(eBook PDF) Diplomacy in a Globalizing

World: Theories and Practices 1st

Edition
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebooksecure.com/download/ebook-pdf-diplomacy-in-a-globalizing-world-theori
es-and-practices-1st-edition/
 “ With major power relativities shifting, and ‘problems
without passports’ multiplying, diplomacy — and in BALANCING BREADTH
PAULINE KERR GEOFFREY WISEMAN

KERR l WISEMAN
particular cooperative multilateral diplomacy— has never WITH DEPTH AND THEORY
been more complex, nor more important to get right. WITH PRACTICE, TWENTY-
Scholars and practitioners alike should be grateful to have
a guide through the maze as informative and thought
provoking as this very professionally edited volume.”
THREE LEADING SCHOLARS
EXPLORE THE CHANGING DIPLOMACY
IN A GLOBALIZING
NATURE OF CONTEMPORARY
— Gareth Evans, Chancellor of The Australian
National University, President Emeritus of the International DIPLOMACY AND
Crisis Group, and former Australian Foreign Minister THE FUTURE OF THE FIELD

³7KLVLVDQLPSUHVVLYHQHZWH[WERRN3URIHVVRUVDQGVWXGHQWVZLOO¿QGLWXVHIXOLQPXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO
ways. It gives judicious weight to history, theory, and contemporary practice. It also addresses
WORLD

DIPLOMACY IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD

diplomacy’s globalizing trends, complemented by strong treatment of regional diplomacies,
including that of a ‘rising Asia.’” THEORIES and PRACTICES
— Kantathi Suphamongkhon, 39th Minister of Foreign Affairs
of the Kingdom of Thailand, presently Senior Fellow at the
Burkle Center for International Relations and Visiting Professor at UCLA

In Diplomacy in a Globalizing World: Theories and Practices, twenty-three respected

scholars contribute to the debate about the changing nature of contemporary diplomacy
and its future theoretical and practical directions. Filling a gap in the diplomacy textbook
market, this unique volume balances breadth with depth and theory with practice, using
cutting-edge comparisons to show that twen-
ABOUT THE EDITORS ty-first century diplomacy is best understood
as “complex diplomacy.” The book analyzes
Pauline Kerr is Director of Studies in the Asia-
3DFL¿F&ROOHJHRI'LSORPDF\DW7KH$XVWUDOLDQ diplomacy’s historical and contemporary
National University. She is coeditor of China’s developments; Western and non-Western
“New” Diplomacy: Tactical or Fundamental diplomatic theories and practices; sociologi-
Change? (2008). cal and political theories of diplomacy; and
Geoffrey Wiseman is Professor of the Practice various diplomatic structures, processes, and
of International Relations at the University of instruments, such as the ministry of foreign
6RXWKHUQ&DOLIRUQLD+HLVFRHGLWRURIAmerican
Diplomacy (2012) and The Diplomatic Corps as affairs, public diplomacy, bilateral and multi-
an Institution of International Society (2007). lateral diplomacy, and intelligence. Numerous
pedagogical tools enhance the text.

1 ISBN 978-0-19-976448-8
www.oup.com/us/Kerr

2
Ë|xHSKBTJy764 8 zv*:+:!:+:!
www.oup.com/us/he

Cover Design: Lori Wendin

Cover Image: Bruce Stoddard/Getty Images 1

Content Type: Black & White

Paper Type: White
Page Count: 434
File type: Internal
 B R I E F C ON T E N T S

preface xv
abbreviations xvii
about the contributors xxi
world map xxiii

Introduction 1
Pauline Kerr and Geoffrey Wiseman

part i THE HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF DIPLOMACY 13

chapter 1 Diplomacy through the Ages 15
Raymond Cohen
chapter 2 Past Diplomacy in East Asia: From Tributary Relations to
Cold War Rivalry 31
Suisheng Zhao

