Lecture Presentation

Chapter 6

Electronic
Structure of Atoms

James F. Kirby Electronic

Quinnipiac University Structure
of Atoms
Hamden, CT
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. The Wave Nature of Light Learn that light (radiant energy, or
electromagnetic radiation) has wave-like properties and is
characterized by wavelength, frequency, and speed.
2. Quantized Energy and Photons Recognize that electromagnetic
radiation also has particle-like properties and can be described
as “particles” of light called photons.
3. Line Spectra and the Bohr Model Examine the light emitted by
electrically excited atoms (line spectra) and infer from those
spectra that only certain energy levels are allowed for electrons
in atoms. These observations lead to the Bohr model of the
atom, which pictures the electrons moving around the nucleus
only in certain allowed orbits.
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
4. The Wave Behavior of Matter Recognize that matter also has
wave-like properties. As a result, it is impossible to determine
simultaneously the exact position and the exact momentum of an
electron in an atom (Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle).
5. Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Orbitals Describe how the
electron exists in the hydrogen atom by treating it as if it were a
wave. The wave functions that mathematically describe the
electron’s position and energy in an atom are called atomic orbitals.
Each orbital is characterized by a set of quantum numbers.
6. Representations of Orbitals Consider the three-dimensional
shapes of orbitals and how they can be represented by graphs of
electron density.
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
7. Many-Electron Atoms Learn that the energy levels of an atom having
more than one electron are different from those of the hydrogen atom, and
that each electron has an additional quantum-mechanical property called
spin. The Pauli exclusion principle states that no two electrons in an atom
can have the same four quantum numbers. Therefore, each orbital can hold
a maximum of two electrons.
8. Electron Configurations Learn how the orbitals of the hydrogen atom
can be used to describe the arrangements of electrons in many-electron
atoms. Using patterns in orbital energies as well as some fundamental
characteristics of electrons described by Hund’s rule, we determine how
electrons are distributed among the orbitals (electron configurations).
9. Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table Recognize that the
electron configuration of an atom is related to the location of the element
in the periodic table.
 Electronic Structure
▪ Electronic structure—the arrangement and energy of electrons.

▪ Extremely small particles have wave-like properties that can only

be explained in this manner !

Electronic
Structure
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 1 | The Wave Nature of Light
▪ Knowledge about the electronic structure of atoms comes from light
either emitted or absorbed by substances

▪ the light we see with our eyes = visible light = type of electromagnetic
radiation.

▪ electromagnetic radiation carries energy through space, it is also

known as radiant energy.
▪ Types of electromagnetic radiation: have same fundamental
characteristics
▪ Visible light
▪ Radio waves: carry music to our radios
▪ Infrared radiation : heat from fireplace
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Structure
▪ X-rays of Atoms
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Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation
▪ Speed of electromagnetic radiation = speed of light = 2.998 * 108 m/s
▪ Wave-like characteristics : smiliar to waves in water
▪ Energy of dropping stone or moving boat is imparted as waves moving
up and down

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Structure
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▪ Waves are periodic X
▪ Distance between two adjacent peaks: wavelength (λ)
▪ The number of waves passing a given point per unit of time is the
frequency ( ).

All electromagnetic radiation moves at

the same speed, namely, the speed of
light.

The relationship between wavelength

and frequency

Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
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▪ electromagnetic radiations are due to the
periodic oscillations in the intensities of the
o electric fields
o magnetic fields

▪ Different electromagnetic radiation have

different properties: Different
wavelenghts

▪ For waves traveling at the same velocity,

the longer the wavelength, the smaller
the frequency.
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Structure
of Atoms
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 Electromagnetic Spectrum

Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
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 Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
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 Frequency : cycles per second
▪ hertz (Hz).
▪ sˉ¹
▪ /s

A typical frequency for a cellular telephone : 698 MHz

▪ 698,000,000 Hz
▪ 698,000,000 sˉ¹
▪ 698,000,000 /s

Electronic
Structure
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▪ No
▪ Both visible light & X-rays are forms of electromagnetic radiation.
▪ They therefore both travel at the speed of light, c.
▪ Their differing ability to penetrate skin is due to their different energies

Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
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 Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
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 Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
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 Infrared light
The expanded visible-light portion of Figure 6.4 tells you that red light has
a longer wavelength than blue light.
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 Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
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 X

Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
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 2 | Quantized Energy and Photons
Wave model cannot express some aspects of light

(1)
the emission of light from hot objects (referred to as blackbody radiation
because the objects studied appear black before heating)
(2)
The emission of electrons from metal surfaces on which light shines (the
photoelectric effect)
(3)
the emission of light from electronically excited gas atoms (emission
spectra).
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Structure
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 • When solids are heated
• They emit radiation

• The wavelength distribution of the

radiation depends on temperature a
red-hot object, is cooler than a
yellowish or white-hot

• Relationship between the temperature

and the intensity and wavelength of the
emitted radiation Electronic
Structure
ofAtoms
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In 1900 a German physicist named Max Planck X
▪ Energy can be either released or absorbed by
atoms only in discrete “chunks”

▪ Quantum = fixed amount of energy be emitted or

absorbed as electromagnetic radiation. E, of a
single quantum :

H : Planck constant
6.626 x 10-34 joule.second (J.s) Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
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 Max Planck
▪ Matter can emit and absorb energy only in wholenumber multiples of
h, such as h, 2hn, 3h…

▪ 3h, three quanta of energy have been emitted (quanta : plural of

quantum).

▪ Energy can be released only in specific amounts, allowed energies are

quantized

▪ 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics

▪ With everyday objects, however, the gain or loss of a single quantum
of energy is so small : unnoticed.

▪ Matter at the atomic level, the impact of quantized energies is far more
significant Electronic
Structure
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Albert Einstein
▪ Light shining on a clean metal surface
causes electrons to be emitted from the
surface.
▪ A minimum frequency of light, different
for different metals, is required for the
emission of electrons.

For example, light with a frequency of 4.60x1014 s-1 or greater causes

cesium metal to emit electrons, but if the light has frequency less than
that, no electrons are emitted. Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
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▪ Radiant energy : a stream of tiny energy packets.
Photon : packet with particle of energy
Einstein : each photon must have an energy equal to
Planck constant times the frequency of the light:
Energy of photon = E = h
radiant energy itself is quantized

▪ Photons striking a metal surface can transfer their energy to

electrons in the metal.

▪ Work: Required for the electrons to overcome the attractive forces

holding them in the metal.
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Structure
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▪ If the photons striking the metal have less energy than the work
function, the electrons do not acquire sufficient energy to escape from
the metal, even if the light beam is intense.

▪ Any excess energy of the photon is converted into kinetic energy of the
emitted electron.

▪ The intensity (brightness) of the light is related to the number of

photons striking the surface per unit time but not to the energy of each
photon.

Einstein won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 primarily for his
explanation of the photoelectric effect. Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
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 X

Electronic
Structure
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(a) E = h 
E = 6.626x10-34 J.s x 4.69x1014s -1
E = 31.1 x 10 -20 J this is the energy of one photon
(b) Total Energy = E x number of photons
= 31.1 x 10-20 x 5.0 x 1017
= 155.5 x 10-3 J this is the total energy of all photons
(c) Number of emitted photons = total energy / energy of a photon
= 1.3x10-2 / 31.1 x 10-20
= 4.18x1016 Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
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 3 | Line Spectra and the Bohr Model

Monochromatic light: Radiation composed of a single wavelength

Polychromatic light: Radiation containing many different wavelengths
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Structure
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Line spectrum : A spectrum containing radiation of only specific
wavelengths

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Structure
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 ▪ H has 4 lines: Johann Balmer (1885) discovered a simple formula
relating the four lines to integers.
▪ Johannes Rydberg advanced this formula

Electronic
Structure
▪ Neils Bohr explained why this mathematical relationship works. of Atoms
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Electrons in an atom:

1. Electrons in an atom can only occupy certain orbits with certain

energies
2. Electrons have specific allowed energies, these energies will not be
radiated from the atom

3. Energy is only absorbed or emitted, when an electron moves from

one allowed energy state to another; the energy is defined by

E = h

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Structure
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 Bohr calculated the energies corresponding to the allowed orbits for
the electron in the hydrogen atom.

