A Project Report

On
DIGITAL VOLTMETER
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for award of the degree of

DIPLOMA
in

ELECTRICAL&ELECTRONICSENGINEERING

Submitted By

B.V SURYA NARAYANA M.JITHENDRA SRINIVAS K.TEJA SRILAKSHMI

(2124-EE-005) (21243-EE-032) (21243-EE-025)

S.SUNITHA DEVI M.PURNA KUMAR K.VINAY SURYA KUMAR

(21243-EE-052) (21243-EE-34) (21243-EE-024)

K.B V S D SIVAMANI
(21243-EE-022)

Under the Guidance of

M.MADHUSUDHAN REDDY M.Tech

Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENTOFELECTRICAL&ELECTRONICSENGINEERING
SRI VASAVI ENGINEERING COLLEGE (Polytechnic)
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to SBTET-A.P)
Pedatadepalli, Tadepalligudem, W.G. Dt., AP- 534101
2020-2023

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 SRI VASAVI ENGINEERING COLLEGE (Polytechnic)
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to SBTET-A.P) Pedatadepalli,
Tadepalligudem, W.G. Dt., AP- 534101

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL &ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled “DIGITAL VOLTMETER”
is being submitted for partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
Diploma in Electrical & Electronics Engineering from is a bonafide work done by
B.VSURYA NARAYANA(2124-EE-005), M.JITHENDRA SRINIVAS(21243-EE-032),
K.TEJA SRI LAKSHMI (21243-EE025) S.SUNITHA DEVI(21243-EE-052),
M.PURNAKUMAR(21243-EE-34), K.VINAYSURYAKUMAR(21243-EE-024)
K.B V S D SIVAMANI(21243-EE-022) under my super vision and UUIA it has been
verified and found satisfactory for acceptance
According to requirement of the APSBTET.

PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

M.MADHUSUDHAN REDDY M.Tech Dr.D.SudhaRani Ph.D

IN-CHARGEOFPOLYTECHNIC EXTERNALEXAMINER
G. Rama Prasad,M.Tech

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 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the project entitled “DIGITAL VOLTMETER” is

submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Diploma in
Electrical & Electronics Engineering under the supervision of M.MADHUSUDHAN
REDDY Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Sri Vasavi Engineering College.

This is a record of work carried out by us and the work module of the project
presented in this report have not been submitted to any other institution/university
for the award of any degree.

PROJECTASSOCIATES

B.V SURYA NARAYANA (2124-EE-005)

M.JITHENDRA SRINIVAS (21243-EE-032)
K.TEJA SRILAKSHMI (21243-EE-025)
S.SUNITHA DEVI (21243-EE-052)
M.PURNA KUMAR (21243-EE-034)
K.VINAY SURYA KUMAR (21243-EE-024)
K.B V S D SIVAMANI (21243-EE-022)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our deep sense of gratitude and in dabtedness to our
supervisor, M.MADHUSUDHAN REDDY Assistant Professor, EEE
Department in Sri Vasavi Engineering College for her valuable guidance
during the course of this project work. We are much indebted to him for
suggesting a challenging and interactive project and her valuable advice at
every state of this work. We are much thankful to him for her coordination in
this regard.
We convey our heartfelt thanks to Dr. D. Sudha Rani, Professor and
Head of the Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering for
motivating us in successful completion of the project.

We convey our heartfelt thanks to G. Rama Prasad, Sr. Assistant

Professor and In-charge of Polytechnic Courses, for motivating us in
successful completion of the project.

We also thank Dr. G.V.N.S.R. Ratnakara Rao, Principal of

SriVasavi Engineering College, Tadepalligudem for providing necessary
facilities to carry out the project in a successful manner.

An endeavor over long period can also be successful by constant effort

and encouragement. We wish to take this opportunity to express our deep
gratitude to all the people who have extended their cooperation in various
ways during our project work. It is our pleasure to acknowledge the help of all
those respected individuals.

