The stress-strain diagram of reinforcing steel change, creep in component materials,

movement due to differential settlement, or

combinations thereof.
W=load due to wind pressure
f1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly,
for live loads in excess of 4.8 kPa, and for garage
load.
= 0.5 for other live loads

The commonload combinations for most

applications are the following:

1.2D + 1.6L Eq. 1

1.2D + f1L ±1.0W Eq. 2
1.2D + f1L ±1.0E Eq. 3
Basic Load Combinations (NSCP 2015, Art. 0.9D ±1.0W Eq. 4
203.3.1) 0.9D ±1.0E Eq. 5
Where load and resistance factor design are
used, structures and all portions thereof shall
resist the most critical effects from the SAMPLE PROBLEM #1
following combinations of factored loads:
1.4 (D + F) Determine the design moment for the beam
1.2 (D + F + T) + 1.6 (L + H) + 0.5(Lr or R) shown below with a dead load of 35kN/m and a
1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (f1L or 0.5W) live load of 15kN/m. The beam span length is
1.2D + 1.0W + f1L + 0.5(Lr or R) 7.4m.
1.2D ± 1.0E + f1L
0.9D + 1.0W + 1.6H Solution:
0.9D ± 1.0E + 1.6H
Where: Step 1. Compute the factored distributed load (
D=Deadload W u ) using the Eq. 1:
E =Earthquake load
F =load due to fluids with well-defined
pressures and maximum heights
H =load due to lateral pressure of soil and water
in soil
L = live load, except roof live load, including any
permitted live load reductions
Lr = roof live load, including any permitted live
load reduction Step 2. For a simply supported, uniformly
P =ponding load R =rain load on the undeflected loaded beam, the maximum moment is:
roof
T = self-straining force and effects arising from
contraction or expansion resulting from
temperature change, shrinkage, moisture
PIT #1
Determine the design shear force at a distance
0.5m from the support A. The dead and live
loads are 28.6 kN/m and 9.4 kN/m.
➢ The relationship between “a” and “c” is
defined by the formula (NSCP 2015 Eqn.
422.2.2.4.1). 𝒂 = 𝜷𝟏𝒄 𝐄𝐪.𝟏
➢ Empirically, the value of 𝜷𝟏 has been
established by the NSCP as:

Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beams

➢ The slope of the inclined line is Es, the steel

 The reinforcements are tension rebars
elastic modulus, thus, the yield strain of steel is
only.
simply equal given by the formula:
 Theoretically, the stress of concrete will
reach its maximum usable strain of
0.003 also referred to as the crushing
strain as shown in the concrete stress-
strain diagram in Figure 1

➢ When the section rotates such that the

maximum concrete strain has reached 0.003, it
is now considered to have reached its Ultimate
Moment Capacity (NSCP 2015, Art. 422.2.2.1).
➢ As the beam rotates and the strains are
linearly varying, the concrete stresses will
follow the shape of the concrete stress-strain
diagram as illustrated in Fig. 2.
➢ According to the NSCP (Table 421.2.2), the Maximum Steel Ratio, 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙
usable portion of the nominal moment capacity ➢ In order to ensure that the flexural member
is only 90% or a reduction factor ∅ = 0.90. This will be “ductile”, the amount of the tension
is applicable to tension-controlled classification reinforcement is controlled.
where the tensile strain of the rebar exceeds ➢ The NSCP ensures that the flexural member
0.005. will be under-reinforced by prescribing a
➢ Also, the USD requires that, minimum strain of 0.004 for the tensile
reinforcements (Art. 409.3.3.1).
𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠.
➢ Flexural members are required to be
“ductile”. These members are designed to
undergo ductile failure when their ultimate
capacities are reached.
➢ Ductile failure is preferred over brittle failure
because failure for the former is slow in
developing and more than adequate tell-tale
signs manifest before the section collapses. In
➢ Compression stress are at the top and tensile
contrast, brittle failure is sudden with little or
stresses are at the bottom. By similar triangles,
no warning leading to disastrous consequences.

From the equilibrium equation Ts = Cc,

➢ In an over-reinforced beam, the concrete

extreme compression fiber will reach its
crushing strain before the tension
reinforcement yields. In contrast, in an under
reinforced beam, the tension reinforcement will
yield first before the concrete crushes.
➢ A balanced condition is defined as a beam
section where the concrete crushing of its
extreme compression fiber occurs
simultaneously with the yielding of the tension
reinforcement.
 Analysis of a Singly Reinforced Rectangular
Beam: (Cont.)