h: Planck constant, c: Speed of light, RH : Rydberg constant

▪ principal quantum number): n : which can be whole number 1, 2, 3..
▪ The radius of the orbit gets larger as n increases
▪ The electron in the hydrogen atom can be in any allowed orbit
▪ The lower (more negative) the energy is, the more stable the atom is.
The energy is lowest (most negative) for n = 1
▪ As n gets larger, the energy becomes less negative and therefore
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Structure
increases. of Atoms
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Ground state of the atom X
The lowest-energy state (n = 1)

Excited state
When the electron is in a higher-energy state
(n = 2 or higher)

zero - energy

The state in which the electron is completely

separated from the nucleus

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Electrons jump from one allowed orbit to another by either absorbing X
or emitting photons
o The electron must absorb energy in order to move to a higher-
energy state (higher value of n)
o Radiant energy is emitted when the electron jumps to a lower-
energy state (lower value of n)

ni : initial principal quantum number Ei : initial energy state

nf : final quantum number Ef : final energy state

• Transitions from one allowed state to another will involve a photon.

• The energy of the photon (Ephoton) must equal the difference
energy between the two states (∆E).
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The energy of the photon (h) X

only the specific frequencies

of light can be

absorbed or emitted by the

atom

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▪ Transition when an electron moves from ni = 3 to nf = 1 X

▪ E is negative: electron is falling from a higher-energy orbit to lower

energy orbit (n = 3 → n = 2)

▪ A photon is emitted during this transition, and the energy of the photon
is equal to

▪ Ephoton = h = -E = +1.94 * 10- 18 J

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 X

Electronic
Structure
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 Bohr model explains
1. Electrons exist only in certain discrete energy levels, which are
described by quantum numbers.

.
2. Energy is involved in the transition of an electron from one level to
another.

Bohr model cannot explain

▪ Line spectra of atoms other than hydrogen
▪ The negatively charged electron would not just fall into the
positively charged nucleus
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Structure
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 4 | The Wave Behavior of Matter
▪ Dual nature of radiant energy
▪ Depending on the experimental circumstances, radiation appears to
have either a wave-like or a particle-like (photon) character.

Louis de Broglie (1892–1987):

Electron moving about the nucleus of an atom behaves like a wave and
therefore has a wavelength. The wavelength of the electron, or of any
other particle, depends on its mass, m, and on its velocity, v:

h: Planck’s constant
mv: momentum of a particle

▪ de Broglie used the term matter waves to describe the Electronic

wave
Structure
characteristics of material particles. of Atoms
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 Electronic
Structure
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 Electronic
Structure
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 Homework

Q-1. What is the wavelength of a photon (in nanometers) emitted during a

transition from the ni=5 state to the nf=2 state in the hydrogen atom?

Electronic
Structure
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 Homework

Q-1. What is the wavelength of a photon (in nanometers) emitted during a

transition from the ni=5 state to the nf=2 state in the hydrogen atom?
Solution:
∆E = (-hcRH) ─
1 - 1 = -2.18 x 10⁻¹⁸ J 1 - 1 = -4.58 x 10⁻¹⁹ J
ni2 ─
nf 2 ─ ─
5² 2²
The negative sign indicates that this is energy associated with an emission process. To
calculate the wavelength, we will omit the minus sign for ∆E because the wavelength of
the photon must be positive. Because ∆E = hv or v = ∆E/h, we can calculate the wavelength
of the photon by writing

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 Dual Nature of Electrons

The wavelength associated with an object of ordinary size, such as a

golf ball, is so tiny as to be completely unobservable. This is not so for an
electron because its mass is so small

The wave properties of the electron were demonstrated

experimentally.

When X rays pass through a crystal, an interference pattern results that is

characteristic of the wave-like properties of electromagnetic radiation,
a phenomenon called X-ray diffraction. Thus, a stream of moving
electrons exhibits the same kinds of wave behavior as X rays and all
other types of electromagnetic radiation. Electronic
Structure
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Electron Microscope
The wave characteristics of electrons are used to obain images at the
atomic scale.