We take this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude to our

family member for their kind cooperation and all of our friends who have
inspired, motivated and lent a helping hand during this project work.

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 CHAPTER -1
GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1-1 Introduction

A digital voltmeter (DVM) attains the required measurement by converting

the analog input signal into digital and when necessary by discrete-time
processing of the converted values. The measurement result is presented in
a digital form that can be coded as a decimal BCD code or a binary code
the main factors that characterize DVMs are speed automatic operation and
programmability in particular they presently offer the best combination of
speed and accuracy lf compared with other available voltage-measuring
instruments moreover capability of automatic operations and program me
ability make DVMs very useful in application where flexibility high
speedandcomputer controllability are required. A typical application field
is therefore that of automatically operated systems when a DVM is directly
interfaced to a digital signal processing (DSP) and used to convert the
analog input voltage into a sequence of sampled values it is usually called
an analog-to-digital converter (ADC).

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Figure (1-1)basic DVM diagram
2

 Highlight
 Add Note
 Share Quote

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CHAPTER ONE GENERAL LNTRODUCTION

1-2 Objecve
1-To design digital voltmeter by using arduino
.

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2-Measure the input voltage range between 0 to 50 by usingvoltage divider.3-
Know how arduino works and how easy it is to use it.

1-3 Literature review

In this section the work related to the digital voltmeter isexpressed. There are
many projects implemented for digitalvoltmeter design. One of these projects
used arduino Nano,resistor 10k ohm, resistor 1k ohm and also used Liquid
CrystalDisplay (LCD) to display the voltage. But not use thepotentiometer. The
analog sensor on the Nano board senses thevoltage on the analog pin and
converts it into a digital formatthat can be processed by the microcontroller. Here,
the inputvoltage is routed to an analog pin through a simple passivevoltage
divider, and with the values shown it can measure dcvoltage in 0v to 55v range.
[3] Figure (1-2) circuit digital voltmeter uno
3

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CHAPTER ONE GENERAL LNTRODUCTION

iii
1-4 Voltage measurementIs one of the most basic measurements in the
electronicmeasurement. Generally, an electronic measuring instrument
isclassified roughly by voltage measurement, current (or charge)measurement,
and measurement of both (electric power andimpedance). For example, the
oscilloscope is a measuring instrumentthat displays the voltage value sensed by
the tip of the probe on thescreen as a time waveform, and it can be called a
voltmeter in a broadsense because the physical value of the target measurement is
thevoltage. However, at present this is a measuring device focused on thehigh-
speed response and sampling rate exceeding several GHz or more,and generally
the precision and resolution of the voltage measurementis not high. The digital
multi meter is the most basic ammeter andvoltmeter, and various lineups like the
hand-held type, bench top typeetc. are available. It is most widely used for
general voltagemeasurement because high accuracy and high resolution
voltagemeasurement devices are available, though it does not match
theoscilloscope with respect to speed. The electrometer has the functionof current
and voltage measurement similar to the digital multi meter.When focusing
attention on the voltage measurement, it can bepositioned with the voltmeter
characterized by the high inputresistance at the measuring terminal by comparing
with the digitalmulti meter. The advantage of the voltage measurement using
theelectrometer is described in this document
.

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CHAPTER ONE GENERAL LNTRODUCTION

1-5 Digital VoltmeterA digital voltmeter (DVM) attains the requiredmeasurement by

converting the analog input signal into digital andwhen necessary by discrete-time processing
of the converted values.The measurement result is presented in a digital form that can becoded
as a decimal BCD code or a binary code the main factors thatcharacterize DVMs are speed
automatic operation andprogrammability in particular they presently offer the bestcombination
of speed and accuracy lf compared with other availablevoltage-measuring instruments
moreover capability of automaticoperations and programmability make DVMs very useful in
applicationwhere flexibility high speed and computer controllability are requiredA typical
application field is therefore that of automatically operatedsystems when a DVM is directly
interfaced to a digital signal processing(DSP) and used to convert the analog input voltage into

iii
a sequence ofsampled values it is usually called an analog-to-digital converter
(ADC
)