part ii CONCEPTS AND THEORIES OF CONTEMPORARY

DIPLOMACY 49
chapter 3 Diplomacy in International Relations Theory
and Other Disciplinary Perspectives 51
Paul Sharp
chapter 4 Debates about Contemporary and Future Diplomacy 68
Geoffrey Allen Pigman
chapter 5 Transnationalizing Diplomacy and Global Governance 85
Bertrand Badie
chapter 6 Diplomacy as Negotiation and Mediation 103
I. William Zartman

vii
viii BRIEF CONTENTS

Part iii STRUCTURES, PROCESSES, AND INSTRUMENTS OF

CONTEMPORARY DIPLOMACY 121
chapter 7 The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the National Diplomatic
System 123
Brian Hocking
chapter 8 The Impact of the Internet and ICT on Contemporary
Diplomacy 141
Jovan Kurbalija
chapter 9 Consular Diplomacy 160
Halvard Leira and Iver B. Neumann
chapter 10 Bilateral and Multilateral Diplomacy in Normal Times and
in Crises 175
Thomas Wright
chapter 11 Public Diplomacy 192
Jan Melissen
chapter 12 Economic Diplomacy 209
Stephen Woolcock
chapter 13 Track-Two Diplomacy in East Asia 226
Pauline Kerr and Brendan Taylor
chapter 14 Diplomacy and Intelligence 244
Jennifer E. Sims

Part iv NATIONAL, REGIONAL, AND INTERNATIONAL

DIPLOMATIC PRACTICES 263
chapter 15 United States Contemporary Diplomacy: Implementing a
Foreign Policy of “Engagement” 265
Alan K. Henrikson
chapter 16 China’s Contemporary Diplomacy 282
Ye Zicheng and Zhang Qingmin
chapter 17 Regional Institutional Diplomacies: Europe, Asia, Africa,
South America, and Other Regions 300
Jozef Bátora and Alan Hardacre
chapter 18 The United Nations 319
Geoffrey Wiseman and Soumita Basu
Conclusion 336
Geoffrey Wiseman and Pauline Kerr

glossary 345
references 361
index 391
 C ON T E N T S

preface xv
abbreviations xvii
about the contributors xxi
world map xxiii

Introduction 1
Pauline Kerr and Geoffrey Wiseman
The diplomacy puzzle 1
Historical background, contemporary trends, and challenges
for diplomacy 3
The book’s structure, chapter summaries, and pedagogical
features 7

part i THE HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF DIPLOMACY 13

chapter 1 Diplomacy through the Ages 15
Raymond Cohen
Introduction 15
Ancient Near Eastern diplomacy 16
Classical diplomacy 19
European diplomacy 24
Conclusion 29
chapter 2 Past Diplomacy in East Asia: From Tributary Relations to
Cold War Rivalry 31
Suisheng Zhao
Introduction 32
Collapse of the traditional East Asian order and the
tributary system 32
Japan’s military expansion and the diplomacy of
imperialism 35
ix
x CONTENTS

Cold War diplomacy in East Asia 39

Diplomacy during the deterioration of the
East Asian bipolar system 41
Diplomacy of the strategic triangle 43
Conclusion 46

part ii CONCEPTS AND THEORIES OF CONTEMPORARY

DIPLOMACY 49
chapter 3 Diplomacy in International Relations Theory
and Other Disciplinary Perspectives 51
Paul Sharp
Introduction: the attractions and limitations of theory 52
Diplomacy in international theory 54
Diplomats in social theory 59
Diplomatic theory 61
Postpositivist diplomatic theory 63
Conclusion 65
chapter 4 Debates about Contemporary and Future Diplomacy 68
Geoffrey Allen Pigman
Introduction: debating diplomacy 68
Debating what we mean by “diplomacy” 69
Debating continuity and change in contemporary diplomacy 73
Debating theory and practice in contemporary diplomacy 77
Conclusion: how debates about diplomacy are, or are not,
resolved 82
chapter 5 Transnationalizing Diplomacy and Global Governance 85
Bertrand Badie
Introduction 86
From interstate toward intersocial diplomacy 89
Non-state actor participation in world politics 94
Intersocial diplomacies versus interstate diplomacies 96
Global governance and the declining resilience of the state 99
Conclusion 101
chapter 6 Diplomacy as Negotiation and Mediation 103
I. William Zartman
Introduction 104
Negotiation and diplomacy 105
Expanding the scope of diplomacy 109
Challenging the processes of negotiation: mediation and
multilateral diplomacy 112
Facing the future of diplomatic negotiation: prevention 116
Conclusion 118
 Contents xi

