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 TOPIC 1: URBAN AND RURAL LIFESTYLE

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 CITY LIFE COLLOCATIONS:
 Hustle and bustle of the town – a city with large amount of work and activity
 Bustling center – busy center
 Urban living – living in the city
 Reliable public transport – public transport that can be trusted
 City skyline – the view of the tall buildings of a city
 Cobbled streets – made of a regular pattern of stones
 Crowded streets – streets full of people
 Tree-lined avenues – streets with lines of trees aside
 Inner city – central part of the city where poorer people live
 No-go area – dangerous place
 Run-down buildings – building with a poor condition
 Dilapidated houses – ruined and damaged houses
 Shanty area – very poor houses made of discarded materials
 Hectic pace of life – very fast and busy life (usually in cities)
 Residential dwellings – apartments for residents
 Congested roads – roads filled with cars
 Bumper-to-bumper traffic – highly dense traffic
 Chain stores – shops that are no longer doing business
 To get around – to travel around
 High-rise flats – multi-story apartments
 Local facilities – local buildings or services serving the public
 Office block – a large building that contains offices
 Pavement café – cafes with tables outside on the pavement
 Places of interest – interesting buildings for visitors
 Shopping malls – large shopping markets
 Sprawling city – a city that has grown over time and which covers a wide area
 Traffic congestion – many cars blocking the roads
 Upmarket shops – expensive fashionable shops
 Concrete jungle – a city full of modern and tall buildings
 Skyscraper – tall building
COUNTRY LIFE COLLOCATIONS
 Picturesque view – attractive sight
 Catch a glimpse of – see for a moment
 Change of scenery – a move to a different place and surrounding

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  Gentle landscape – no hills or no obstacles for a perfect view
 Wildlife preserve – saving the wild animals and plants
 Varied landscapes – unusual and different views
 Dense forests – forests with many trees
 Vast meadows – a large area of land with grass
 Rolling hills – up and down motion view of hills
 Open fields – large and uncovered lands
 Rocky landscape – an area of land with many rocks
 Towering cliffs – tall cliffs
 Magnificent waterfalls – beautiful waterfalls
 Clear and bubbling mountain stream – a river or a line of clear water coming off
from a mountain
 Spectacular panoramic view – very beautiful view
 Jagged mountains – mountains with uneven or sharp edged shapes
 Towering mountains – very tall mountains
 Staggering wilderness – astonishing or deeply shocking wild life
 Lush green countryside – an area with lots of healthy vegetation
 Slow-moving, shallow river – a slow river that is not deep
 Fast-flowing river – a river that moves fast
 Sun drenched, sandy beaches – beaches under the full sun and with much sand
 Unobstructed view – there are no obstacles blocking the view
 Secluded beaches – remote or hidden beaches far from people
 Cottage – a small house in a countryside
 Farmhouse – a house with a farm
 A public bridleway/bridle path – a legally protected path in the countryside where
not only walkers but also horse riders and cyclists can use
 Pristine landscape – a uniquely beautiful place that is difficult to reach
 Stream winds – makes lots of bends, doesn’t flow in a straight line
 Breathtaking scenery – beautiful and fresh view

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 TOPIC 2: PEOPLE AND RELATIONSHIPS

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 STAGES OF LIFE
 An infant – newly born baby
 A toddler - a young child who is just beginning to walk
 A child – a young human being below the age of 12
 A teenager – a person aged between 13 and 19 years
 To be in your teens – to be a teenager
 To reach an adolescence – a period between a teenage and an adulthood
 Become an adult – to reach the age of majority or to be 18 or more
 To be in your twenties – to be between 20 and 29
 To be middle-aged – person aged about 40 to 60
 To be an elderly – a person who is already old
 Retired person – an old person who physically can no longer work
 To be a centenarian – a person who reached 100 or more years of age
Youth and age collocations
 A child prodigy – talented child; gifted
 Pander to his every whim – did every little thing that he wanted even when it was
not appropriate
 A spoilt brat – an unpleasant, bad-mannered child
 Disaffected youth – youngsters who don’t accept society’s values
 Juvenile delinquent – a criminal who is still legally minor
 See the error of his ways – understand his mistakes
 Fall into the pattern of family life – start a family (problems)
 Go through a mid-life crisis – experience the problems of being middle-aged
 (don’t) Feel your age – (don’t) feel as old as you are
 Occasional twinge – a slight ache from time to time
 Senior moment – moment of forgetfulness
 A grumpy old man – an old man who is always complaining about things
 Live quite a comfortable life – live an enjoyable life
 A hazy memories – memories that you cannot remember
 Rekindle memories – bring back memories
DESCRIBING CHARACTERS AND BEHAVIOUR OF PEOPLE
 Bad-tempered – easily annoyed or angered
 Bossy – person who likes giving people orders, telling what to do
 Bone idle – very lazy person
 Cautious – careful to avoid potential problems
 Considerate – careful not to inconvenience or harm others

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  Creative – a person thinking in an imaginative way
 Cruel – very rude and evil
 Eccentric – strange person
 Gullible – a person who is easily deceived or lied
 Insecure – not confident and weak
 Industrious – hard-working
 Indifferent – having no particular interest or sympathy; unconcerned
 Intelligent – a person who learns and applies knowledge and skills
 Outgoing – a person who is friendly and socially confident
 Passionate – having or showing strong feelings or beliefs
 Sociable – a person who is willing to talk and engage in activities with other people;
friendly
 Selfless – thinks more about others than himself
 Self-satisfied – too satisfied with his own achievements
 Shrewd – having or showing quick understanding
 Stingy – a person who is mean and ungenerous
 Stubborn – a person who is difficult to be persuaded, agreed.
 Sympathetic – a person who feels pity and sorrow for someone else’s misfortune
 Untrustworthy – a person who cannot be trusted
 Bad-mannered – a person who has socially incorrect behavior
 Easy-going – relaxed and tolerate; accepting
 Open-minded – a person who is willing to consider new ideas
 Light-hearted – cheerful and without problems
 Self-confident – having confidence in yourself and your abilities
 Hard-working – putting a lot of effort in something
 Quick-witted – able to think in a fast way
 Single-minded – thinking only about the thing that you want to achieve
 Thick-skinned – not easily upset by negative comments
 Well-behaved – behaving in a way that is acceptable
DESCRIBING FEELINGS
 Alarmed – feeling a sense of danger
 Amused – finding something funny or entertaining
 Ashamed – embarrassed or shy because of an action
 Anxious - worried
 Bitter – angry and dissatisfied
 Content – peacefully happy
 Cross - angry

