamScannerwe G8 Ea SS Asiacell < Expert Q&A fC] + A, i) (eusehir) pester) valahion Gelweenw fh omc 6 - 6 Mates 2 Mit Bt + VL C8 ee ph eae i U. 2 Calon y Ce Me -@ Pp ha, amoh Sum- Ldopuwod ome Oa 0. Vie VR —(G) din om ol Pre ne Ch, a, My Ma cunef fy. in Le Aof Flue eam 2 onesrihediow a 1 Lc wtf Pe ge 8” tr 2 Bertil ne B- 4, 2 density G et oF fey ° ier isd ta Mp Was this answer helpful? 2 0 > 0 Scanned with CamScannerye ET Caw Sal Asiacell < Expert Q&A AW + Expert Answer & Anonymous = 30 minutes later Flnty [Fite “(ey “t Gq, PS ee eee eo Gay Fay SY babe oO o i Guat. as VEL At Comatenila (Wiis of sandensa) ie Fluka Feet) ~(P+Paq, & Ant; : iM 4 (Ree milan = (ate seer j ‘= (Un vats nh} 4 Laine. Tt Rea, dele 5 (PH Felay —(F Fb GM Wek, ete Scanned with CamScannerProcess Engineering Channel @ProcessEng Boge where L, and M, are the initial steadystate liquid rate and holdup and B is a con- stant with units of seconds. 3.18. The rate of pulp lay-down F on a paper machine is controlled by controlling both the pressure P and the height of slury fh in a feeder drum with cross-sectional area A. F is proportional to the square root of the pressure at the exit slit. The air vent tate G is proportional to the square root of the air pressure in the box P. Feedback Controllers set the inflow rates of air Gy and slurry Fo to hold P and h. The sysiem is isothermal. Derive a dynamic mathematical model describing the system. j——E vent Restriction FIGURE P3.18 3.19. A wax filtration plant has six fillers that operate in parallel, feeding frum one common feed tank. Each filter can handle 1000 gpm when running, but the filters must be taken off-line every six hours for a cleaning procedure that takes. ten minutes. The operating schedule calls for one filter to be cleaned every hour. How many gallons a day can the plant handle? If the flow rate into the feed tank is held constant at this average flow rate, sketch how the liquid level in the feed tank varies over a typical three-hour period. 3.20, Alkylation is used in many petroleum refineries to react unsaturated butylene with isobutane to farm high octane iso-octane (alkylate). The reaction is caried out in a two liquid-phase system: sulfuric acid hydrocarbon, ‘The butylene feed stream is split and fed into cach of a series of perfectly mixed tanks (usually in one large vessel). This stepwise addition of butylene and the large excess of isobutane that is used both help to prevent undesirable reaction of butylene molecules with each other to form high-boiling. low octane polymers. Low temperature (40°F) also favors the desired iC,/Cj reaction. ‘The reaction is exothermic. One method of heat removal that is often used is autorefiigeration: the heat of vaporization of the boiling hydrocarbon liquid soaks up the heat of reaction, Scanned with CamScannerve GEV Ee | S Asiacell < Expert Q&A Scanned with CamScannerve ure F3 y S Asiacell < Answer ‘of ' tL] + Scanned with CamScannerProcess Engineering Channel @ProcessEng 34. 35. ‘The piston is initially at x = 0 when the pressure in the cylinder is zero. The cross- sectional area of the cylinder is A. Assume the piston has negligible mass and fric- tion. (a) Derive the equations describing the system. (b) What will the steadystate piston displacement be? perfectly mixed, isothermal CSTR has an outlet weir. The flow rate over the weit Proportional to the height of liquid over the weir, h,., 10 the 1.5 power. The weir height is h, . The cross-sectional area of the lank is A”"Ascume constant density, A first-order reaction takes place in the tank: A: B Derive the equations describing the system. i he Cum 1 SS re Kits FIGURE P33 Tn order to ensure an adequate supply for the upcoming set-to with the Hatfields, Grandpa McCoy has begun 10 process a new batch of his famous Liquid Lightning moonshine. He begins by pumping the mash at a constant rate Fy into an empty tank, In this tank the ethanol undergoes a first-onJer reaction to form a product that is the source of the high potency of McCoy's Liquid Lightning. Assuming that the concentration of ethanol in the feed, Cy, is constant and that the operation is iso- thermal, derive the equations that describe how the concentration C