part iii STRUCTURES, PROCESSES, AND INSTRUMENTS

OF CONTEMPORARY DIPLOMACY 121
chapter 7 The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the
National Diplomatic System 123
Brian Hocking
Introduction 124
The ministry of foreign affairs (MFA):
diplomatic perspectives 124
The MFA and the national diplomatic system (NDS) 126
The emergence and evolution of the MFA 128
The MFA and the NDS in the twenty-first century 130
Conclusion 139
chapter 8 The Impact of the Internet and ICT on Contemporary
Diplomacy 141
Jovan Kurbalija
Introduction 141
Historical background: the telegraph and diplomacy 142
Changing the environment for diplomacy 144
A new issue on diplomatic agendas 147
A new tool for diplomatic activities 150
Conclusion 159
chapter 9 Consular Diplomacy 160
Halvard Leira and Iver B. Neumann
Introduction 161
Definitional issues 161
Emergence and development of consular tasks and offices 162
The consul and the diplomat 167
The consul today 170
Conclusion 173
chapter 10 Bilateral and Multilateral Diplomacy in
Normal Times and in Crises 175
Thomas Wright
Introduction 175
Distinguishing bilateralism and multilateralism 177
Distinguishing between forms of multilateralism 180
Understanding the contemporary international order 183
The challenge of a power transition 186
Conclusion 190
chapter 11 Public Diplomacy 192
Jan Melissen
Introduction: the rise of a practice and a field of study 192
The epiphenomenal nature of public diplomacy 195
xii CONTENTS

Official and nongovernmental public diplomacy 198

Beyond the new public diplomacy: evolving concepts 202
Public diplomacy outside the West 205
Conclusion 207
chapter 12 Economic Diplomacy 209
Stephen Woolcock
Introduction 209
What is economic diplomacy? 210
What makes economic diplomacy important? 212
Is economic diplomacy distinctive? 216
Conclusion 223
chapter 13 Track-Two Diplomacy in East Asia 226
Pauline Kerr and Brendan Taylor
Introduction: debates about diplomacy and track-two
diplomacy 227
An analytical framework and methodology for investigating
track-two diplomacy 229
The practice of track-two diplomacy in East Asia:
environmental, security, and economic issues 230
Explaining track-two diplomacy in East Asia 239
Conclusion 242
chapter 14 Diplomacy and Intelligence 244
Jennifer E. Sims
Introduction: exploring the “dark arts” in international
politics and diplomacy 245
Defining intelligence, deception, and covert action 248
Ethical issues: how dark are the dark arts? 256
Looking to the future 257
Conclusion 259

part iv NATIONAL, REGIONAL, AND INTERNATIONAL

DIPLOMATIC PRACTICES 263
chapter 15 United States Contemporary Diplomacy: Implementing a
Foreign Policy of “Engagement” 265
Alan K. Henrikson
Introduction: foreign policy as diplomatic process 265
Containment: negotiating (only) from a position
of strength 268
Transformation: putting (others’) domestic affairs at the
center of foreign policy 270
Engagement: talking with enemies as well as (just)
with friends 274
Conclusion: diplomacy now the primary means, but
not the end of policy 279
 Contents xiii

