RESEARCH DESIGN

ASP FEB UNPAD - 2023

 THE RESEARCH PROCESS

1. Selection Topic & Define Problem


2. Reviewing the literature

3. Development of theoretical and conceptual frameworks

4. Clarification of research hypothesis

5. Research design

6. Data collection

7. Data analysis

8. Drawing conclusions
 Define Problem = Rumusan Masalah

Theory: misalnya Agency Theory, Stakeholder Theory,

Theory of Fraud, dll

Conceptual Frameworks = Theoretical Framework =

Kerangka pemikiran penelitian atau model penelitian
yang dikembangkan berdasarkan teori2

Fraud theory
GRC
Tingkat
Fraud
Stakeholder
theory Organizational
commitment
Research Design

• Research design is a set of advance decisions that make up

the master plan specifying the methods and procedures for
collecting and analyzing the needed information.

• Good research design is the “first rule of good research.”

• Knowledge of the needed research design allows advance

planning so that the project may be conducted in less time
and typically at a cost savings due to efficiencies gained in
preplanning.
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Objectives of Research Design

• To gain background information and to develop hypotheses

• To measure the state of a variable of interest
• To test hypotheses that specify the relationships between two or
more variables

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Research Design: A Caution
• In many cases, research is an iterative process.

• By conducting one research project, we learn that we may

need additional research, which may result in using
multiple research designs.

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Types of Research Designs

1. Exploratory

2. Descriptive

3. Causal

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Exploratory Research

• Exploratory research is usually conducted at the

outset of research projects.

• It is usually conducted when the researcher does not

know much about the problems.

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Exploratory Research

• Purposes
• Diagnosing a situation
• Screening alternatives
• Discovering new ideas
• Produce hypotheses
Uses of Exploratory Research

❖Gain background information

❖Define Terms
❖Clarify problems and hypothesis
❖Establish research priorities

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Exploratory Research
• Types

• Literature search

• In-depth interview

• Focus groups
Exploratory Research Methods

 Secondary data analysis: the process of searching for interpreting existing

information relevant to the research topic

 Experience surveys: refer to gathering information from those to be

knowledgeable on the issues relevant to the research problem
 Key-informant technique: gathering information from those thought to
be knowledgeable on the issues relevant to the problem
 Lead-user survey: used to acquire information from lead users of a new
technology

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Exploratory Research Methods

• Case analysis: a review of available information about a former

situation(s) that has some similarities to the current research
problem

• Focus groups: small groups brought together and guided by a

moderator through an unstructured, spontaneous discussion for
the purpose of gaining information relevant to the research
problem

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Exploratory Research

• Case Analyses

• Ethnography

Source: www.withfriendship.com
Exploratory Research
Studi kasus dilakukan melalui pemeriksaan longitudinal yang
mendalam terhadap suatu keadaan atau kejadian yang disebut
sebagai kasus dengan menggunakan cara-cara yang sistematis dalam
melakukan pengamatan, pengumpulan data, analisis informasi, dan
pelaporan hasilnya. Sebagai hasilnya, akan diperoleh pemahaman
yang mendalam tentang mengapa sesuatu terjadi dan dapat menjadi
dasar bagi riset selanjutnya.

Source: www.withfriendship.com

Ethnography adalah suatu studi atau riset tentang perilaku masyarakat atau konsumen yang
dipelajari langsung dari habitatnya atau dari lingkungan aslinya.
Descriptive Research

• Descriptive research is undertaken to describe answers

to questions of who, what, where, when, and how.

• It is desirable when we wish to project a study’s

findings to a larger population, if the study’s sample is
representative.

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Descriptive Research

• Purposes

• Describe characteristics of group

• Determine proportion of people who act a

certain way
Descriptive Research Classifications

Cross-sectional studies

Longitudinal studies

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Descriptive Research Studies

• Cross-sectional studies measure units from a sample of

the population at only one point in time (or “snapshot”)

• Sample surveys are cross-sectional studies whose

samples are drawn in such a way as to be representative
of a specific population.

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Descriptive Research Studies

• Longitudinal studies repeatedly measure the same

sample units of a population over time.

• Since they involve multiple measurements over time,

they are often described as “movies” of the
population.