of ethanol in the tank and the volume V of liquid in the tank vary with time, Assume perfect mixing and consant density. A rotating-metal-drum heat exchanger is half submerged in a cool stream, with its other half in a hot stream, The drum rotates at a constant angular velocity @ tL \\ Rotation @ Ty re imp \4 @ Cond temp Te FIGURE pas Scanned with CamScannerProcess Engineering Channel @ProcessEng ‘The method involves a simple iteration on only one variable, pH. Simple interval-halving convergence {see Chap. 4) can be used very effectively. The uta- tion curves can be easily converted into simple functions to include in the com- puter program. For example, straight-line sections ean be used to interpolate between data points. This method has been applied with good success to a number of pH pro- cesses by Schnelle (Schnelle and Luyben, Proceedings of ISA 88, Houston, October 1988). PROBLEMS 3.1. A fluid of constant density p is pumped into a cone-shaped tank of total volume HAR}/3, The flow out of the botiom of the tank is proportional to the square root of the height h of Tiquid in the tank. Derive the equations describing the system. &———— L { i FexVie FIGURE P31 3.2. A perfect gas with molecular weight M flows af a mass flow rate W, into a cylinder through a restriction. The flow rate is proportionall to the square root of the pressure drop over the restriction: Wy = Ko/Po — P where P is the pressure in the cylinder and Py is the constant upstream pressure. The system is isothermal. Inside the cylinder, a piston is forced to the right as the pres- sure P builds up. A spring zesiss the movement of the piston with a force that is Proportional to the axial displacement x of the piston. Fi=K,x Restriction FIGURE P32 Scanned with CamScannerye 001 BE ivvo al] S&S Asiacell < Expert Q&A A o+ 23. Write the component continuity equations for a perfectly mixed batch reactor (no inflow or outflow) with first-order isothermal reactions: (a) Consecutive () Simultaneous (c) Reversible Expert Answer & anonymous = 15 minutes later %- a batch yyactor , The corttenuity equations exe i Pecwaming the. veactton volume & constant i A+ Cormsecute ve F At Wen e 2 D> 0 Scanned with CamScanner(2) lakes SUSI gee) Alle dal ys © doupllel sel aol Aiguall Aige 9 dgigtedl! OUIZSII dusty gazore © dawned dyilgke aie dul yall digs g dggted! SLISI! desl jal! gazoce O ati Ailgue anc dull 353 ee gus) OC) Scanned with CamScannereT Ea ll <_ Expert Q&A Cl Asiacell + HC) te. Ca, 4 Olle, Od Cny da t ! log tm both side fem t- Coif) © Wile Calta Oth} e 0-3 Goh $ LA otihe sect Ce fr) aval taty) a o-stesls TM a cath! b be atom my 2 Ate. emu thy eh Coe “yy eleu pile) sco ts) © Oe © 4 pelts tr) testi (3 piggy) = dh bs — ? “aS Tay 1H tact) » OM dividivg, eae with erlr) sort Cas) 4993 ta) caty\ cell) g = 154 eg 4su = d! YOu eee s.uad teats), Cool) —proyys Cn) porh colt) > aiey Pets lilies, tle ou = ies isu 45 Scanned with CamScanner2/2 A test was performedin “4 SPSS, explaining whether there were significant differences or not between the processor speed between Dell and Lenovo computers, and the results were as follows ( What test * was used) ff two sample t test © Mann-Whitney ©) paired sample t test ©) Aiathina mantinned f ) Scanned with CamScannerve ue TH ya9 ay S Asiacell < Expert Q&A Ll] + Answer Constant density * : A constant density ror incompvecsibh fluid & a fluid consisting of elements that are not unlfke infinitely vigid balls + Ary. _ disturbance fo a single elernent & therefor, instantaneously. j Aransmitted throughout the entfre field of flowy so that the speed with which fnformatfor propagades b tnfinib: From the given problem. mass balance! moss input- mass output = Accumulation | Fo-F = § dv | Scanned with CamScannerve FeV Ee “all F Asiacell <_ Expert Q&A ts aS: - = Pe SPS Try — Fy Py py 7 + aM (in 71) 4 Scanned with CamScannerwe GE Eo Fl ZS Asiacell < Expert Q&A L] + When cooling jackets and internal cooling coils do not give enough heat transfer area, a circulating cooling system is sometimes used. Process fluid from the reactor is pumped through an external heat exchanger and back Into the reactor. Cooling water is added to the shell side of the heat exchanger at