chapter 16 China’s Contemporary Diplomacy 282

Ye Zicheng and Zhang Qingmin
Introduction 282
The context of China’s contemporary diplomacy 283
Evolving diplomatic strategies and thinking 284
Proactive multilateral diplomacy 287
An omnidirectional diplomatic structure 289
The broadening of diplomatic arenas 290
Multilevel foreign relations and diplomacy 296
Conclusion 299
chapter 17 Regional Institutional Diplomacies: Europe, Asia, Africa,
South America, and Other Regions 300
Jozef Bátora and Alan Hardacre
Introduction 300
Diplomacy as an institution and the challenge
of regional institutional diplomatic systems 302
EU regional institutional diplomacy 304
Regional diplomacy in Asia 307
Regional diplomacy in Africa 310
Regional diplomacy in South America 312
Other regional diplomatic systems 314
Conclusion 316
chapter 18 The United Nations 319
Geoffrey Wiseman and Soumita Basu
Introduction 319
Historical origins and emergence 320
Main UN organs 322
Evolution of diplomatic practices 326
The diplomatic community 330
Conclusion 334
Conclusion 336
Geoffrey Wiseman and Pauline Kerr
Introduction 336
How is diplomacy changing? 337
Why is diplomacy changing? 339
Implications for future theories and practices 341
Complex diplomacy 343

glossary 345
references 361
index 391
 P R E FAC E

L ike many of our colleagues, we found that when preparing our undergraduate
and graduate courses on diplomacy we could not find sufficient sources that
fully captured the evolutionary and contemporary nature of diplomacy. Despite
many fine scholarly works, something was still missing. We needed a book that was
contemporary, comprehensive, comparative, cutting-edge, and written by a diverse
group of scholars from around the world. Oxford University Press in New York, and
particularly Jennifer Carpenter, the Executive Editor, believed our book proposal
identified that gap in the existing literature. So too did the academic reviewers of both
the proposal and the first draft of the book, who enthusiastically endorsed the proj-
ect and gave sage advice: Dave Benjamin, University of Bridgeport; Renato Corbetta,
University of Alabama at Birmingham; Bruce Cronin, City College of New York;
Bruce Gregory, George Washington University, Georgetown University, and U.S.
Naval War College; Paul Webster Hare, Boston University; Vladimir Matic, Clemson
University; Agnes Simon; University of Missouri; Brent Strathman, Dartmouth
College; and Timothy Wedig, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The result,
some two years later, is Diplomacy in a Globalizing World: Theories and Practices.
We think we have largely fulfilled our vision. We were fortunate. Invitations to
very busy scholars were accepted in quick time, although the onerous intellectual
and pedagogical tasks and the limited word length were commented upon! We asked
our authors to write on their area of expertise in a way that was contemporary, com-
prehensive, comparative, and based on the latest research. The questions we sought
their answers to were “how is diplomacy changing, why, and with what implications
for future theories and practices?” They tackled the questions throughout the four
parts of the book: in part I on diplomacy’s historical evolution; in part II on contem-
porary concepts and theories; in part III on contemporary diplomacy’s structures,
processes, and instruments; and in part IV on today’s national, regional, and inter-
national practices.
We consider that the analyses in the book’s four parts, combined with the ped-
agogical tools, in each chapter and particularly in the extensive companion websites
for students and instructors, contribute in a unique way to students’ understanding

xv
xvi P R E FAC E

the debates about the nature of diplomacy in our globalizing and electronically
mediated world. Finally, the book confirms our normative belief that diplomacy
should be, as Martin Wight (1979: 113) observed, “the master-institution of interna-
tional relations” if our children are to live in sustainable peace and prosperity.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Producing a book like this one can only succeed with a team of dedicated people
working together over a long period. We had that privilege.
Jennifer Carpenter and Maegan Sherlock at Oxford University Press were unfail-
ingly professional and engaging colleagues from start to finish. Mary-Louise Hickey,
Publications Editor at the Australian National University (ANU), patiently guided
us through a maze of editorial issues and prepared the manuscript for publication
with splendid efficiency. The authors of each chapter inspired us with their zest for
the project, their wisdom, and insights on their respective areas of research. The
reviewers of both the original proposal and the first draft of the book were equally
enthusiastic and also extraordinarily generous with their ideas for making the book
the best available for students. The Asia-Pacific College of Diplomacy (APCD) at the
ANU provided financial support for the book’s production. Scot MacDonald was of
great assistance in preparing the companion website, and Landry Doyle in provid-
ing research assistance. Andrea Haese from APCD was consistently supportive, as
was Linda Cole at the University of Southern California’s School of International
Relations. Last but certainly not least, our families tolerated weekends without com-
pany and responded to our pleas for time with something akin to sainthood.
We are endlessly grateful to you all.