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Descriptive Research Studies

• Continuous panels ask panel members the same

questions on each panel measurement.

• Discontinuous panels vary questions from one panel

measurement to the next.

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Causal Research

Causality may be thought of as understanding

a phenomenon in terms of conditional
statements of the form “If x, then y.”

Causal relationships are often determined by

the use of experiments.

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Causal Research

Purpose

• Does a change in X cause a change in Y?

Causal Research by Experiments

• Laboratory experiments

• Field experiments
Type of Investigation
1. CORRELATIONAL:

Correlation. The researchers find a relationship between two, or more,

variables.

“are smoking and cancer related”

2. CAUSAL:

Causation. t the researchers found that changes in one variable they

measured directly caused changes in the other.

“does smoking cause cancer”

Causal Research Strategies

❖Experiments
❖Survey
❖Observation
❖Grounded theory
❖Action research
❖Case Studies
Experiments
• Associated with deductive research
• To established causal relationship

SURVEY
A system for collecting information from people etc
 Exploratory, descriptive, causal

Type:
- One time survey
- Continuing survey
Observation
• Going into natural setting
• Planned watching, recording, analysis, interpretation

Grounded Theory

Develop inductively a derived theory from the data

Action research
AR was born to solve practical problems, and worked to bridge the gap
between theory and practice. AR engages the participants in the research’s
activities.
Study Setting
1) Non Contrived

- Field study: minimal researcher interference

- Field experiment: researcher interference

2) Contrived

- Lab Experiment
Unit Of Analysis

• UA –are those units we use to describe in order to

create summary descriptions of all such units &

• Explain differences among them

Unit Of Analysis

1. Individuals

2. Groups

3. Organizations

4. Geografic/Cultures

5. Dyad
Unit Of Analysis

Jelaskan unit analisis:

- Komitmen pimpinan: individu, contoh Dekan

- Komitmen organisasi: organisasi, contoh Fakultas, Uuiversitas

- Tata Kelola organisasi:organisasi

- Independensi auditor: individu

- Fee auditor: organisasi

Individuals

Most typical UA in social science: gender, race, income, GPA

Example:

Older people are more afraid of crime than younger

people

Variables: Age and fear of crime

Groups – Family, Social Groups

Social groups – another unit of analysis. When analyze groups, the

focus is group characteristics – not individuals within groups.

• Example: compare single vs. double parents family in terms of

poverty rate

• Gangs: compare Asian gangs vs. Latino gangs in terms of criminal

activity and group cohesion
Organizations

• Organization – another important unit of analysis.

• When organization is the UA, the focus is on organizations’

features – not on Individuals within the organization

• Example: company, college, mental hospitals – compare

the size of organization
Geographic areas
• Geo- areas --another common UA.

It includes neighborhoods, cities, nations…

• Example 1: The greater the growth air traffic at the city's airport, the
greater the economic growth

Var: growth of air traffic and Economic growth in the city.

• Example 2. Economic development in a country affects the birth rate.

Var: Eco Develop. & birth rate

Time Horizon

❖Cross Sectional

❖Longitudinal/Time Series
❖Cross Sectional:

Tahun 2021
Observasi
1 PT A
2 PT B
3 PT C
4
n
❖Longitudinal

PT A
Observasi
1 2021
2 2020
3 2019
4
n
 The first longitudinal study of growth
Filibert Gueneau de Montbeillard (1720-1785)

Buffon (1777) Histoire Naturelle & Scammon, RE (1927) The first seriation study of human growth, Am J of Physical Anthropology, 10, 329-336/
What about now?:
How much longitudinal research is being conducted?
5,000
750 Agriculture/
4,000
Forestry (326%)
3,000 Medicine (451%) 500

2,000

1,000
250 Sociology (245%)
0
Psychology (365%)
0
'82

'87

'92

'97

'02
Economics (361%)

'82

'87

'92

'97

'02
750

500 Education (down 8%)

250

0
'82

'87

'92

'97

'02
❖Pooled: Longitudinal & Cross Section

Observasi
1 2021 PT A
2 2020 PT A
3 2019 PT A
4 2021 PT B
5 2020 PT B
n 2019 PT B