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Vdocuments - MX - Design of Rectangular Water Tank 1
Vdocuments - MX - Design of Rectangular Water Tank 1
Vdocuments - MX - Design of Rectangular Water Tank 1
2.5 m F
2
3.5 m 24.5 KN / m
1m
D
2
34.3 KN / m
Elevation Plan
2
MAD = w x l / 12 =
2
= 24.5 x 4 / 12 = -32.66 KNm
Kani's Method :-
- 32.66 73.5
-3/10 40.84 -2/10
0 -12.25 -8.17 0
0 -12.25 -8.17 0
D 0 A 0 B
-57.16 57.16
Rotation factor at Joint A
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Sum of FEM
MAF = 73.5-32.66
40.84 KNm
F
MAB = MAB + 2 MAB' + MBA'
= 73.5 + 2 x (- 8.17 ) + 0
= 57.16
F
MAD = MAD + 2 MAD' + MDA'
= (- 32.66 ) + 2 x (- 12.25 ) + 0
= -57.16
2
B.M. at centre of long span = w x l / 8 - 57.16
2
= 24.5 x 6 / 8 - 57.16
53.09 KNm
2
B.M. at centre of short span = w x l / 8 - 57.16
2
= 24.5 x 4 / 8 - 57.16
-8.16 KNm
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2
Provide 16 mm O bar @ 200 mm C/C…marked(b) = 1005 mm
From Table 9-3 minimum reinforcement 0.16 %
Distribution steel = 0.16 / 100 x 1000 x 450
2
= 720 mm
2
On each face = 360 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar
2
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m / m
= 50.24 x 1000 /360
= 139.55556 mm
2
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 130 mm C/C…marked(d) = 385 mm
Vertical Steel ( c)
Provide 10 mm O bar
2
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m / m
= 78.50 x 1000 /360
= 218.05556 mm
2
Provide 10 mm O bar @ 200 mm C/C…marked(c) = 392 mm
Horizontal steel :-
2
Remote face ( b) - Provide 16 mm O @ 200 mm C/C = 1005 mm
2
Liquid face ( d) - Provide 8 mm O @ 130 mm C/C = 385 mm
2
Vertical Steel ( c) - Provide 10 mm O @ 200 mm C/C both faces = 392 mm
At centre
M= 8.16 KNm
T= 73.5 KN tension on liquid face
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Horizontal steel :-
2
Remote face ( e) - Provide 12 mm O @ 130 mm C/C = 869 mm
2
Liquid face ( d) - Provide 8 mm O @ 130 mm C/C = 385 mm
2
Vertical Steel ( c) - Provide 10 mm O @ 200 mm C/C both faces = 392 mm
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Table 26 αx = 0.085
αy = 0.056
2
Mx = αx x w x lx My = αy x w x lx2
2 2
= 0.085 x 9.38 x 4.5 = 0.056 x 9.38 x 4.5
= 16.15
From Table KNm
6-3 ,Q = 2.76 = 10.64 KNm
drequired = M/Qxb
6
= 16.15 x 10 / 2.76 x 1000
= 76.50 mm
dshort = 150 - 15(cover) - 5
= 130 > 76.50 mm …………(O.K.)
dlong = 130 - 10 = 120 mm
Larger depth is provided due to deflection check.
2 6
Mu / b x d (short) = 16.15 x 10 / 1000 x 130 x 130
= 0.96
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 [(1-0.88) x 20 / 415 ]
= 0.29%
2 6
Mu / b x d (long) = 10.64 x 10 / 1000 x 120 x 120
= 0.74
2
Pt
√
= 50 1- 1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d )
fy / fck
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= 50 [(1-0.91) x 20 / 415 ]
= 0.22%
Provide 8 mm O bar
2
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m / m
= 50.24 x 1000 /264
= 190 mm
2
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 190 mm c/c = 264 mm .