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  Delighted – very happy
 Disappointed – upset and displeased
 Disillusioned - disappointed
 Envious – feeling or showing a desire to have what someone else has
 Exasperated – intensely irritated
 Entertained – feeling relaxed
 Furious – very angry
 Frustrated – being annoyed, especially because of a thing that doesn’t work the
same as you want
 Humiliated – feeling ashamed and foolish, when someone makes fun of you
 Hysterical – a person with a widely uncontrolled emotion
 Indecisive – a person who cannot make a proper decision
 Irritated – annoyed
 Miserable – someone who is depressed
 Relieved – feeling pleased when your work is done
 Stressed – experiencing mental or emotional tension
 Stunned - shocked
 Suspicious – feeling doubt and no trust in someone or something
 Thrilled – very excited
 Excited – feeling very enthusiastic and eager
 Upbeat – cheerful and optimistic
 Be over the moon – thrilled
 Be down in the dumps – miserable
 Blow your top – furious
 Be on edge - nervous
 Something gets on your nerves - irritated
 Be green with envy – envious
 Lose face – humiliated
 Be in two minds about something – indecisive
FAMILY RELATED COLLOCATIONS
 Immediate family – small family including only parents and siblings or spouse and
children
 Extended family – large family including grandparents and maybe other relatives
 Close-knit family – very happy and good family
 Dysfunctional family – a family with a lot of misunderstandings and arguments
 Distant relative – relative that aren’t close to you
 Carefree childhood – childhood times with many happy moments and no difficulties

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  Troubled childhood – difficult and challenging childhood life
 Bitter divorce – a separation of a husband and a wife with a lot of disagreements
and arguments
 Messy divorce – bitter divorce
 Broken home – a home where there are often family arguments
 Mutual divorce/separation – a separation of a husband and a wife with agreement
and good terms
RELATIONSHIPS
 Love at first sight – falling in love with someone when you see at the first time
 To fall head over hills in love with s-one – fall deeply and madly in love
 Have eyes for someone – is attracted to someone
 Be completely besotted with someone – almost blindly and stupidly in love
 Lifelong companion – a friend who is with you all your life
 Get on like a house on fire – have enjoyable relationship with someone
 Inseparable friends - very close friends that cannot be separated
 Close friend – a friend who is really admired and close
 Best friend – your number one friend
 Have a strong bond with someone – have a good relationship with someone
 Have a lot in common with – to share the same interests with someone
 Casual acquaintances – people who you know on a basic level
 Talk behind one’s back – to say something wrong about a person when he is not
there
 Break down relationships – stop relationships
 A rift – a serious disagreement that divides people
 Not see eye to eye with s-one – have different opinions
 Have ups and downs – have good and bad moments

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 TOPIC 3: HEALTH AND DIET

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 EATING AND DRINKING
 Junk food – unhealthy food full of sugar and fat
 Dairy product – milk products
 Fizzy drinks – non-alcoholic soft drinks such as coke and lemonade
 Poultry – domestic fowl such as chicken, turkeys, ducks, and geese
 Pulses – beans and wholegrain
 Nourishing meals –meals which make healthy and strong
 Fresh produce – foods produced from farming: dairy products, agricultural products
 Organic food – food without chemicals
 Nutrition – food and nourishment
 Additives – ingredients or substances that are added to food
 Calcium – a mineral found in foods that keeps the bones healthy and strong (found
in mostly in – cheese, milk, yoghurt)
 Calories – energy taken from food that is necessary for living
 Carbohydrate – substance that is both good and bad from foods that is important
for a normal bloodstream (found mostly in – fruits, cookies)
 Cholesterol – substance rich in saturated fat, (found mostly in – milk, cheese,
yoghurt, cream)
 Fat – oil found in foods
 Mineral – important group of chemical substances that is important for a human
body function
 Nutrients – chemical compounds in foods that are helpful for a life
 Protein – main source of energy and strength for a body
 Vitamins – useful substance that keeps the body immune system high
 Ready meals – frozen or prepackaged meal
 Food additives – substances added to food to improve its taste or appearance
 Processed foods – foods which are changed
 GM foods – genetically modified foods
 Perishable food – food which goes bad quickly: cheese, fish
 Food poisoning – feeling sick because of food
 Light meal – small amount of food or food that is easy to digest
 Substantial meal – large amount of meal
 Slap-up meal – unusually large and good
 Gourmet meal – high quality meal
 Home-cooked food – food that is cooked at home

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  Have a quick snack – eat a simple meal that is quick to cook and to eat
 Dying of hunger – to be very hungry
 To be starving – very hungry
 Healthy appetite – strong desire to eat well or healthily
 Spoil your appetite – lose your appetite because of something bad
 Soft drinks – non-alcoholic fizzy drinks; soda
 International cuisine – international food
ILLNESSES AND INJURY
 Cold/flu – a common infection with runny noses, sneeze and a sore throat
 Disease – serious illness
 Fever – high temperature
 Diarrhea – when you have pain in your stomach and loose and watery stool
 Nausea (noaja) – uneasiness of the stomach that often comes before vomiting
 Vomiting/throwing up – a strong discharge of stomach contents through your
mouth
 Malaria – a serious disease caused by parasites in the red blood cells
 Pneumonia (namonia) – infection on both lungs
 Typhoid – a bacterial infection that can lead to high fever, diarrhea and vomiting
 Cancer – abnormal growth of cells in your body
 Heart attack – heart disease when a part of the heart muscle doesn’t get enough
blood
 Tuberculosis – bacterial infection spread through inhaling tiny droplets from the
coughs or sneezes of an infected person
 Diabetes – high levels of sugar in your blood
 HIV – human immunodeficiency virus which stops your body’s ability to fight
infection and disease
 AIDS – acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
 Arthritis – a disease that affects your joints(areas where your bones meet and
move)
 Alzheimer’s disease – disease of an elderly stage of life often regarded as the
memory loss
 Asthma – long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs
 Backache – pain in your back
VERB COLLOCATIONS ABOUT GOOD HEALTH, ILLNESSES AND INJURIES
 Catch a cold/the flu/pneumonia
 Contract disease/malaria/typhoid
 Develop (lung/breast) cancer/diabetes/AIDS/arthritis/Alzheimer’s disease
 Suffer from asthma/fever/backache
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  Be diagnosed with cancer/AIDS/Alzheimer’s disease
 Take vigorous exercise – intensive exercise
 Balanced diet – normal amount of food eaten
 Healthy eating – eating healthily
 Follow a fitness program – do fitness
 Stick to your program – to do everything in the program well and on time
 Keep fit – stay healthy
 Terminally ill – will die soon
 Excruciatingly/unbearable pain – very strong pain
 Incurable illness – illness that cannot be recovered
 Minor ailments – minor injuries and illnesses that can be self-diagnosed and self-
managed
 Intensely painful – very painful
 Life-threatening injury – injury so serious that is risky for a life
 Prescribe some tablets – recommend some medicines
 Alleviate/relieve the pain – stop the pain
 Get over an illness – recover from an illness