Electronic
Structure
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Wave properties of matter (dual nature of
electron)
For big masses (ball)
❖ Position
❖ Direction of motion
❖ Speed at any instant

For small masses (an electron)

uncertainty principle
The German
❖ It is impossible for us to know
Physicist
simultaneously both the exact momentum Werner Heisenberg
of the electron and its exact location in Electronic
Structure
space of Atoms
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 Uncertanitiy Principle
Heisenberg mathematically related
▪ The uncertainty in position = x
▪ The uncertainty in momentum = (mv)

electron with a speed of 5x 10𝟒 m/s and a mass of 9.11 x 10-31

the diameter of a hydrogen : 10- 10 m

▪ the uncertainty in the position of the electron in the atom is greater than
the size of the atom.
Electronic
▪ we have essentially no idea where the electron is located in the atom. Structure
of Atoms
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 De Broglie’s hypothesis and Heisenberg’s
uncertainty principle

1. Any attempt to define precisely the instantaneous location

and momentum of the electron is abandoned.

2. The wave nature of the electron is recognized, and its

behavior is described in terms appropriate to waves.

3. The result is a model that precisely describes the energy of

the electron while describing its location not precisely but
rather in terms of probabilities.

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 5 | Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Orbitals

Quantum Mechanics or Wave Mechanics

▪ Wave equation by Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger (1887–
1961) in 1926

▪ Incorporates both the wave-like and particle-like behaviors of the

electron
▪ Advanced Calculus: Solving Schrödinger’s equation : wave
functions
▪ Wave functions  : no physical meaning
▪ 2 : location of an electron in an allowed energy state

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▪ Statistically : we can know the probably location of an electron at a
given instant

▪ The square of the wave function, 2 , at a given point in space :

represents the probability that the electron will be found at that

location. 2 is called either the probability density or the electron

density.

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 ▪ Electrons on guitar string:
▪ Standing waves:
▪ Waves do not travel in space

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Representation of atom: nucleus
surrounded by an electron cloud

▪ density of the dots represents the

probability of finding the electron.

▪ high density of dots : large values for 2 :

high probability of finding the electron.

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 X
▪ The solution to Schrödinger’s equation for the hydrogen atom yields a
set of wave functions called orbitals.

▪ Each orbital has a characteristic shape & energy.

▪ For example: the lowest-energy orbital in the hydrogen atom has the
spherical shape and an energy of - 2.18 x 10- 18 J.

Orbit in Bohr Model and Orbital in Quantum Mechanical Model are

different
Orbital: electrons in terms of probabilities, visualized as “electron
clouds”. The motion of an electron in an atom cannot be determined
precisely (Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle)
Electronic
Orbit : the electron moving in a physical orbit, like a planet around a sStatrurc).ture
of Atoms
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 Bohr model : single quantum number for an orbit : n .
X
Quantum mechanical model : 3 quantum numbers for orbitals
▪ n
▪ l
▪ ml

1. n: principal quantum number : 1, 2, 3

▪ As n increases, the orbital becomes larger, and the electron spends
more time farther from the nucleus.

▪ An increase in n also means that the electron has a higher energy

and is therefore less tightly bound to the nucleus.

▪ For the hydrogen atom, En = -(2.18 x 10-18J)(1/n2) as in the Bohr

model.
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 2. angular momentum quantum number : l X
▪ integral values from 0 to (n – 1) for each value of n
▪ defines the shape of the orbital

3. Magnetic quantum number : ml

▪ have integral values between -l and l, including zero.

▪ This quantum number describes the orientation of the orbital in space

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 Shell : electrons in same n
X
All the orbitals n = 3, for example, are said to be in the third shell.

Subshell : electrons in same n and l

Each subshell is designated by a number (the value of n) and a letter
(s, p, d, or f, corresponding to the value of l).

For example, the orbitals that have n = 3 and l = 2 are called 3d

orbitals and are in the 3d subshell.