a rate F,, as set by the temperature controller. The circulation rate through the heat exchanger is constant. Assume that the shell side of the heat exchanger can be represented by two perfectly mixed “lumps” in series and the process fluid flow countercurrent to the water flow, also through two perfectly mixed stages. The reaction is irreversible and first-order in reactant A: k AB The contents of the tank are perfectly mixed. Neglect reactor and heat-exchanger metal. Derive a mathematical model of this system. &] Cao water Hint: Two perfectly mixed “lumps” in series: SHELL TUBE SIDE Ld? L ZOMG = FreyCy(To — Mn) + ZUAn(? - Tr) Scanned with CamScannerWY Ea] BSA <4 OAsiac g ere sor eel) (2) ola cole cpp lay SII glace pasts dsl ys * Isl dui Fslgtie dally Cnetsutuall pola! gm dull! pare © ahr Gilgse dill sliall 83 las yu CE (2) gles SLB] Geis ables aulys * ayallall dotull digeedl E Aten adiot AM lal a adel nen Scanned with CamScannerProcess Engineering Channel @ProcesseEng R= kei AK still has units of moles of A/min ft?, Therefore k must have units of ft°/min mol A. Consider the reaction A + B — C. If the overall reaction rate is first-order in both A and B, RakCCy AR still has units of moles of A/min ft°. Therefore k must have units of ft?/min mol B. PROBLEMS 2.1, Write the component continuity equations describing the CSTR of Example 2.3 with (a) Simultaneous reactions (first-order, isothermal) Atop atic (b) Reversible (first-order, isothermal) nm A=——B " 22, Write the component continuity equations for a tubular reactor as in Example 2.5 ‘with consseutive reactions occuring: b ns atop tic 23, Write the component continuity equations for a perfectly mixed batch reactor (no inflow or outflow) with first-order isothermal reactions: (@) Consecutive () Simmultancous (c) Reversible 24, Write the energy equation for the CSTR of Example 2.6 in which consecutive fist- order reactions occur with exothermic heats of reaction A and 23. " ha AG aL & 25. Chuulie Brown and Snoopy are sledding down a hill that is inclinod 6 degrees from horizontal, The total weight of Chatlie, Snoopy, and the sled is Ms The sled is essen- tially frictionless but the air resistance of the sledders is proportional to the square of their velocity, Write the equations describing their position x, relative to the top of the hill (x = 0). Charlie likes to “belly flop.” so their initial velocity at the top of the hills v9. ‘What would happen if Snoopy jumped off the sled halfway down the hill without changing the air resistance? 26. An automatic bale tosser on the back of a farmer's hay baler must throw a 60-pound bale of hay 20 feet back into a wagon, If the bale leaves the tosser with a velocity ¥, in Scanned with CamScannerwe et Cre ad SS Asiacell < Expert Q&A ld =F tb deb ok het eee he facs eve opr’ Ss CO bonsbeuf- a They, a ws ae ieee = Ghne- a vay. er ee yy > gh [tn (ine v4 Ci) el ase 7 det Kne~ & ae oben A Ace A Scanned with CamScannerwe uA Een ay SS Asiacell < Expert Q&A fC] + now put the value of F in the above equation d(V) =F,-K, h,,” dt 0 f ow Or dRow dt A = Fy — Kp(how)?!? Component material balance of A a(¥C,) dt As CBO =0, ==> Cy =Cyg-Cy 1(VC Thus, AEs) = (dt F, Cy “Kh! C,- VK, C, + VK, Cy F, C.o-K, hy," C,-V ky Ch + V Ky (Cyn - Cy) lr t+ how)Ca) 7] = FoCao Ke(how) Ca — KA + bow CA Overall balance and component balance equation are two main equations. Was this answer helpful? 2% 1 i 0 Scanned with CamScannerwla>! 30 8 Determine population study esa and sample study 0/2 Ska ysl alee yo dulys * Jomo) dosciunall Adlote arallg GULaysJl ga garmall ala SIL dosdauall slgall 9@ parma! aya Adlgte anally XK Abloce dusallo squad! gm pazrsll © O O ABloce dyrallo your 9% gazrall O whabics doyocall aleyl Apdlgse aallg GGLeysl 9m parrall py Scanned with CamScannerVs Gere Sal Asiacell & (QQ 434669544237. <€ the top of the disillaion cohima (Which ‘acts like a stripper). Vapor is generated in a reboiler in the base, Heavy material is withdrawn from the bottom of the column, Derive a mathematical model of this batch distillation system for the case where the tray holdups cannot be neglected. Process Engineerir @ProcessEng BO arieMANcAL Mobias OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SYSTEMS: 