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CHAPTER ONE GENERAL LNTRODUCTION

1-6 Scope of report

This project consists of four chapters.In chapter one,

Explanation introduction in general, and explain the digitalvoltmeter, and clarify

the objectives of the project, and literaturereviews that have relation with this
project.Chapter
two, Contains components of project these are explained throughmain
components include arduino uno 328p, Liquid crystaldisplay (LCD) and
other components.Chapter three, Illustrates circuit diagram, design circuit, working circuit,the
problems, program for project, flow chart of project andexamples of voltages.Chapter four,

Will discuss contains conclusion and future work.

6

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CHAPTER TWO LMPLEMENTATION of DIGITAL VOLTMETER

Chapter Two

Implementation of Digital Voltmeter using Arduino

2.1 Introduction2.2 Digital Voltmeter2.3 Component of Digital Voltmeter2.3.1 Arduino2.3 .2

LCD2.3.3 Potentiometer

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CHAPTER TWO LMPLEMENTATION of DIGITAL VOLTMETER

2-3 Component of Digital Voltmeter1-Arduino Uno 328p2-LCD display (2*16)3-100K

Resistor4-10k Resistor5-5k potentiometer6-Some jumper wires7-Breadboard

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CHAPTER TWO LMPLEMENTATION of DIGITAL VOLTMETER

2.1 Introduction

A digital voltmeter, abbreviated as DVM, is a measuringinstrument that displays the value of

an AC and DC voltage directly indecimal numbers instead of a pointer deflection on a
continuous scale.The data output from a digital voltmeter may be fed directly intomemory
devices for further computation and storage. DVM is anaccurate and versatile instrument used
in many laboratoryapplicaons.[1]

In this project we can use arduino's analog to digital converter (ADC)pins to convert analog
voltage values into number representation thatyou can work with. The accuracy of an ADC is
determined by theresolution. In the case of the arduino uno, there is a 10-bit ADC fordoing
your analog conversions. 10-bit means that the ADC cansubdivide (or quanze) analog signal
into 2^10 different values. If youdo the math, you'll find that 2^10 = 1024. Hence, the arduino
can assigna value from to 1023 for any analog value that you give it. Although it ispossible to
change the reference voltage, you'll be using the default 5vreference for the analog work. The
reference voltage determines themax voltage that you are expecting, and therefore, the value
that willbe mapped to 1023. So, with a 5v reference voltage, pu ng 0v on anADC pin returns
a value of 2.5v returns a value of 512(half of 1023) ,and5v returns a value of 1023. [2]

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CHAPTER TWO LMPLEMENTATION of DIGITAL VOLTMETER

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2.2 Digital voltmeter

A digital voltmeter (DVM) attains the required measurement byconverting the analog input
signal into digital and when necessary bydiscrete-time processing of the converted values. The
measurementresult is presented in a digital form that can be coded as a decimal BCDcode or a
binary code the main factors that characterize DVMs arespeed automatic operation and
programmability in particular theypresently offer the best combination of speed and accuracy
lfcompared with other available voltage-measuring instrumentsmoreover capability of
automatic operations and program-mabilitymake DVMs very useful in application where
flexibility high speed
andcomputer controllability are requied A typical application field istherefore that of
automatically operated systems when a DVM isdirectly interfaced to a digital signal processing
(DSP) and used toconvert the analog input voltage into a sequence of sampled values it
isusually called an analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
10

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CHAPTER TWO LMPLEMENTATION of DIGITAL VOLTMETER

2.3 Component of Digital voltmeter2.3.1 Arduino Uno 328p

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on

the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (ofwhich 6 can be used as PWM
outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHzceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an
ICSPheader, and a reset button. Shown in [4]
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CHAPTER TWO LMPLEMENTATION of DIGITAL VOLTMETER

Table 2-1 Features of Arduino Uno 328p.[5]

ATmega328p

Microcontroller5VOperating Voltage

7-12VInput Voltage(recommended)