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 X

Electronic
Structure
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 1. The shell with principal quantum number n consists of exactly
X
subshells.
n = 1 : 1 subshell
# of subshells (l): 0 (n -1): 1s

n = 2 : 2 subshell
# of subshells (l): 0, 1: 2s, 2p

n = 3 : 3 subshell
# of subshells (l): 0, 1, 2: 3s, 3p, 3d

2. Each subshell consists of a specific number of orbitals.

ml : 2l +1
s orbital (l = 0) : 1 orbital
p obital (l:1): 3 orbital
d orbital (l:2): 5 orbital
f orbital (l:3): 7 orbital
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3. The total number of orbitals in a shell
is n2, where n is the principal quantum
number of the shell.
Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
 ▪ When the electron occupies the lowest-
energy orbital (1s), the hydrogen atom
is said to be in its ground state.

▪ When the electron occupies any other

orbital, the atom is in an excited state.
(The electron can be excited to a higher-
energy orbital by absorption of a photon
of appropriate energy.)

▪ At ordinary temperatures, essentially all

hydrogen atoms are in the ground state

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 Electronic
Structure
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 6 | Representation of Orbitals
spherically symmetric: electrons are same distance away from
nucleus regardless of direction

▪ The value of l for s orbitals is 0.

▪ They are spherical in shape.
▪ The radius of the sphere increases with the value of n.

Electronic
Structure
ofAto ms
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Trends in radial probability distribution
1. # of peaks = n
outermost peak is larger than inner peaks
2. # of nodes: n-1
3. As n increases, the electron density becomes more spread out, there is a
greater probability of finding the electron further from the nucleus.

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 Electronic
Structure
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 ▪ l =1
▪ They have two lobes with a node between them.
▪ Beginning with the n = 2 shell, each shell has three p orbitals
▪ Each p subshell has three orbitals, corresponding to the
three allowed values of ml: -1, 0, and 1

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 d orbitals
▪ n = 3 or greater & l = 2
▪ five 3d and five 4d …for the ml quantum number : -2, -1, 0, 1, and 2

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 f orbitals
▪ n >= 4
▪ there are 7 equivalent f orbitals (for which l = 3). The shapes of the f
orbitals are complicated
▪ electronic structure of atoms in the lower part of the periodic table

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 7 | Many-Electron Atoms
quantum mechanics: hydrogen atom : only one electron
many-electron atom :
▪ nature of orbitals
▪ their relative energies
▪ how the electrons populate the available orbitals

▪ shape of orbitals : same as hydrogen

▪ the energies of the various subshells are different because of
electron–electron repulsions

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Structure
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 ▪ for same value of n, the energy of an
orbital increases with increasing value
of l

▪ all orbitals of same subshell have the

same energy (degenerate orbitals)

▪ qualitative energy-level diagram:

the exact energies of the orbitals and
their spacings differ from one atom to
another
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▪ Line spectra of many-electron atoms :
closely spaced pairs

▪ electron spin: electrons spinning on its

own axis electron spin is quantized

▪ spin magnetic quantum number:

denoted ms in addition to n, l, and ml

▪ ms = +1/2 or -1/2

▪ A spinning charge produces a magnetic

field. The two opposite directions of spin
therefore produce oppositely directed Electronic
magnetic fields Structure
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▪ Electron spin is crucial for understanding the electronic structures of
atoms. In 1925 the Austrian-born physicist Wolfgang Pauli

➢ The Pauli exclusion principle states that no two electrons in an

atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers n, l, ml,
and ms.

➢ For a given orbital, the values of n, l, and ml are fixed. Thus, if we

want to put more than one electron in an orbital and satisfy the Pauli
exclusion principle, our only choice is to assign different ms values to
the electrons

➢ An orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons and they must

have opposite spins
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 8 | Electron Configurations X
▪ The way electrons are distributed among the various orbitals of an
atom is called the electron configuration of the atom.
▪ The most stable electron configuration—the ground state—electrons
are in the lowest possible energy states.
▪ If there were no restrictions on the possible values for the quantum
numbers of the electrons, all the electrons would crowd into the 1s
orbital because it is the lowest in energy
▪ The Pauli exclusion principle : there can be at most two electrons
in any single orbital.
▪ the orbitals are filled in order of increasing energy, with no more than
two electrons per orbital.

orbital diagram Electronic

Structure
of Atoms
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 X
an electron with a positive spin number ms = +1/2 : spinup

unpaired electron
paired electrons

an electron with a negative spin number ms = -1/2 : spindown

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 X

▪ first shell is complete

▪ very stable configuration: chemically inert

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Structure
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 X

new shell I A
group

p orbitals have
same energy

Hund’s Rule
electrons have paralel spins
a carbon atom in its ground state
has two unpaired electrons
Hund’s rule : for degenerate orbitals the lowest energy is attainedElectronic
when the number of electrons having the same spin is maximized Structure
of Atoms
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 X

Hund’s rule Fact

By occupying different orbitals, the electrons remain as far as
possible from one another, thus minimizing electron–electron
repulsions.