Pauline Kerr and Geoffrey Wiseman

The Australian National University and
University of Southern California
May 2012
 A B B R E V IAT ION S

ABAC APEC Business Advisory Council

ACC Arab Cooperation Council
ADB Asian Development Bank
ALADI South American Integration Association
APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
APP Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate
ARF ASEAN Regional Forum
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ASEAN+3 ASEAN plus China, Japan, and South Korea
ASEAN-ISIS ASEAN Institutes of Strategic and International Studies
AU African Union
BP British Petroleum
BRICs Brazil, Russia, India, and China
BSEC Black Sea Economic Cooperation
CACM Central American Common Market
CAN Andean Community
CARICOM Caribbean Community
CCP Chinese Communist Party
CDG Chicken Dilemma Game
CEMAC Central African Monetary and Economic Community
CEN-SAD Community of Sahel-Saharan States
CEO chief executive officer
CEPGL Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries
CIA Central Intelligence Agency
CIS Commonwealth of Independent States
COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
COMINT communications intelligence
COP Conference of the Parties
CSCAP Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific
DDA Doha Development Agenda

xvii
xviii A B B R EV IAT IO N S

DFID Department for International Development

DNS Domain Name System
DPI Department of Public Information
EABC East Asian Business Council
EAC East African Community
EAEC Eurasian Economic Community
EAS East Asia Summit
EC European Communities
ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States
ECO Economic Cooperation Organisation
ECOSOC Economic and Social Council
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States
EEAS European External Action Service
EEC European Economic Community
ELINT electronic intelligence
ELN National Liberation Army, Colombia
ENGO environmental nongovernmental organization
ERIA Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia
EU European Union
FARC Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
FCO Foreign and Commonwealth Office, United Kingdom
FSO Foreign Service Officer
FTA free trade agreement
FTAA Free Trade Area of the Americas
G6 Group of Six
G7 Group of Seven
G8 Group of Eight
G20 Group of Twenty
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
GCC Gulf Cooperation Council
GDP gross domestic product
HUMINT human intelligence
ICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
ICC International Criminal Court
ICJ International Court of Justice
ICT information and communication technology
IGAD Intergovernmental Authority for Development
IGF Internet Governance Forum
IGO intergovernmental organization
ILO International Labour Organization
IMF International Monetary Fund
IP Internet protocol
ISAF International Security Assistance Force
ITU International Telecommunication Union
LTTE Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
MAD mutual assured destruction
 Abbreviations xix

MAI Multilateral Agreement on Investment

MASINT measurement and signature intelligence
MEO mutually enticing opportunity
Mercosur Common Market of the South
MFA ministry of foreign affairs
MHS mutually hurting stalemate
MOFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs, China
NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NDS national diplomatic system
NEAT Network of East Asian Think Tanks
NGO nongovernmental organization
NPC National People’s Congress
NPT Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
NSS National Security Strategy
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
OSINT open source intelligence
P5 five permanent members
PAFTAD Pacific Trade and Development
PBEC Pacific Basin Economic Council
PDG Prisoners’ Dilemma Game
PECC Pacific Economic Cooperation Council
PRC People’s Republic of China
Quango Quasi-nongovernmental organization
R2P Responsibility to Protect
RENAMO Mozambican National Resistance Movement
ROC Republic of China
RUF Revolutionary United Front, Sierra Leone
SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
SACU Southern African Customs Union
SADC Southern African Development Community
SCO Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
SDI Strategic Defense Initiative
SICA Central American Integration System
SIGINT signals intelligence
TECHINT technical intelligence
TEMM Tripartite Environmental Ministers’ Meeting
UK United Kingdom
UMA Arab Maghreb Union
UN United Nations
UNASUL South American Community of Nations
UNHCR UN High Commissioner for Refugees
UNITA National Union for the Total Independence of Angola
USAID US Agency for International Development
xx A B B R EV IAT IO N S

