Chapter 1

Kingdom Classification

I. Differentiate between the following:-

1) Bacteria and Protists

Bacteria:- The are prokaryote organism that do not have membrane bound organelles.
* They do not have a well-defined nucleus with a nuclear membrane

Protists:- They are eukaryote organism they have membrane bound organelles
* They have well defined nucleus with a nuclear membrane.

2) Bacterial cell walls and fungal cell walls

Bacterial cell wall:- It is made up of peptidoglycan layer

Fungal cell walls:- It is made up of chitin layer

II. Short answer questions:-

1) Name the fine kingdoms that organisms are classified into

Ans:- The fine kingdoms are classified into
1) Monera 2) Protista 3) fungi 4) plantae 5) Animalia

2) What is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Ans:- Prokoryotes:- i) It does not have nucleus
ii) No membrane bound organelles
iii) DNA is circular

Eukaryotes:- i) It has a prominent nucleus in the centre

ii) The cell organelles are absent
iii) DNA is linear, thread like structure

3) How does Amoeba move?

Ans:- Amoeba move with the help of pseudopodium (false foot)

4) Which organism produces penicillin?

Ans:- Fungi produces penicillin.
5) Name two plant diseases and two animal disease caused by fungi.
Ans:- Plant Diseases:- Canker and Mildew
Animal Diseases: Athlete foot and ringworm

III. Long answer questions:-

1) What are the advantages of classifying organisms?

Ans:-
i. It makes the study of organisms simpler and more systematic. The characteristics of all the
members of a group can be understood by studying only a few organisms
ii. It is easier to see the relationships between different group of organisms
iii. New species when dies covered can be easily placed in groups
iv. Studying help us to understand how the different types of organisms have evolved over millions of
years

2) Describe with a labelled diagram of structure of a bacterial cell

Ans:- (Page number 17 fig 2.2 structure of a bacterial cell)
*Bacterial cell do not have any organelles such as nucleus ,mitochondria or plastids.
* The genetic material is found in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm.
3) Give five ways in which we use bacteria.
Ans:-
a) Bacteria are used in medicines called Antibiotics. Streptomycin is the examples of antibiotic
b) Bacteria are used in Vaccines eg:- tuber culosis (BCG Vaccine)
c) Used in food to make curd and cheese, from milk using lactobacillus bacteria
d) Some Bacteria are line in our intestine produce vitamin K
e) Bacteria are also use in Industries to cure animal hides (skin) to make leather.

4) Briefly describe how Amoeba reproduces with a diagram.

Ans:- Amoeba reproduces by a process called binary fission. Two daughter amoebas are formed in the
process.
In unfavourable condition, Amoeba forms a thick wall like structure around it called Cyst. The nucleus of
the Amoeba divides multiple time of form many daughter nuclei. Each nucleus is surrounded by a thin
layer of cytoplasm and forms an amoebula. When favourable condition are experience the cyst opens and
the amoebula develop into separate amoebae.
(Diagram page 21. Fig. 2.7 Binary fission)

4) Give six uses of Fungi?

Ans:-
 a) We get the antibiotic penicillin from the mould penicillicum
b) We eat some types of mushrooms
c) Yeast is a unicellular fungus that is used in the production of bread, wine, soya sauce and so on
d) Some types of fungi are also used in the production of cheese
e) Yeast is a rich source of vitamin B
f) Fungi also help to clean the surroundings of dead matter

6) How does mould get the nutrients from breads?

Ans:- Mould is a saprophyte and gets its nutrients from the decaying bread, she hyphae secrete digestive
juices into the bread. The starch in the bread is broken to simpler forms of sugar and absorbed by the
hyphae.