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 TOPIC 4: CRIME AND LAW

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 TYPES OF CRIME
 Arson – intentionally starting a fire in a building in order to damage or destroy
 Assassination – the murder of someone famous or important
 Assault – a violent attack
 Bribery – the crime of giving someone money illegally, to persuade that person
to do something you want
 Burglary – the crime of illegally entering a building and stealing things
 Corruption – dishonest or illegal behavior involving a person in position of
power, for example, accepting money for doing something illegal
 Domestic violence – a crime when someone you live with attacks and hurts you
 Drug-dealing – the activity of selling illegal drugs
 Forgery – an illegal copy of a document, painting, etc.
 Fraud – the crime of getting money by cheating people
 Genocide – the murder of a whole group of people
 Homicide – the crime of killing a person
 Looting – the activity of stealing from shops during a violent event
 Manslaughter – the crime of killing someone unintentionally or without
planning
 Mugging – an act of attacking someone and stealing their money
 Murder – the crime of intentionally killing a person
 Pickpocketing – the crime of stealing things out of people’s pockets or bags
 Rape – the crime of forcefully having intercourse with someone against their
wishes
 Robbery – the crime of stealing from somewhere or someone
 Shoplifting – the illegal act of taking goods from a shop without paying from
them
 Smuggling – the crime of taking goods or people into or out of a country illegally
 Theft – the act of taking something that belongs to someone else and keeping it;
stealing
 Vandalism – the crime of intentionally damaging property belonging to other
people
CRIME RELATED PHRASES
 Suspect – a person who is believed to be guilty of something
 Criminal – someone who commits a crime
 Victim – a person who has suffered the effects of violence or illness or bad luck

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  Culprit – someone who has committed a crime or done something wrong
 Witness – a person who sees a crime or an accident
 Jury – a group of people who have been chosen to listen to all the facts in a trial
in a law court and to decide if a person is guilty or not
 Verdict – decision of a jury in a court
 Evidence –reasons for believing that something is true or not; proof
 Trial – a legal process to decide if someone has committed a crime
 Court – a place where legal trials are held
 Arrest – the action of arresting someone
 CCTV camera – security cameras, often used in shops and public places to
prevent crime
 Life imprisonment – the punishment of being put in prison forever
 Anti-social behavior order (ASBO) – psychologically ill state
 Capital punishment – punishment by death for committing a crime
 Corporal punishment – the physical punishment of people by hitting them for
example
 Community service – work done without payment to help other people or the
government as a form of punishment for crime
 A prison sentence – a punishment of prison
 A fine – money payment for doing something wrong as a form of punishment
CRIME COLLOCATIONS
 Attempted murder – a trial of murder that hasn’t been successful
 Alleged crime/assault… - a crime that has been stated or reported but not
necessarily confirmed
 Patrol the area – police or guards move around the area in order to make sure
there is no trouble
 Serial killer – a person who killed a lot of people
 Launch an investigation – trying to find out what happened or what is the truth
 Study the CCTV footage – seeing and analyzing the records of security video
cameras, usually to check something suspicious
 Commit crime – to do something illegal or against the law
 Fight crime – to try to stop crime
 Tackle crime – to try to stop crime
 Soaring crime rates – growing numbers of crimes
 Crime wave – a sudden increase in the number of crimes committed in a country or
area
 Cut crime – reduce the number of crime
 Combat crime – fight crime
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  Deter crime – stop crime
 Prevent crime – stop crime
 Solve crime – to find out who committed a crime
 Rising crime – growing number of crime rates
 Serious crime – heavy crime
 Violent crime – serious crime such as rape and sexual assault, robbery, murder
 Vicious crime – cruel and violent crime
 Petty crime – minor (not serious) crime
 Racially motivated crime – a hate crime associated with social or racial group such
as skin color, ethnicity and background
 Escape punishment – run away or get away from a punishment
 Custodial sentence – punishment consisting of mandatory custody of the convict in
prison.
 Committing minor offences – committing small, not serious crime
 Serve out a sentence – to complete the given punishment, usually imprisonment
 Miscarriage of justice – mistake of a court, usually resulting in the conviction of an
innocent person
 Trumped-up charges – someone has been falsely accused
 Extenuating circumstances – a situation or condition that provides an excuse for an
action
 Remand in custody – being held in custody until the court trial
 Unanimous verdict – a final decision of the whole jury together
 Dismiss the case – there is no guilty and the case is concluded
 Contest the verdict – to say formally that the judicial decision is wrong and try to
change it
LAW RELATED PHRASES
 Break the law – to do something against the laws
 To investigate – to find out about the problem or the crime
 To arrest – to catch someone over an alleged or attempted crime
 To question – to ask questions about the crime
 Convict a criminal – to prove or officially announce that a person is guilty and has
committed a crime
 Breach of the law – breaking the law
 Pass a law – to be approved
 Adhere to the law/principles – to act according to the law or principles
 Comply with the law – agree to the complex rules in the law
 Infringe the regulations – (formal) break the law
 Faceless bureaucrats – unfavorable officials who lack character
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  Flout the rules – (formal) intentionally break the rules
 Impose a fine – to announce an amount of money as a form of punishment to
someone
 Court (room/hall) – a room where a law court is conveyed
 Judge – a public officer appointed to decide cases in a law court
 Jury – group of people to give a verdict in a legal court
 Barrister/attorney – a person or a lawyer who defends a person or a business of
one position in a court
 Defendant – an individual, company or institution sued or accused in a court of law
 Accused – a person or group of people who are charged with or on trial for a crime
 Prosecutor – a person who institutes legal proceedings against someone
 Lawyer – a person who knows and works with the law well
 To be convicted of – to be found guilty of (a crime)
 To be charged with – to be accused of a crime

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 TOPIC 5: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

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 ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