USIA United States Information Agency

USIS United States Information Service
WAEMU Western African Economic and Monetary Union
WiFi wireless technology
WMD weapons of mass destruction
WO way out
WSIS World Summit on the Information Society
WTO World Trade Organization
 A B OU T T H E C ON T R I BU TOR S
Bertrand Badie is Professor at Sciences
Po Paris, where he is in charge of the
Graduate Program in International
Relations.
Soumita Basu is Assistant Professor
of International Relations at the South
Asian University, New Delhi.
Jozef Bátora is Associate Professor and
Director at the Institute of European
Studies and International Relations,
Comenius University in Bratislava,
Slovakia.
Raymond Cohen is Emeritus Professor
of International Relations at the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem.
Alan Hardacre is Lecturer in the
European Decision-Making Unit
at the European Institute for Public
Administration in Maastricht, the
Netherlands.
Alan K. Henrikson is Lee E. Dirks
Professor of Diplomatic History and
Director of Diplomatic Studies at the
Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy,
Tufts University, and Fulbright-
xxi
Schuman Chair in US-EU Relations
at the College of Europe in Bruges,
Belgium (2010–11).
Brian Hocking is Emeritus Professor
of International Relations,
Loughborough University, UK,
and Visiting Research Fellow at the
Clingendael Institute, The Hague.
Pauline Kerr is Fellow and Director
of Studies at the Asia-Pacific College of
Diplomacy at The Australian National
University, Canberra.
Jovan Kurbalija is the Founding
Director of DiploFoundation, Geneva,
and Visiting Professor at the College of
Europe in Bruges, Belgium.
Halvard Leira is Senior Research
Fellow at the Norwegian Institute of
International Affairs, Oslo.
Jan Melissen is Director of Research
at the Netherlands Institute of
International Relations Clingendael,
The Hague, and Professor of
Diplomacy at the University of
Antwerp, Belgium.
xxii A B OU T T H E C O N T R I BU T O R S
Iver B. Neumann is Director of
Research at the Norwegian Institute of
International Affairs, Oslo.
Geoffrey Allen Pigman is Fellow in
the Department of Political Sciences,
University of Pretoria, and Visiting
Research Fellow, Centre for Global
Change and Governance, Rutgers
University, Newark.
Zhang Qingmin is Professor in the
School of International Studies at
Peking University.
Paul Sharp is Professor of Political
Science at the University of Minnesota,
Duluth.
Jennifer E. Sims is Visiting Professor,
Security Studies Program, School
of Foreign Service, Georgetown
University.
Brendan Taylor is Head of the Strategic
and Defence Studies Centre, College of
Asia and the Pacific at The Australian
National University, Canberra.
Geoffrey Wiseman is Professor of the
Practice of International Relations,
and University Fellow in the Center on
Public Diplomacy at the University of
Southern California, Los Angeles.
Stephen Woolcock is Lecturer in
International Relations at the
London School of Economics
and Head of the LSE’s International
Trade Policy Unit.
Thomas Wright is a fellow with
the Managing Global Order project
at the Brookings Institution,
Washington, DC.
I. William Zartman is the Jacob
Blaustein Professor Emeritus at the
School of Advanced International
Studies at the Johns Hopkins University
in Washington, DC.
Suisheng Zhao is Professor and
Executive Director of the Center for
China-US Cooperation at the Josef
Korbel School of International Studies,
University of Denver.
Ye Zicheng is Professor and Chair of
the Department of Diplomatic Studies
in the School of International Studies at
Peking University.
 150 120 90 60 30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

ARCTIC OCEAN ARCTIC OCEAN ARCTIC OCEAN

Greenland Svalbard
(NORWAY)
(DENMARK)

Arctic Circle (66°33') Arctic Circle (66°33')