Step 5)
Solve for “a” to determine the lever arm in Fig.
5. The expression for “a” is taken from Eq. 2.
Minimum Steel Ratio, 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏
➢ Also, the Code has a minimum steel ratio
with the same objective of making the beam
section ductile. If the steel reinforcements are
too low, then the effect of the steel
reinforcements is no longer felt as if the section
is pure concrete only. ➢ Concrete being a
brittle material, will lead to brittle failure if the
amount of tension reinforcement is negligible.
Thus, there is a need to provide a minimum
amount of steel reinforcements, and this is
specified in the NSCP 409.6.1.2 where,
Sample Problem No. 1
A simply supported beam shown is to support a
total dead load of 15 kN/m. Determine the live
load that the beam can resist in accordance
with the requirements of the NSCP. Use fc’ = 35
MPa and Grade 60 rebars (Fy = 414 MPa). The
reinforcements shown are 5-36mm dia. bars.

➢ The NSCP stipulates further that this steel

ratio should not be lower than 1.4/fy, hence,
the minimum steel ratio is,

Solution :

Step 1)
To solve for 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥,first 𝛽1 must be determined.
Step 2)
To solve for the steel ratio, the effective depth
“d” and As must first be determined.
Step 3)
Since the actual steel ratio exceeded the
maximum limit, therefore, the valid steel ration
is,
Step 4)
Next is to determine the “a”,
Step 5)
The ultimate moment capacity can now be
solved.
The next step is to analyze the beam in order to
get the maximum positive moment. Different
approaches are available but a simple
straightforward procedure is, (a) Determine the
reaction at the left support “A”.
(b) From the shear diagram below, note that
the slope of the shear diagram is equal to “w”.
This is used to locate “x” the point of “zero
shear” which is also the “point of maximum
moment”.
(c) The difference between the moment from
Point A to Point D is represented by the area of
the shear diagram from Point A to Point D. Point
A is a hinge support and the moment there is
zero. Hence, the area of the triangle between A
and D is the maximum positive moment.
(d) Now, this maximum moment is equated
with the ultimate moment capacity of the
beam.
(e) The load above with subscript “u” represents
the factored load. Since the load is vertical, then
the only applicable load combination from the
NSCP (Eq. 203-2) is 1.2DL + 1.6L. This load
combination leads to the expression for the live
load.

Step 6) Determine the beam width and round

off (multiple of 50mm).

Step 7) Determine the required effective depth

using the chosen “b” in Step 6.

Step 8) Determine the beam height and round

off (multiple of 50mm).

For bars in a single layer

The concrete cover requirements are in the

NSCP 420.6.1 where “dbs” and “db” are the bar
diameters for the stirrups and main bars,
respectively.

➢ The design of beams to resist the factored

moment is made up of two (2) parts:
1) Determining the required section size defined
by the bd2
2) Determining the amount of reinforcements
➢ In the design, the concrete and reinforcing
bar material properties fc’ and fy are already
specified.

Step 9) Determine the actual effective depth

based on the chosen “h” in Step 8.
Steps in Determining the STEEL Solution:
REINFORCEMENTS:
Given data: Step 1)
Review of your slope-deflection method to the
Step1) Determine “X” using the Eq.7.Use the analysis of statically indeterminate beams.
actual “b” in Step6 and actual “d” in Step9.
Step2) Determine “m” using the Eq.9.
Step3) Determine the “Req’ d𝝆” using the
Eq.10. Step4) Determine the “number of bars”
using the Eq. 11 For beam design or bar spacing
using Eq.12 for labor footing design.

Sample Problem 1

The prismatic beam below is to carry super

imposed loads of Pu=126k N and Wu=26.8
kN/m. Assume that the beam weight is already
included. Design the be amusing 25mm∅ top
bars and 20mm ∅ bottom bars. Use fc’=30MPa
and Grade 60 rebars. Used/b=2.0 and a steel
ratio equal to 1.5 of 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 in determining the
beam size. Also, use a concrete cover of 50mm
and stirrup size of 12mm.