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6-20VInput Voltage (limit)

14 (of which 6 provide PWMoutput)Digital I/O Pins6PWM Digital I/O Pins6 Analog Input
Pins20 mADC Current per I/O Pins50 mADC Current for 3.3V Pin32 KB (ATmega328P) of
which 0.5KB used by boot loaderFlash Memory2 KB (ATmega328P)

SRAM1 KB (ATmega328P)EEPROM

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CHAPTER TWO LMPLEMENTATION of DIGITAL VOLTMETER

16 MHZClock Speed13LED-BUILTIN68.6 mmLength53.4 mmWidth25 gWeight

It contains everything needed to support the microcontrollershown in igure (2-1); simply

connect it to a computer with a USBcable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to
getstarted.[6]
Figure (2-1) Arduino Uno 328p

13

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CHAPTER TWO LMPLEMENTATION of DIGITAL VOLTMETER

The Uno 328p can be powered vin the USB connection or withan DC supply of 6 to 20 volts.
Figure (2-2) USB and DC input

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If supplied with less than 7V however, the 5V pin may supplyless than five volts and the board
may become unstable. If usingmore than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and
damagethe board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.[6]The digital pins are as follows:

Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit

(TX)TTL serial data. On the Arduino Diecimila, these pins areconnected to the corresponding
pins of the FTDI USB-to-TTLSerial chip. On the Arduino BT, they are connected to
thecorresponding pins of the WT11 Bluetooth module. On
the Arduino Mini and LilyPad Arduino, they are intended for usewith an external TTL serial
module (e.g. the Mini-USB Adapter ) .
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CHAPTER TWO LMPLEMENTATION of DIGITAL VOLTMETER

External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be conigured totrigger an interrupt on a low
value, a rising or falling edge, or achange in value. See the attach Interrupt() function for
details.PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with theanalog Write()
function. On boards with an ATmega8, PWMoutput is available only on pins 9, 10, and 11.BT
Reset: 7. (Arduino BT-only) Connected to the reset line of thebluetooth module.SPI: 10 (SS),

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11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pinssupport SPI communication, which, although
provided by theunderlying hardware, is not currently included in the Arduinolanguage.LED:
13. On the Diecimila and LilyPad, there is a built-in LEDconnected to digital pin 13. When the
pin is HIGH value, the LEDis on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.[7]
Figure (2-3) digital pins

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CHAPTER TWO LMPLEMENTATION of DIGITAL VOLTMETER

Analog Pins

In addition to the specific functions listed below, the analoginput pins support 10-bit analog-to-
digital conversion (ADC)using the analog Read() function. Most of the analog inputs canalso
be used as digital pins: analog input 0 as digital pin 14through analog input 5 as digital pin 19.
Analog inputs 6 and 7(present on the Mini and BT) cannot be used as digital pins.I2C: 4 (SDA)
and 5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI)communication using the Wire library (documentation on
theWiring website.[7]
Figure (2-4) analog pins

Power Pins

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CHAPTER TWO LMPLEMENTATION of DIGITAL VOLTMETER

VIN (sometimes labelled "9V"). The input voltage to the Arduinoboard when it's using an
external power source (as opposed to 5volts from the USB connection or other regulated power
source).You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltagevia the power jack,
access it through this pin. Note that differentboards accept different input voltages ranges,
please see thedocumentation for your board. Also note that the LilyPad has noVIN pin and
accepts only a regulated input.The regulated power supply used to power themicrocontroller
5V and other components on the board. This cancome either from VIN via an on-board
regulator, or be suppliedby USB or another regulated 5V supply.V3: (Diecimila-only) A 3.3
volt supply generated by the on-board FTDI chip.GND: Ground pins.[7]
Figure (2-5) power pins
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CHAPTER TWO LMPLEMENTATION of DIGITAL VOLTMETER

Other Pins:

AREF: Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used withanalog Reference.Reset: (Diecimila-
only) Bring this line LOW to reset themicrocontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to
shieldswhich block the one on the board.[7]
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CHAPTER TWO LMPLEMENTATION of DIGITAL VOLTMETER

2.3.2 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic displaymodule and ind a wide range of
application. A 16x2 LCD displayis very basic module and is very commonly used in
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variousdevices and circuits. These modules are preferred over sevensegments and other multi
segment LEDs. The reasons being:LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no
limitationof displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in sevensegments),
animations and so on. A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line andthere are 2
such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two
registers, namely, commandand Data shown in igure (2-6).The LCDs have a parallel
interface, meaning that themicrocontroller has to manipulate several interface pins at onceto
control the display. The interface consists of the
followingpins: A register select (RS) pin that controls where in the LCD'smemory you're
writing data to. You can select either the dataregister, which holds what goes on the screen, or
an instructionregister, which is where the LCD's controller looks forinstructions on what to do
next. A read/write R/W pin that select reading mode or writing mode. An Enable pin that
enables writing to the register

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CHAPTER TWO LMPLEMENTATION of DIGITAL VOLTMETER

8data pins (D0 -D7). The states of these pins (high or low) arethe bits that you're writing to a
register when you write, or thevalues you're reading when you read.There's also a display
constrast pin (Vo), power supply pins(+5V and Gnd) and LED Backlight (Bklt+ and BKlt-)
pins that youcan use to power the LCD, control the display contrast, and turnon and off the
LED backlight, respectively.
Figure (2-6) LCD

The process of controlling the display involves putting thedata that form the image of what you
want to display into thedata registers, then putting instructions in the instructionregister. The
LiquidCrystal Library simplifies this for you so youdon't need to know the low-level
instructions.[8]
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CHAPTER TWO LMPLEMENTATION of DIGITAL VOLTMETER

2.3.3 Potentiometer

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 A potentiometer is a manually adjustable variable resistorwith 3 terminals. Two terminals are
connected to both ends of aresistive element, and the third terminal connects to a
slidingcontact, called a wiper, moving over the resistive element. Theposition of the wiper
determines the output voltage of thepotentiometer. The potentiometer essentially functions as
avariable voltage divider. The resistive element can be seen astwo resistors in
series(potentiometer resistance), where thewiper position determines the resistance ratio of the
firstresistor to the second resistor A potentiometer is also commonly known as a potmeter
orpot most common form of potmeter is the single turn rotarypotmeter. This type of pot is often
used in audio volume control(logarithmic taper) as well as many other applications.
Differentmaterials are used to construct potentiometers, includingcarbon composition, cermet,
wirewound, conductive plastic ormetal film.[9]
Figure (2-7) potentiometer
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CHAPTER THREE DESIGN AND IMPLEMEMENTATION

Chapter ThreeDesign and implementation3.1 Circuit diagram3.2 Circuit design3.3 Circuit

working3.4 Problems3.5 Programming3.6 Flow chart of project 3.7 Examples of voltages

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CHAPTER THREE DESIGN AND IMPLEMEMENTATION

3-1 Circuit diagram

The circuit diagram is shown in igure (3-1)

Figure (3-1) circuit diagram

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un
o

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CHAPTER THREE DESIGN AND IMPLEMEMENTATION

3-2 Circuit design

In this project we implement an arduino for digital voltmeterusing a related technology. For
measuring voltage less than orequal to 50.Pin 1 and 2 (Vss and Vdd) of the LCD power supply
pins fordisplay. They are connected to ground and +5V supplyrespectively. Pin 3 (Vee) of the
LCD is the contrast adjust pin ofthe display. It is connected to the wiper terminal of the 5KΩ
POTwhile the other terminals of the POT are connected to +5Vsupply and ground
respectively.The next three pins of the LCD are control pins. Pins 4 and 6 (RSand E) of the
LCD are connected to digital input/output pins 8and 9 of Arduino respectively. Pin 5 (RW) of
the LCD isconnected to ground.