U. S. ICELAND SWEDEN
NORWAY FINLAND
60 R U S S I A 60
EST.
UNITED LAT.
S CANADA KINGDOM DENMARK RUSSIA LITH.
ISL AND IRELAND NETH. POLAND BELARUS Sakhalin U.S.
TIAN Island of GERMANY
ALEU BELGIUM CZECH REP. U K R A I N E ALEUTIAN
Newfoundland FRANCE AUSTRIA
SLOVAKIA KAZAKHSTAN KURIL
MOLDOVA ISLANDS ISLANDS
SWITZ. SLOVENIA HUNGARY MONGOLIA
CROATIA ROMANIA
BOS. & GEORGIA Occupied by the SOVIET UNION in 1945,
MONACO HER. SERBIA administered by RUSSIA, claimed by JAPAN
ITALY KOS. BULGARIA UZBEKISTAN
Corsica
ANDORRA MONT. MAC. KYRGYZSTAN
NORTH ALB. ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN NORTH NORTH
Sardinia
PORTUGAL SPAIN TURKEY KOREA
UNITED STATES NORTH BALEARIC IS. TURKMENISTANTAJIKISTAN PACIFIC
PACIFIC Sicily GREECE
KOREA JAPAN
ATLANTIC MALTA SYRIA OCEAN
OCEAN Crete CYPRUS CHINA SOUTH
TUNISIA LEBANON AFGHANISTAN
OCEAN ISRAEL IRAQ IRAN
30
MOROCCO JORDAN BHUTAN 30
ALGERIA KUWAIT
LIBYA PAKISTAN
THE BAHRAIN NEPAL BANGLADESH
Western SAUDI OMAN Okinawa Midway Islands
Tropic of Cancer (23°27') MEXICO BAHAMAS EGYPT
Sahara ARABIA QATAR UAE (U.S.)
CUBA DOMINICAN
INDIA
REPUBLIC BURMA VIETNAM
HAWAIIAN MAURITANIA OMAN
JAMAICA Puerto Rico CAPE VERDE LAOS
ISLANDS BELIZE M A L I N I G E R CHAD S U D A N
HAITI (U.S.)
ERITREA YEMEN THAILAND
GUATEMALA HONDURAS SENEGAL PHILIPPINES Guam
EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA THE GAMBIA BURKINA (U.S.)
TRINIDAD AND FASO NIGERIA DJIBOUTI CAMBODIA
GUINEA-BISSAU GUINEA
COSTA TOBAGO GHANA SRI
RICA PANAMA French Guiana CÔTE SOMALIA
VENEZUELA SIERRA LEONE CENTRAL SOUTH ETHIOPIA
LANKA SPRATLY
GUYANA (FRANCE) D'IVOIRE ISLANDS
LIBERIA AFR. REP. SUDAN BRUNEI
COLOMBIA SURINAME CAMEROON MALDIVES
TOGO UGANDA M A L A Y S I A
0
BENIN REP. OF KENYA SINGAPORE Equator
Equator GALAPAGOS EQUATORIAL GUINEA GABON THE RWANDA
ISLANDS ECUADOR CONGO
(ECUADOR) SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE DEM. REP. BURUNDI I N D O N E S I A PAPUA
OF NEW
BRAZIL THE CONGO TANZANIA SEYCHELLES Diego GUINEA
Garcia TIMOR-LESTE
PERU
ANGOLA ZAMBIA MALAWI
FIJI
BOLIVIA MOZAMBIQUE I N D I A N
NAMIBIA ZIMBABWE
CHILE MAURITIUS O C E A N
Tropic of Capricorn (23°27') PARAGUAY BOTSWANA
MADAGASCAR
SOUTH SWAZILAND AUSTRALIA SOUTH
Easter Island PACIFIC
30 ATLANTIC LESOTHO 30
(CHILE) SOUTH OCEAN
OCEAN AFRICA
URUGUAY

ARGENTINA NEW
SOUTH ZEALAND
Tasmania
PACIFIC Falkland Islands
OCEAN (Islas Malvinas)
(administered by U.K.,
claimed by ARGENTINA)

60 60

Antarctic Circle (66°33') SOUTHERN OCEAN

150 120 90 60 30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
back
back
back
back
back
back
back
back
back
back