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4m
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TABLE 9-6
Balanced Design Factors for members in bending
For M20 Grade Concrete Mix
Mild steel HYSD bars
d/D 2 2
Q = M / bD Pt Q = M / bD Pt
0.75 0.3 0.4 0.295 0.289
0.8 0.305 0.37 0.299 0.272
TABLE 9-5
Members in bending ( Cracked condition )
Coefficients for balanced design
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D/2
e=M/T
TABLE 9-3
Minimum Reinforcement for Liquid Retaining Structures
% of reinforcement
Thickness, mm
Mild Steel HYSD bars
100 0.3 0.24
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Elevation
1500
450
1000 16 O @ 130 c/c (a)
(a) ( a ) 1000
(b) (d)
1000
450
1500 1500
6000
450 450
Section A-A
Table 6-3
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2
Limiting Moment of resistance factor Q lim, N / mm
2
2 fy, N / mm
fck N / mm
250 415 500 550
15 2.22 2.07 2.00 1.94
20
25 2.96
3.70 2.76
3.45 2.66
3.33 2.58
3.23
30 4.44 4.14 3.99 3.87
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Pt,bal
1.36
0.98
1.2
0.61
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D= M/Qxb
= √44.1 x 10 6
/ 0.306 x 1000
= 379.6 mm,
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1000
203.56
400 367
163.44
checking :
modular ratio m = 280 / 3 x σcbc
= 13.33
2
b x D / 2 + Ast ( m - 1 ) x d
x=
b x D + ( m - 1 ) x Ast
2
= ( 1000 x 400 / 2 ) + ( 706 x ( 13.33 - 1 ) x 367 )
( 1000 x 400 ) + ( ( 13.33 - 1 ) x 706 )
= 203.56 mm
D-x= 196.44 mm
d-x= 163.44 mm
AT = b x D + ( m - 1 ) x Ast
= 1000 x 400 + (13.33 - 1 ) x 706
2
= 408705 mm
Ixx = ( 1 / 3 ) x b x ( x3 + ( D - x )3 ) + ( m - 1 ) x Ast x ( d - x )2
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3 3 2
= ( 1 / 3 ) x 1000 x ( 203.56 + 196.44 ) + ( 13.33 - 1 ) x 706 x 163.44
= 5.34E+09 + 2.33E+08
4
= 5.57E+09 mm
fct = T / AT
= 19.6 x 10 3 / 408705
2
= 0.048 N / mm
fcbt = M x ( d - x ) / Ixx
6 9
= 26.13 x 10 x 163.44 / 5.57 x 10
2
= 0.767 N / mm
check :
≤1
( fct / σct ) + ( f cbt / σcbt )
( 0.048 / 1.2 ) + ( 0.767 / 1.7 ) ≤ 1 From Table 9-2
0.04 + 0.4512 ≤ 1
0.4912 ≤ 1 ………………….. ( O. K. )
At centre :
M= 19.6 KNm
T= 19.6 KN
From Table 9-5
Ast1 for moment = M / σst x j x d
6
= 19.6 x 10 / 150 x 0.872 x 367
2
= 408 mm
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Base slab :-
Base slab is resting on ground. For a water head 3 m, provide 150 mm thick slab.
From table 9-3
Minimum steel = 0.229%
= 0.229 / 100 x 1000 x 150
2 2
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2
Maximum moment = 9.38 x 4 / 8
= 18.76 KNm
= √18.76 x 10 6
/ 2.76 x 1000
= 82.44 mm
dprovided = 150 - 15(cover) - 6
= 129 > 82.44 …………(O.K.)
Larger depth is provided due to deflection check.
Design for flexure :
2 6
Mu / b x d = 18.76 x 10 / 1000 x 129 x 129
= 1.13
Pt = 50 1-√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
= 50 [(1-0.86) x 20 / 415 ]
= 0.34%
Provide 6 mm O bar
2
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m / m
= 28.26 x 1000 /180
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= 157 mm
2
Provide 6 mm O bar @ 150 mm c/c = 188 mm .