3.9. An ice cube is dropped into a hot, perfectly mixed, insulated cup of coffee. Develop the equations describing the dynamics of the system. List all assumptions and define allterms. n isothermal, imeversible reaction J lakes place in the liquid phase in a constani-volume reactor. The mixing is not Perfect, Observation of flow pattems indicates that a two-tank system with back mixing, as shown in the sketch below, should approximate the imperfect mixing. ‘Asuming F and Fy are constant, write the equations describing the system. A - B FIGURE P30 ‘he Liquid in a jacketed, nonisothermal CSTR is stirred by an agitator whose mass is Significant compared with the reaction mass. The mass of the reactor wall and the mass of the jacket wall are also significant. Write the energy equations for the system. Neglect radial temperature gradients in the agitator, reactor wall, and jacket wall 12) The reaction 3A + 2B + C is carried owt in an isothermal semibatch reactor. Product B is the desired product, Product C is a very volatile by-product that must be vented off to prevent a pressure buildup in the reactor. Gascous C is vented off through a condenser to force any A and B back into the reactor to prevent loss of reactant and product. Assume Fy is pure C. The reaction is first-order in C,. The relative volatilities Of A and C(o B are Gay = 1.2 and acy = 10, Assume perfect gases and constant prescure, Write the equations describing the system, List all assumptions. FIGURE PLit M /rite the equations describing a simple version of the petroleum industry's impor+ 2 t catalytic cracking operation. There are two vessels as shown in Fig. P3.13. Scanned with CamScanner ineering Chaqnel2 0:01 BE irvo "ll ZS Asiacell < Expert Q&A ll =F Was this answer helpful? 2 1 > 0 Scanned with CamScannerNeen 6 = 45” above the horizontal, what must », be? If the tosser must acceler- ¢ bale from a dead start to », in 6 feet, how much force must be exerted? What value of @ would minimize this acceleration force? M=60 Bale initially at rest FIGURE P2.6 Scanned with CamScannerFigure 8: Two tank system with back muang Problem 11 The liquid in a jacketed, nonisothermal CSTR is stirred by an agitator whose mass is significant compared mth the reaction mass. The mass of the reactor wall and the mass of the jacket wall are also significant Wnte the eneray equations for the system. Neglect radial temperature gradients in the agitator, reactor wall, and jacket wall Solution ‘The CSTR 1s shown in Figure 9. In writing the energy equations, the following assumptions. are made: ‘+ Reactor fluid and cooling fluid holdup are constant + Physical propertes are constant ++ The cooling fluid in the jacket is perfectly mixed. + There are no internal temperature gradients in the agitator, reactor wall and jacket wall ‘ There are no heat losses to the environment Figure 9: Jacketed non isothermal CSTR. The energy balances are: ah Sp Mey = BCps Clee 2) — Vat Aas (1 — Te) —Utrw At (th Tee) Scanned with CamScannerve WY Ta Ml A CAsiacell dil ASI ode VY wo eS eeUL) (2) sues gle SLlogleall Lo glgiSt alas sil Aglage diosa) dyad! syloall cll * (sadly Byao le oad! 8 yaa iboe dual yal Baizua O ahaa duilgme aie dul yl aige-g arly As ycell sylgall Alb 50 duly all ar.e © aay Uslpde Sus leo yu) CE) (2) glsess dydrgyor dl CaS yoeall clad cypuuo pil) polall eSoull dai plaszoly * dla ilecte Scanned with CamScannerwe G8 Enea ZS Asiacell < Expert Q&A LC] + ERPS AS & Anonymous ° about 14 hours later Taikally moles of Be O Fer censdent cen sty syvlews, oudalf mulettal balance 8. eg tik at Note Pal dhe vad f Fo tn the chuve Gucfien dd : Sees Fe ake hac” Ad hs — Fe_ ke Row) Se = Fr—-Ke Gow) Gobet material balance ef A A (VG) _ Fecate Ke Rath Ca-Viy Ca #V Ke Co lt As CBO=O = Ce= Cro-CA Th, AVG). Fr Cate Ke fad” Ca “VK Cat VIC (Cac-Ca) d+ bal ferdidQ) - Fe Carebe C4 ow) Cy — KA (Ree +B) Ca dt gurail balane Gnd Cnpowst Lalance uctin aree Re hwo main Equations Scanned with CamScannerye ET Taw Sal Asiacell < Expert Q&A L] + PK) port wr Fut)” GH o-ott ty) Cal se Cert) (Sttou ) ’ ens) . Colt) tev) 00% Wo 8 a. ES 8 Fatt) Casts) “Colt (sg tse) Was this answer helpful? 2 0 i 0 Scanned with CamScanner