Volitional and Potential

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@ScriptingJapan

Dr. Wes Robertson


Japanese Volitional Form @ScriptingJapan
The “volitional” form is the fancy name for “let’s do [verb]!”. As a question, it can also mean “Shall (I/we) verb?”.
The polite version uses the ~ましょうか ending. The plain form version instead uses conjugation patterns.
The irregular verbs する and くる do not follow any set pattern. You simply have to memorize their forms.
Volitional Volitional This form isn’t
very common
する しよう くる こよう to see/use

べんきょうする。 To study. あいにくる。 Come to meet.


べんきょうしよう。 Let’s study. あいにこようか。 Shall we come to meet?
For all る verbs, remove their final る, and then attach ~よう.

Volitional Volitional

たべる たべよう あける あけよう


ピザをたべる。 I (will) eat pizza. ドアをあける。 Open the door.
ピザをたべよう。 Let’s eat pizza. ドアはあけようか。 Shall I open the door?
@ScriptingJapan
Dr. Wes Robertson
Japanese Volitional Form @ScriptingJapan
For う verbs, change the final [consonant+う] kana to it’s [same consonant+お] version and then add う.

To drink If you attach ~としている to this form, you


indicate that you are making efforts to verb.

ま Polite たばこをやめる。 Will quit smoking.


Let’s quit smoking!
み のみます。
のみましょう。
Drink.
Let’s drink.
たばこをやめよう。
たばこをやめようとしている。
I’m trying to quit smoking.
のむ Plain

め のむ。
のもう。
Drink.
Let’s drink. If you attach ~とおもっている to this form, you
indicate that you are planning to verb.
も+う かえる。 I will go home.
Verbs ending in ~う just change to ~おう かえろうか。 Shall we go home?
かえろうとおもっている。
I’m thinking of going home.
うたう。 Sing. あう。 Meet.
うたおう。 Let’s sing. あおうか。 Shall we meet?
@ScriptingJapan
Dr. Wes Robertson
Japanese Potential Form @ScriptingJapan
The “potential” form is used to show that someone can(not) do something.
The irregular verbs する and くる do not follow any pattern. You simply have to memorize their forms.
Potential Once in potential Potential This form isn’t
form, verbs conjugate very common
する できる further as る verbs
くる こられる to see/use

あしたするよ。 I will do it tomorrow. らいねんくる。 Will come next year.


あしたできるよ。 I can do it tomorrow. らいねんこられない。 Can’t come next year.
Unlike in English, in Japanese can is a verb. You can also use できる in the construction
As a result, you can directly say [noun]ができる. ~ことができる
The literal meaning is something like “can [noun]”, which I’m This can attach to any verb. There is no real functional
trying to show below. In English, we don’t say this, obviously. difference between this and the verb’s potential form.

ギターができる。 I can guitar. ギターをひくことができる。 I can play guitar.

にほんごができる。 I can Japanese. にほんごをはなすことができるが。Can speak but


にほんごをかくことができない。 can’t read
それができないよ。 I can’t that. Japanese.
@ScriptingJapan
Dr. Wes Robertson
Japanese Potential Form @ScriptingJapan
The “potential” form is used to show that someone can(not) do something.
For る verbs, change the final ~る to ~られる
Potential This ~られる ending is often shortened to ~れる.
This is called “らぬきことば” and some find it improper,

たべる たべられる
but it does help differentiate the potential from the passive.

あしたたべられるよ。 I can eat tomorrow. OR


あしたたべるよ。 I will eat tomorrow. It will be eaten tomorrow.
あしたたべられるよ。 I can eat tomorrow. あしたたべれるよ。 I can eat tomorrow.

For う verbs, change the final [consonant+う] sound to Formally, you are supposed to use が instead of を with
all potential forms. This is changing, but be careful, as
the [same consonant+え] sound, and then add る.
some people will treat ~をたべられる etc. as incorrect.
のむ。 Will drink.
ま のめなかった。 Couldn’t drink. ビールをのむ。 I drink beer.

の む うたう。 Will sing. ビールがのめる。 I can drink beer.
うたえる。 Can sing. Once in potential (always correct)
める form, verbs conjugate ビールをのめる。 I can drink beer
も はしれる。 Can run. further as る verbs (potentially improper)

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