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 X

Electronic
Structure
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 X

▪ 2p subshell is complete a stable configuration with eight

electrons (an octet) in the outermost occupied shell

▪ The next element : sodium, atomic number 11 3rd period

nearest noble-gas element of lower atomic number

▪ Outermost electron of the atom: how sodium behaves chemically.

noble-gas core of the atom : core electrons
Outer electrons: valence electrons : chemical bonding (n < 30)
Electronic
Li and Na are chemically similiar : ALL IA GROUP ELEMENTS Structure
of Atoms
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 X

the electron configurations of

the elements = locations in the
periodic table

SAME ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

SAME GROUP

outer-shell (valence) electrons

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▪ total number of orbitals in each shell equals n2: 1, 4, 9, or 16. X
▪ two electrons in each orbital: electron # in each shell: 2n2 electrons:
2, 8, 18, or 32.

▪ each row of the table has 2, 8, 18, or 32 elements in it

The number of columns in each block = maximum number of
electrons that can occupy each kind of subshell.
s block : 2 (s2) ▪ 1s is the first s subshell
p block : 6 (p6) ▪ 2p is the first p subshell
d block: 10 (d5) ▪ 3d is the first d subshell
F block: 14 (f14) ▪ 4f is the first f subshell

The periodic table is your best guide to the order in which

orbitals are filled. Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
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 X
▪ s block: 2 coloumns ▪ p block, : 6 coloumns
▪ alkali metals (group 1A) ▪ valence p orbitals are
▪ alkaline earth metals (group 2A) being filled.
▪ the valence s orbitals are being
filled
representative elements
main group elements

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Structure
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 ▪ d block X
▪ 10 columns
▪ containing the transition metals
▪ valence d orbitals are being filled d block

▪ f block metals
▪ 14 columns valence f orbitals are being filled

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Write the electron configuration of Selenium (Se, element 34) X
▪ Locate Se in the table and then move backward until we come to the
noble gas that precedes Se.

▪ In this case, the noble gas is argon, Ar, element 18. Thus, the noble-
gas core for Se is [Ar]

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 X
➢ Write symbols for the outer electrons

➢ period 4, from K, the element following Ar, to Se

➢ Because K is in the fourth period and the s block, we begin with the 4s
electrons, meaning our first two outer electrons are written 4s2
➢ We then move into the d block, which begins with the 3d electrons. (The
principal quantum number in the d block is always one less than that of
the preceding elements in the s block.)

➢ d block adds ten electrons, 3d10

➢ p block: whose principal quantum number is always the same as that of
the s block.

➢ we need four electrons, 4p4 for Se

➢ the electron configuration for Se: [Ar]4s23d104p4 or [Ar]4s24p43d10
➢ this sum should equal the atomic number of Se, 34: 18 + 2 + 10 + 4 = 34
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Structure
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 X

s2 p2
2nd and 3rd row
4 A group elements

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Structure
of Atoms
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Hund’s rule Electronic

Structure
of Atoms
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4th period
4s2
3d7

b) 5th period
[Kr] 4d¹º5s²5p¹

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Structure
of Atoms
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Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
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▪ for representative elements we do not consider the electrons in
X
completely filled d or f subshells to be valence electrons

▪ for transition elements we do not consider the

electrons in a completely filled f subshell to be
valence electrons

Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
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▪ the electron configurations of certain elements appear to
violate the rules
Chromium (24)

Copper (29)

▪ consequence of the closeness of the 3d and 4s orbital

energies

▪ These anomalies occur in f-block atoms with f and dElectronic

Structure
orbitals, as well of Atoms
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 Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Electronic
Structure
of Atoms
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.