The next connections are with respect to data pins. The LCD isused in 4-bit data mode and
hence data pins D4 to D7 are used.Connect pins 11 to 14 (D4 to D7) of the LCD are connected
todigital input/output pins 4 to 7 of the Arduino. Pins 15 and 16are the supply pins of the

iii
backlight LEDs. Pin 15 (LED+) of theLCD is connected to +5V supply . Pin 16 (LED-) of the
LCD isconnected to ground.
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CHAPTER THREE DESIGN AND IMPLEMEMENTATION

The output of the voltage divider circuit consisting of 100KΩresistor and 10KΩ resistor is
connected to the analog input
pin A0 of the Arduino UNO with other end of the 100KΩ resistorconnected to the voltage to be
measured and the other end of the10KΩ resistor connected to the ground.The ground terminal
of the input voltage to be measured and Arduino UNO must be common.[10]

Figure (3-2) circuit design

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CHAPTER THREE DESIGN AND IMPLEMEMENTATION

3-3 Circuit working

The working of the project is explained here:

In a digital voltmeter, the voltages to be measured, which arein analog form, are converted to
digital form with the help of Analog to Digital Converters (ADC). Hence, the ADC feature of
the Arduino UNO is utilized in this
project. In the circuit, which is used to measure a maximum voltage of50V, the input voltage is
given to the analog input pin of the Arduino. The reference voltage of the ADC is 5V. The
ADC in Arduino UNO is of 10-bit resolution. Hence, the input voltage iscalculated by
multiplying the analog value at the analog pin with5 and dividing the value
with 1024. The range of voltages for Arduino UNOs analog input is 0V to5V. Hence, in order
to increase this range, a voltage dividercircuit must be
used. The range of the analog input of Arduino UNO is increased upto 50V by using a voltage
divider consisting of 100KΩ resistorand 10KΩ resistor. With the help of the voltage divider
circuit,the input voltage being measured is brought down to the rangeof Arduino UNOs analog
input.The rest of the calculations are made in the programming part ofthe Arduino UNO.[10]

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CHAPTER THREE DESIGN AND IMPLEMEMENTATION

3-4 Probleme

In this project we encountered many problems building theproject of most of these problems.1-
The difficulty of using caustic welding for the first time.2-The difficulty of the work and write
the code compiler becauseof us doesn't have knowingly about processing of program.3-We
encountered some difficulty in programming the LCDdisplay.4-There is a small difference in
measured volvulity and this isdue to the use of voltage divider.5- The battery connected to
arduino is low on power and notdischarge.

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CHAPTER THREE DESIGN AND IMPLEMEMENTATION

3-5 Programming
Programming code LCD with arduino:

Include<Liquidcrystal . h>
#
Liquidcrystal lcd (7,8,9,10,11,12) ;Void setup(){Lcd. Begin(16,2) ;Lcd. Print ("Hello
world") ;}Void loop(){Lcd. Setcursor(0,1) ;Lcd. Print(millisc)/1000) ;}

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CHAPTER THREE DESIGN AND IMPLEMEMENTATION

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Programming code main circuit with arduino:
:
include the library code
//
include <LiquidCrystal.h>
#

initialize the library by associating any needed LCD interfacepin

//

with the arduino pin number it is connected to

//
const int rs = 2, en = 3, d4 = 4, d5 = 5, d6 = 6, d7 = 7;LiquidCrystal lcd(rs, en, d4, d5, d6, d7);int
analogInput = 2;loat Vout = 0.00;loat Vin = 0.00;loat R1 = 100000.00;loat R2 =
10000.00;int val = 0;void setup()
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CHAPTER THREE DESIGN AND IMPLEMEMENTATION

pinMode(analogInput, INPUT);

Serial.begin(9600); //BaudRate

;
)
lcd.begin(16, 2

lcd.print("DIGITAL VOLTMETER");}void loop() {val = analogRead(analogInput);//reads the

analog input

Vout = (val * 4.99) / 1024.00; // formula for calculating voltageout i.e. V+, here 5.00