 Climate change – negative changes to the world weather patterns

 Air pollution – air that is dirty and unclear
 Marine pollution – the pollution of our oceans and seas
 Over population – the increasing population of the world
 Acid rain – rain which is polluted by chemicals
 Deforestation – rain forests and large number of trees being cut down
 Loss of biodiversity – animal and plant species becoming extinct
 Ozone layer depletion – the ozone layer is being destroyed and becoming thinner
 Land degradation – soil and land pollution as well as desertification
 Resource depletion – lack of natural resources worldwide
 Avalanche – a lot of snow, ice, and rocks falling down a mountainside
 Drought – long period of time without rainfall in one area, leading to a shortage of
water
 Earthquake – a sudden violent shaking of the ground, typically causing great
destruction
 Epidemic – widespread occurrence of an infectious disease
 Famine – extreme lack of food
 Flood – an overflow of too much water over dry areas or lands
 Forest fire –a large, destructive fire spread over a forest
 Mudslide – a large amount of mud (wet earth) that moves down a hill or mountain
and that can cause a lot of death and destruction
 Tornado – a strong, dangerous wind that forms itself into an upside-down spinning
cone and can destroy buildings
 Tsunami – extremely large wave caused by a violent movement of the earth under
the sea
 Volcanic eruption – very hot liquid being forced out of the top of a mountain
ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE COLLOCATIONS:
 Disposal of household waste – removing used or other unwanted household
garbage
 Toxic waste – poisonous waste
 Environmental catastrophe – devastating (very bad) events that happen due to
humanity’s impact on the environment

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  Changing weather patterns – abnormal weather changes; When the weather
doesn’t stay the same at a time
 Change our ways – to improve our behavior, habits, or beliefs
 Searing heat – extreme heat
 Temperatures soar above the average – the temperature is rising more than normal
 Dire consequences – extremely serious and negative results
 Irreversible climate change – very serious change of climate that is unstoppable
(cannot be stopped)
 Reduce our carbon footprint – to limit or reduce the amount of carbon dioxide(
odorless harmful gas) produced by human activities
 Vehicle emissions – gases, fumes and odors escaping from cars
 Alternative energy sources – different types of energy sources such as solar energy,
wind energy and others
 Oil supplies will run dry – ending of oil
 Renewable energy – energy that doesn’t end or can be renewed
 Eco-friendly design – the development or construction of buildings with efficient
use of energy, water and other resources

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 TOPIC 6: ART AND CRAFT

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 CRAFT VOCABULARY
 Handmade – made by hand
 Craft – an activity involving skill in making things by hand
 To learn basic craft skills
 Artificer - a skilled craftsman (someone who makes things by hand)
 Artisan – someone who does skilled work with their hands
 Crochet (kroushEi) – to make clothes and other things using wool (material of skin
hair of a sheep) ; knitting; sewing
 Emboss (im’ba:s) – to decorate an object, especially with letters that make a raised
mark on its surface. Ex: a card with a neatly embossed name on it
 Engrave – to cut words, pictures or patterns into the surface of metal, stone, etc.
 Modeling clay – a soft substance like clay produced in different colors, used
especially by children to make shapes and models
 Pottery –the activity or skill of making clay objects by hand
ART VOCABULARY
 Ancient art – art of historic times
 Contemporary art – the art of today, modern art
 Culinary art – art related to cooking and presentation of food
 Traditional art – art related to a nation’s traditions and history
 Visual art – painting, drawing, printmaking, sculpture, design, crafts
 Folk art – religious, ceremonial, cultural form of art of one ethnic group of
individuals
 Ballet – light form of dancing with the tip of the feet
 Cartoon – animated films
 Classical music – serious music with a classical style
 Mime – art of acting or talking like someone or something else
 Musical – theatre or film with mainly music in all parts
 Novel – a written book about a long and continuous story of some degree of
realism
 A play – theatrical performance
 Sculpture – the art of making two- or three-dimensional abstract forms by stone or
wood
 Composer – song writer
 Actor – a person who acts in a movie or thetre
 Conductor – a person who conducts events or concerts
 Novelist – a person who writes novels
 Playwright – a person who writes plots for plays, theatre performances
 Poet – a person who writes poems
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  Sculptor – a person who creates sculptures
 Act – to take part in a film or theatre
 Carve – to cut a hard material such as a stone or wood to a particular shape in
order produce an object or design
 Perform – to do something in front of people
 Draw – to paint
 Go to a rock concert/theatre/classical concert/opera/ballet
 Visit an art gallery – go to a gallery of art

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 TOPIC 7: TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE

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 TECHNOLOGY COLLOCATIONS
 Digital technology – electronic tools, systems, devices and resources that generate, store
and process data
 Satellite communications – Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to
the antennas on the Earth
 Biotechnology - technology that utilizes biological systems, living organisms or parts of this
to develop or create different products
 Artificial intelligence (AI) - the ability of a computer or a robot controlled by a computer to
do tasks that are usually done by humans because they require human intelligence
 Virtual reality - an artificial environment which is experienced through sensory stimuli (such
as sights and sounds) provided by a computer

 Become rapidly obsolete – Quickly become out of date

 Computer literate – Adequate knowledge of a computer
 Emerging technology – Brand new machines and software
 E-commerce – doing business via the internet
 Glued to the screen – Unable or unwilling to leave the digital device
 Hacking into the network – To gain illegal access to the computer
 Internet access – The ability to enter the Internet
 Labour saving device – An appliance that saves work
 Not rocket science – It is not very difficult
 Online piracy – The downloading of licensed media without payment
 Re-install the programs – To put computer programs back onto the computer
 State of the art technology – The best technology available
 Surfing the web – To move from one site to another on the Internet
 To crash – To stop working suddenly
 Pushing back the frontiers of knowledge – extending the limits of knowledge
 To harness technology – to make use of technology
 Cutting-edge design – the most innovative design
 Run smoothly – work without problems
 Wear and tear – damage caused by ordinary use
 Power cut - a temporary withdrawal or failure of an electrical power supply
 Power is restored – when electricity came back

TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE IDIOMS

 Push all the right buttons – do exactly what is necessary to get the result you want
 To be light years away from – be a long way away from something
 To be on the blink – something, not working correctly
 Not a rocket science – something is not difficult to do or to understand (humorous)
Abdulmalik Abdulvakhidov 27
  Reinvent the wheel – waste time trying to create something that someone else has already
created
 Go haywire – stop working normally and start working in a strange way
 To be a small cog in the machine – to be one small part of a large organization
 Set the wheel in motion – do something which will cause a series of actions to start
 Gas guzzler – car that uses a lot of fuel
 Oil the wheels – make it easier for something to happen
DETAILED VOCABULARY ABOUT SCIENCE
 Opaque - difficult to see
 Gravity - the force that attracts mass
 Prey - kill and hunt for food
 Bacteria - unicellular microorganism
 Brain - a coordinating organ of human body
 Nectar - juicy fluid within flowers
 Deciduous - a tree or shrub name
 Shadow - a dark area
 Magnetic - having magnetic properties
 Electricity - flow of electron
 Mixture - a combination of different things
 Gas - state of matter that can expand freely
 Dissolve - solid form in any liquid
 Energy - power
 Fossil - the remains of plant or animal
 Geology - study of earth
 Atom - the smallest particle
 Biology - the study of living beings
 Cell - structural and functional unit of life
 Chemistry - the study of matter in terms of composition, properties and reaction.
 Botany - the study of plants
 Element - species of atom
 Fact - any true information
 Hypothesis - a proposed explanation
 Laws - the system of specific rules
 Mass – matter in a body
 Matter - any physical substance
 Measure - computation of size, amount by apply any instrument
 Mineral - naturally existing Inorganic substance

Abdulmalik Abdulvakhidov 28
  Observe - a state of knowing facts by full attention and focus
 Organism - an individual/living being
 Particle - a minute entity of matter
 Phase - any entity of same composition
 Physics - the study of matter and energy
 Pipette - a laboratory toll used in lab
 Quantum - quantity of energy
 Mechanics - the study of motion and force by apply mathematics
 Radiology - the study of radiations for the disease treatment
 Scale - bony plates in the fish skin
 Scientist – a person that has scientific knowledge and apply it on large scale.
 Temperature - the degree of heat measurement
 Test tube - a thin tube made up of glass
 Zoology - animal study on a broader level
 Variable - liable to change with conditions
 Weigh - expression of heaviness
 Weather - state of atmosphere
 Volume - the amount of space occupies by any object
 Pressure - force per unit area
 Watch glass - a glass disc
 Virology - study of viruses
 Data - statistics and facts
 Investigation - an action of finding facts
 Inference – a conclusion
 Prediction - a forecast
 Directions - a route or course
 Compare - estimation of things
 Increase - greater in amount or size
 Decrease - smaller or fewer in amount or size
 Microscope - an optical instrument
 Results - findings after an investigation
 Magnify - making objects larger in appearance by optical devices
 Beaker - a glass ware for measuring the volume
 Graph - a representation of data
 Expand - making larger
 Analyze - detail examination
 Classify - categorization on a common base

Abdulmalik Abdulvakhidov 29
  Material - the raw stuff for manufacturing of anything from
 Practical - learning by doing
 Light - a form of energy
 Dark - absence of light
 Proton - a constituent of an atom
 Neutron - sub-particle of an atom
 Pitch - the intensity of sound
 Barometer - pressure measuring instrument
 Humidity - a quantity expressing water vapor’s amount
 Reflection - the turning of light/energy from any surface
 Hygrometer - humidity measuring instrument
 Surface - any outer part of an object/something
 Accelerate - degree of Quickness
 Friction - resistance due to movement
 Kinetic - movement
 Equipment - apparatus for a particular purpose
 Circuit - a path that electricity follows during its flowing
 Bulb – light producing instrument
 Motor - any machine that works
 Solubility - ability of a substance to get dissolve
 Reaction - any chemical process that cause changes
 Fission - the process of separation
 Fusion - the process of joining things
 Burning - the process of combustion
 Rusting - a chemical process that spoil iron
 Separate - division by physical methods
 Hardness - the state of being hard
 Properties - attribute that specify something
 Melting - the process of liquefaction by heating
 Boiling – process occurs when matter reaches near its boiling point
 Brittle - hard in nature but break without showing elasticity
 Conductor - material that pass electricity
 Insulator - heat/electricity resistance substance
 Transparent - clear

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 TOPIC 8: EDUCATION AND WORK

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 WORK RELATED VOCABULARY
 Make a living – earn enough to live
 Maternity leave – leaving the job because of being pregnant
 Work part-time – working the half of your active day
 Work full-time – working all day
 Volume of work – the amount of work one does
 Earn a good living – earn a good amount of money
 Moving up the ladder – being promoted
 Tempting offer – a very good offer of job with a good salary
 Have a change of heart – changed attitude or mood
 Get my priorities right – give importance to the right aspects of life
 Hand in my resignation – to give a written form of desire to leave the job
 To resign – to leave the job with own intention
 To be fired – to be made to leave the job, by an employer or a boss
 Daunting task – a very big and intimidating amount of work
 Working as a team – working with people together
 Master new skills – learn new skills
 Take industrial action – workers joining together and do something to show that they are
unhappy with their pay or working conditions
 To land a good job – to get a good job
 Heavy workload – very hard and a lot of work
 Menial tasks – very simple tasks in a job that doesn’t require much skill
 Living wage – enough money to live on
 Throw a sickie –take a day off work pretending to be sick
 Get sacked – to be fired; to be dismissed permanently from work
 Sweated labor – workers who are paid very little and work in very bad conditions
 Corner the market – become so successful at selling products that no one else can compete
 Doing a roaring trade – selling a lot of products very quickly
 Go belly up – to go bankrupt
 Do an internship – do a temporary, low-level job
 Demanding job – job with lots of responsibilities
 Well-paid and rewarding job – good job with a good salary
 Nine-to-five job – usual job of working from 9 a.m. till 5 p.m.
 Work flexi-time – working flexibly and according to your availability
 Day shift – working during the day

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  Night shift – working during the night
 Repetitive/monotonous job – a job that consists of doing the same task over and over again
 Dead-end job – a job with no promotion and perspective