Vin = Vout / (R2 / (R1 + R2)); // formula for calculating voltagein i.e. GND

if (Vin < 0.1) //condition{

!
Vin = 0.00; //statement to quash undesired reading}

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CHAPTER THREE DESIGN AND IMPLEMEMENTATION

;
=" )
Serial.print("\t Voltage of the given source

;
)
Serial.println(Vi

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);;
) "=
lcd.print("Voltage;
)
lcd.print(Vin

delay(100);

delay(1000); //for maintaining the speed of the output in serialmoniter

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CHAPTER THREE DESIGN AND IMPLEMEMENTATION

3-6 Flow chart for project

‫ﻨ‬‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻧ‬

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Start Assemble the tools that need inproject a n d c o n n e c t t o e t h e r We made a box for the
circuit Fix the control tools on the boxProgram the arduino and build thecircuit Program the LCD by
arduinoEnd

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CHAPTER THREE DESIGN AND IMPLEMEMENTATION

3-7 Examples of voltages

Figure (3-3) examples of voltages

28Figure (3-3) example of voltage

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CHAPTER THREE DESIGN AND IMPLEMEMENTATION

Figure (3-4) examples of voltages

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CHAPTER FOUR CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

Chapter FourConclusion and Future Work 4-1 Conclusion4-2 Future Work

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CHAPTER FOUR CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

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4-1 Conclusion
The versatility, accuracy, precision, robustness of digitalelectronic devices. Can not be matched
with that of analogdevices as the former ones are far more superior.
Digitalvoltmeter is a very simple example of a digital electronicdevice.

The disadvantage of using voltage divider based voltmeter isthe error of measurement
hence, we need multiple ranges ofvoltmeter. In order to reduce the error , the ratio of R1 and
R2 inthe voltage divider must be minimum. We choose R1 as100kohm and R2 10kohm then it
is possible to measure thevoltages up to 50v .
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CHAPTER FOUR CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

4-2 Future Work

The circuit can be extended to measure even Ac voltages with slightmodification circuit and
code. Now a days digital voltmeter are alsoreplaced by digital miltimeters due to its
multitasking feature i.e. It canbe used for measuring current, voltage and resistance. But still
there aresome fields where separated digital voltmeters are being used.
Figure (4-1) digital multimeter device

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CHAPTER FOUR CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

References
[1] Book electronic instrumentation and measurement. Page142[2] Book exploring
arduino : tools and techniques forengineering wizardy,2013,Jeremy blum, page 170. -digital-
nanoprojects /-www.codrey.com/arduino[3] https://voltmeter.rev3.–uno–. Arduino.cc/usa/
arduinohttps://store[4]. Arduino. cc/en/products/compare.https://www[5]. Arduino
.cc/en/main/arduinoboarduno 328p.https://www[6]. Arduino
.cc/en/reference/board.https://www[7]. Arduino .cc/en/tutorial/hello
world.https://www[8].www.resistorguide.com/potentiometer/[9]–arduino–. Electronics
hub.org/digitalhttps://www[10]voltmeter/.

[11] hp:\\WWW.Keysight.Com Voltage Measurements[12] hp:\\WWW.engnetbase.Com

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Abstract
It's easy to make a simple digital voltmeter using an Arduino and 16x2 liquid crystal display (
LCD). It's relativelysimple to use an Arduino to measure voltages. The Arduino hasseveral
analog input pins that connect to an analog-to-digitalconverter (ADC) inside the Arduino. The
Arduino ADC is a ten-bitconverter, meaning that the output value will range from 0 to1023.
We will obtain this value by using the analog Read()function. If you know the reference
voltage--in this case we willuse 5 V--you can easily calculate the voltage present at theanalog
input.

To display the measured voltage, we will use a liquid crystaldisplay (LCD) that has two lines
of 16characters. LCDs are widelyused to display data by devices and
it has a lot of electricalappliancesThis project will also show you how to measure
voltagesabove the reference voltage by using a voltage divider

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