EDUCATION RELATED VOCABULARY

 preschool – a school for children who are too young to begin their formal education
 nursery school (UK)/kindergarten (US) – preschool education.
 primary school (UK)/elementary school (US) – the type of school for children ages 5-11
 primary education – the education of 5-11 year olds
 secondary school (UK)/high school (US) – the type of school for children age 11 to 16,
sometimes 18.
 co-educational/mixed – a school where girls and boys are taught together..
 single-sex school – a school for either male or female students but not both
 state school – a school that is funded and controlled by the government and for which no
fees are charged
 comprehensive school – a state school that accepts pupils regardless of their level of
academic ability or achievement.
 grammar school (UK) – state secondary school that selects their pupils by means of an
examination taken by children at age 11
 private school – a school that is not supported by government money, where education
must be paid for by the children’s parents
 private education – education parents have to pay for
 public school (UK) – an exclusive, expensive school, run independently
 public school (US) – a school which is free and paid for by the government
 higher education (also called tertiary education) – education beyond the age at which it is
compulsory, usually in a college or university.
 boarding school – a school where students live and study during the school term.
 college – a place of higher education where people study specialized university – a high-level
educational institution where students study for degrees and academic research is done.
 course subjects or undertake vocational training for a skilled job
 – a series of lessons in a particular subject
 undergraduate – studying for a degree but having not yet achieved it.
 postgraduate – having achieved a degree and now studying for a higher qualification,
possibly a professions qualification
 vocational – education or training directed at a particular occupation and its skills, often
requiring practical skills
 intensive – fast-paced courses which give a lot of information quickly and in a short time
 qualification – an official record showing that you have achieved a certain level of education
or skill in a particular subject or skill area
 certificate – an official record of achievement, generally issued for a short course
 diploma – issued for a higher education course that is shorter than a degree

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  bachelor’s degree/or just degree (BA/BSc etc.) – qualification issued by a university or
college at the end of three or four years of study
 master’s degree/or just master’s (MA/MSc etc.) – qualification issued by a university when
the student has completed further study beyond a degree, often in a more specialised field
than a bachelor’s degree
 doctorate (PhD) – the highest level of degree qualification issued by a university.
 fellowship – a teaching or research post given to a person studying for an advanced degree.
 Head teacher/principal – the person in charge of a school
 teacher – a person who teaches, especially in a school
 tutor – a teacher who works privately with one student or a small group
 lecturer – a person who teaches at a college or university.
 professor – a teacher of the highest rank in a department of a British university, or a
teacher of high rank in an American university or college
 - Professor Stephen Hawking was one of the most influential figures in modern science.
 an academic – a person who teaches in a college or university and continues to research and
increase knowledge about their specialist subject
 pupil – a person, usually a child at school, who is being taught
 student – a person, usually a college or university, who is being taught
 mature student – an adult student who attends college or university some years after
leaving school
 a graduate – a person who has finished their college or university education
 peer – a person who is in the same class, age group or social group as someone else
 curriculum – the subjects comprising a course of study in a school or college
 syllabus – an outline or summary of the subjects to be covered in a course
 maths/math/mathematics – the study of numbers, shapes and space
 literature – the study of written works (such as poems, plays, and novels) that are
considered to be very good and to have lasting importance
 the three R's – the basic educational skills of reading, writing and arithmetic (maths)
 language – a system of communication used by a particular country or community often
studied as a subject by non-native speakers
 humanities – studies about human culture, such as literature, languages, philosophy, and
history.
 science – the study of the structure and behaviour of the physical world, divided into
subjects such as physics, biology and chemistry

 physics – the branch of science concerned with the nature and properties of matter and
energy
 biology – the study of living organisms
 chemistry – the branch of science concerned with the substances of which matter is
composed

 geography – the study of the physical features of the earth and its atmosphere, and of
human activity as it affects and is affected by these
 religious studies – the study of religion and belief systems
Abdulmalik Abdulvakhidov 34
  history – the study of past events, particularly in human affairs
 information technology (IT or ICT) – the study of the development, maintenance, and use of
computer systems, software, and networks for the processing and distribution of data
 physical education (PE) – instruction in physical exercise and games, especially in schools
 art – the study of artistic techniques such as drawing, painting, sculpture, etc. or the
appreciation of works of art
 music – the study of how to play a musical instrument or sing, how to read music, how to
compose music, etc.
 drama – the study of acting and theatrical performance
 home economics – cooking and other aspects of household management, especially as
taught at school
 to play truant – to be absent without permission from parents or teachers
 to skip classes – to be absent from lessons you are supposed to attend
 bookworm – a person who loves reading and/or studying
 rote learning – a teaching style based on learning by memorization through repetition
 literacy – the ability to read and write, sometimes use as a subject title for reading and
writing
 literate – to be able to read and write
 illiterate – to be unable to read and write
 remedial – involving pupils who need extra help with a particular area of study or subject
 additional needs/special needs – related to students who need special help due to a
learning or physical difficulty
 extra-curricular activities – activities or subjects offered in addition to the normal curriculum
usually offered outside normal class hours, such as art, cooking or computer clubs and extra
sporting activities
 school uniform – a particular set of clothes that has to be worn by pupils
 discipline – a set of rules governing conduct or behaviour

 impose discipline
 maintain discipline
 lack of discipline

 timetable – a chart showing times of particular events, such as lesson times in the school day
 classroom – where lessons take place in a school
 lecture theatre/hall – a room or hall for lectures with seats in tiers
 studio – a room where students studying art, photography, media studies, etc. create work
 library – a building or room containing collections of books, professional journals and other
academic literature and material relevant to student's studies
 laboratory – a room or building with scientific equipment for doing scientific tests or for
teaching science
 campus – the buildings and grounds of a university or college
 halls of residence – a college or university building where students live.
 student accommodation – living accommodation for college or university students

Abdulmalik Abdulvakhidov 35
  unconditional offer – the offer of a place at an educational institution for which you already
meet the entry requirements.
 conditional offer – the offer of a place at an educational institution which requires you to
meet certain entry requirements, usually specific exam grades
 to major in – to choose as your main subject
 to read (a subject) – to study a specific subject
 faculty – department in a university that specialises in a specific subject
 research – a detailed study of a particular subject

 conduct a research
 carry out a research

 to work your way through university – to have a paid job while studying to support yourself
financially
 to keep up with your studies – to not fall behind with your work
 to fall behind with your studies – to not get your coursework and assignments done in the
time allowed
 to learn something by heart – to memorise it
 gap year – a period, typically an academic year, taken by a student as a break between
school and university or college education
 to take a year out – to take a gap year
 to enroll – to officially register on a course at a college or university
 sign up for – to commit to something for a specific period such as the duration of a course
 to drop out – to leave a course before completing it
 a dropout – a student who fails to complete a course of study and leaves the educational
institution with no qualification

Abdulmalik Abdulvakhidov 36
 TOPIC 9: FLORA AND FAUNA

FLOWER VOCABULARY
1. Tulip
a) stem
2. Pansy
3. Lily
4. Chrysanthemum
5. Daisy
6. Marigold
7. Petunia
8. Daffodil
a) bulb
9. Crocus
10. Hyacinth
11. Iris
12. Orchid
Abdulmalik Abdulvakhidov 37
 13. Zinnia
14. Gardenia
15. Poinsettia
16. Violet
17. Buttercup
18. Rose
a) Bud
b) Petal
c) thorn
19. Sunflower
20. Sugarcane
21. Rice
22. Wheat
23. Oats
24. Corn

Abdulmalik Abdulvakhidov 38
 FLOWER VOCABULARY
25. Tulip
b) stem
26. Pansy
27. Lily
28. Chrysanthemum
29. Daisy
30. Marigold
31. Petunia
32. Daffodil
a) bulb
33. Crocus
34. Hyacinth
35. Iris
36. Orchid
37. Zinnia
38. Gardenia
39. Poinsettia
40. Violet
41. Buttercup
42. Rose
d) Bud
e) Petal
f) thorn
43. Sunflower
44. Sugarcane
45. Rice
46. Wheat
47. Oats
48. Corn

FLORA AND FAUNA VOCABULARY

 Biological diversity - The variety of life forms in a given area. Diversity can be categorized in
terms of the number of species, the variety in the types of plant and animal species, the
genetic variability of the animals, or a combination of these elements.
 Carnivores - The category of animals that prey or feed upon animals and insects. (carni-,
flesh; vore-, eater)
 Conservation – the protection, improvement, and wise use of natural resources by humans
for present and future generations (sustainable and multiple use).
 Den tree (cavity tree) - A tree that contains a weather-tight cavity (hole) used for nesting or
protection.

Abdulmalik Abdulvakhidov 39
  Dispersal – An animal’s abandonment of its home range, in search of habitat for a new home
range. This can include leaving a natal site (where the animal was born) to move into a
territory with less direct competition to live and reproduce.
 Diversity - The distribution and abundance of different plant and animal species within a
given area.
 Domesticated – A species altered by humans via an evolutionary process with the goal of
benefiting humans, though the animals often benefit as well.
 Ecosystem – A dynamic complex of plants, animals, and other organisms, along with their
non-living environment, interacting as a functional unit.
 Eco-tourism – A form of tourism where visitors travel to enjoy, study, and appreciate nature
as a way to promote conservation and support the socio-economic status of local human
communities.
 Endangered species - A species is endangered when the total number of remaining members
may not be sufficient to produce enough offspring to ensure survival of the species.
 Endemic species – A native species living within a restricted geographic area and not
occurring anywhere else.
 Non-native species – A species that occurs in a given region or area as a result of direct or
indirect, intentional or accidental, introduction by humans.
 Extinct – A species becomes extinct when the last of its kind has died.
 Feral – An animal of a domesticated species that now lives without any direct human
supervision or control.
 Flyway – An established air-route of migratory birds, such as ducks and other waterfowl.
 Food chain – The sequence of plant and animal feeding interactions at different levels within
a particular community. Energy is transferred from the lowest level to the highest level (e.g.,
plants are eaten by insects, which may be eaten by frogs, which may ultimately be consumed
by birds).
 Forage - All browse and herbaceous plant foods that are available to animals.
 Forest - Groups of tree species commonly growing in the same stand.
 Habitat - An area that provides a species of animal or plant with adequate food, water,
cover, and living space. Without reference to a specific species, the term habitat is somewhat
meaningless because each plant or animal species has unique habitat requirements.
 Herbivore - The category of animals that feed on plants. (herbi-, plant; -vore, eater)
 Insectivore – The category of animals that feed on insects.
 Invasive species – Plants or animals that are not native to an area and which establish
themselves and overcome or outcompete pre-existing native species.
 Keystone species – A species that plays a critical role in the stability and integrity of its
ecological community.
 Migration – Movement of animals to and from feeding or reproductive areas, often on an
annual or seasonal basis.
 Native species – Any species of plant or animal that occurs naturally in an area, not
introduced by humans.
 Omnivore - The category of animals that feed on both plants and animals. (omni-, all; - vore,
eater)

Abdulmalik Abdulvakhidov 40
  Poaching – The illegal hunting, shooting, trapping, or taking of a plant or animal from public
or private property.
 Predator – An animal that lives by preying on (consuming) other animals.
 Preservation – Protection of a natural resource or natural area by severely limiting or
eliminating human influence. See conservation for contrast.
 Prescribed burning - The controlled application of fire to wildland fuels to attain planned
resource management objectives (brush control, wildfire hazard reduction, wildlife habitat
improvements, etc.).
 Prey – An animal hunted for food by a carnivorous animal.
 Restoration - Returning a resource, ecosystem, or plant community to its original structure
and composition of species.
 Species – A group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of
interbreeding.
 Territory – Part of all of the home range that is defended by an individual, breeding pair, or
social group for breeding, courtship, feeding, or other reasons.
 Threatened species – A threatened species exhibits declining or dangerously low populations
but may still have enough members to maintain or increase numbers. Threatened species
are vulnerable to becoming endangered in the near future.
 Wildlife - A broad term that includes non-domesticated animals but not exclusively
mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Some definitions may include fish and
invertebrates.

Abdulmalik Abdulvakhidov 41
 TOPIC 10: SPORT AND ENTERTAINMENT

Abdulmalik Abdulvakhidov 42
 SPORT VOCABULARY:
 Amateur sport – sport done by people as a hobby and not as a job
 Competitive sport – competition-oriented and professional sport
 Endurance sport – sport that is mainly focused on intensive muscle training such as running,
swimming, cycling or athletics
 Individual sport – sport which is done by one person, not in a team such as tennis, boxing
etc.
 Sport facility – all the buildings where sport is done including stadiums, swimming pools,
gyms
 Do extreme sports – doing sports that are rather dangerous or risky, mostly for adrenalin
such as bungee jumping, rock climbing, skydiving
 Acquire a taste for snowboarding/tennis/boxing (or any other types of sport) – begin to
enjoy snowboarding/tennis/boxing (or any other types of sport)
 Get the hang of it/(any type of sport) – become able to do something(any type sport)
 Pretty fit – fairly fit
 Push myself to the limits – make a considerable effort
 Have a whale of time – having a fantastic time
 To jump at the chance – really like to do something
 Keep in shape – stay in good physical condition
 To play a blinder – to perform brilliantly, usually in sport
 To secure a convincing victory – to win the game or competition easily and confidently
 To put up a determined performance – to perform very well in a match or competition
 (the team/the crowd) went wild – became crazy and furious
 Dicing with death – taking a great risk
 to keep fit – to keep the body in good physical condition by exercising regularly
 fitness fanatic – to be obsessed with keeping fit
 to exercise – to do an activity requiring physical effort, generally in order to improve health
and fitness
 strenuous exercise – exercise that needs a lot of physical effort.
 to get into shape – to become fit
 to take up (a sport) – to start playing a sport.
 to warm up – to prepare for strenuous activity by doing gentle exercise first
 to cool down – to end a session of strenuous activity with gentle exercises to allow the heart
rate to come down and the body return to a near resting state.
 to be out of condition – to be not physical fit (unfit)
 training – to work hard at physical exercise and skills in order to be fitter and better at a
sport
 to train hard – to train with a lot of effort and passion
 fitness programme – a planned timetable of activities to help someone improve their health
and physical condition
Abdulmalik Abdulvakhidov 43
  aerobic fitness – having strong heart and lungs and being able to carry out sustained exercise
such as jogging, swimming or cycling
 to work out – to exercise, usually in a gym.
 a workout – a session of exercises, usually in a gym.
 to bulk up – to make your body bigger and heavier, especially by gaining more muscle
 boot camp – a short, intensive, and rigorous course of training
 a personal best – to get a better score or achieve a faster time in your sport than you’ve ever
done before
 to set a record – to achieve the best result in a particular sport
 to break a record – to do something that is better, faster, etc. than anything that has been
done before
 prize – a reward that you get for being successful in a sports competition

 Athletics sport:

 running

 hurdles

 javelin

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  pole vault

 long jump

 high jump

 discus throw

 shot put

Abdulmalik Abdulvakhidov 45
  Ball sports:

 soccer/football

 American football

 basketball

 baseball

Abdulmalik Abdulvakhidov 46
  volleyball

 cricket

 rugby

 golf

field hockey

Abdulmalik Abdulvakhidov 47
  Water sports:

swimming

 diving

 water polo

 rowing

Abdulmalik Abdulvakhidov 48
  kayaking

 canoeing

 surfing

 jet skiing

 water skiing

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  sailing

 wind surfing

 Rafting

 scuba diving
 blow away the competition – to easily beat the opposing competitor or team
 neck and neck – when two competitors are level with each other and have an equal chance
of winning
 front-runner – the person or team considered most likely to win
 to get second wind – to experience renewed energy after a period of fatigue
 underdog – a competitor thought to have little chance of doing well or winning

ENTERTAINMENT VOCABULARY:

 Action film – a film with a fast-moving plot, usually containing scenes of fight
 Animation – moving images created from drawings
 Chat show – a television or radio programme in which celebrities are invited to talk about
various topics
 Comedy – professional entertainment consisting of jokes and sketches, intended to make an
audience laugh.
 Documentary – a film or television or radio programme that provides a factual report on a
particular subject.
 Fantasy film – films that feature elements of the fantastic, often including magic,
supernatural forces, or exotic fantasy worlds.
 Game show – a television programme in which people compete to win prizes

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  Horror film – scary movie
 Musical – a play or film in which singing and dancing play an essential part. Musicals
developed from light opera in the early 20th century.
 News bulletin – a short radio or television broadcast of news reports.
 Period drama – a television or film production set in a particular historical period and
characterized by the use of costumes, sets, and props that are typical or evocative of the
era.
 Reality show – a television programme in which ordinary people are continuously filmed,
designed to be entertaining rather than informative
 Romantic comedy – a film or play that deals with love in a light, humorous way
 Science fiction film – a film genre that uses speculative, fictional science-based depictions of
phenomena that are not fully accepted by mainstream science, such as extraterrestrial
lifeforms, spacecraft, robots, cyborgs, interstellar travel or other technologies
 Sitcom – situation comedy
 Soap opera – a television or radio drama serial about daily events in the lives of the same
group of characters
 Talent show – a show consisting of performances by a series of amateur entertainers
 Thriller – a film with an exciting plot, typically involving crime or espionage.
 War film – a film genre concerned with warfare, typically about naval, air, or land battles,
with combat scenes central to the drama
 Weather forecast – an analysis of the state of the weather in an area with an assessment of
likely developments
 Western – a film, television drama, or novel about cowboys in western North America, set
especially in the late 19th and early 20th centuries
 Acting – the art or occupation of performing fictional roles in plays, films, or television
 Character – a person in a novel, play, or film
 Ending – an end or final part of something
 Plot – the main events of a play, novel, film, or similar work, devised and presented by the
writer as an interrelated sequence
 Scene – a sequence of continuous action in a play, film, opera, or book
 Script – the written text of a play, film, or broadcast
 Soundtrack – a recording of the musical accompaniment of a film
 Special effects – an illusion created for films and television by props, camerawork, computer
graphics
 Adventure games – a type of video game in which the participant plays a fantasy role in an
episodic adventure story
 City-building games – genre of simulation video game where players act as the overall
planner and leader of a city or town, looking down on it from above, and being responsible
for its growth and management strategy
 Combat games – a fighting game
 Puzzle games – a game, problem, or toy that tests a person's ingenuity or knowledge. In a
puzzle, the solver is expected to put pieces together in a logical way, in order to arrive at the
correct or fun solution of the puzzle
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  Racing games – a video game genre in which the player participates in a racing competition.
They may be based on anything from real-world racing leagues
 Role-playing games – a game in which players take on the roles of imaginary characters who
engage in adventures, typically in a particular fantasy setting overseen by a referee
 Sports games – a video game genre that simulates the practice of sports
 Go for a bike – to go out in order to ride a bike
 Go shopping – to go to a shop in order to buy clothes
 Anchorman/anchorwoman – a person who just sits down in front camera and delivers the
news to the people
 Weather forecaster – someone who studies weather conditions and says what the weather
is likely to be in the future
 Broadcast media – a form of providing information using television, radio
 Content personalization – a strategy that relies on visitor data to deliver relevant content
 Social media – websites and applications that enable users to create and share content or to
participate in social networking
 Censorship – restriction on access to ideas and information
 Audience – listeners, spectators; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed
 Mainstream media – media sources that control the internet, such as newspapers,
magazines, television, and radio
 binge watching — the practice of watching television for a long time span, usually a single tv
show.
 tune (n) — melody, which is pleasing and easy to remember
 healing music (n) — music which are able to improve your physical and emotional health

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