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nomy, the
e done for
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Table 9-2
Permissible concrete stresses in calculations relating
to resistance to cracking
2
Grade of Permissible stresses in N / mm
Direct Tension due to Shear stress
concrete
tension σct bending σcbt v= V / b j d
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150
12 O @ 200 c/c
Section A-A
2000 B 8 O @ 140 mm c/c
400
900 16 O @ 200 c/c ( chipiya )
12 O @ 160 c/c(chipiya)
900
900
400
2000 2000
B
8000
150
8 O @ 140 c/c
3000
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Section B- B
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2 6 2
Mu / b x d = 24 x 10 / 1000 x (160)
= 0.94
Pt = 50 1 -√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d )
2
fy / fck
= 50 [(1-0.84) x 15 / 415 ]
= 0.289%
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= 12.1
Design shear strength = 0.85 √ 0.8 x 15 ( √ 1 + 5 x 12.1 - 1 )
c
6 x 12.1
= 0.277
IS 456-2000 Table 19 from table 7-1
2
for Pt = 0.144 c = 0.28
N / mm
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Vu = 24 KN
Development length of bars Ld = O σs / 4 x bd = 56 O ( from Table 7-6 )
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 ≥ Ld
6 3
1.3 x ( 12.81 x 10 / 24 x 10 ) + 8 O ≥ 56 O
693.875 + 8 O ≥ 56 O
48 O ≤ 693.88
which gives O ≤ 14.46 mm ……………….( O.K.)
Check for deflection : -
Basic ( span / d ) ratio = 20
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 462 / 1000 x 160
= 0.289
IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
modification factor = 1.42
( span / d ) ratio permissible = 1.42 x 20
= 28.4
Actual (span / d ) ratio = 4000 / 160
= 25.00 < 28.4 ……………….( O.K.)
The depth could be reduced
Check for cracking : -
IS 456-2000 , clause 26.3.3
Main bars : maximum spacing permitted = 3 x effective depth of slab or 300 mm
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NOTE : -
If clear span = 3.77 m , effective span = 3.77 + 0.23 = 4 m OR
effective span = 3.77 + 0.16 ( effective depth ) = 3.93 m
0.6 % for mild steel reinforcement and 0.3 to 0.4 % for HYSD Fe415 grade
reinforcement
NOTE : -
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fy / fck
2
we get , Mu1 / b x d = 0.49
2 -6
Mu1 = 0.49x 1000 x 160 x 10
= 12.54 KNm
160
180
8 O @ 230 c/c
400 10 O @ 170 c/c 400
( alternate bent )
4000
whichever is small
.) i.e. 300 mm
450 mm whichever is small
or 450 mm i.e. 450 mm
.)
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ngth , l0
HYSD
is not
steel (
hose
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S
S2 S1
A 3m B 1.2m C
S2 S1
A 3m B 1.2m C
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= 4.32 KNm
shear = Reaction at A = w x l / 2 - Moment @ B at distance 3 m
= 9 x 3 / 2 - 4.32 / 3
= 12.06 KN
Point of zero shear from A = 12.06 ( KN ) / 9 ( KN / m )
= 1.34 m
2
Maximum positive moment = 12.06 x 1.34 - W x l / 2
2
= 12.06 x 1.34 - 9 x 1.34 / 2
= 8.08 KNm
(2) To get maximum negative moment and maximum shear at B,
the slab is loaded with full loads as shown in fig (b)
2
Maximum negative moment = w x l + w x l / 2
2
= 2.8 x 1.2 + 10.5 x 1.2 / 2
= 10.92 KNm
Maximum shear at B
Vu,BA = w x l / 2 + Moment @ B at distance 3 m
= 9 x 3 / 2 + 10.92 / 3
= 17.14 KN
Vu,BC = w x l + 2.8
= 10.5 x 1.2 + 2.8
= 15.4 KN
Moment steel :
Maximum moment = 10.92 KNm
From Table 6-3 Q = 2.22
drequired = √M / Q x b
= √10.92 x 10
6
/ 2.22 x 1000
= 70.14 mm,
dprovided = 120 - 15 - 6 ( assume 12 O bar )
= 99 mm, ……………….( O.K.)
2 6 2
Mu / b x d ( + ) = 8.08 x 10 / 1000 x (99)
= 0.82
Pt = 50 1 -√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d )
2
fy / fck
= 50 [(1-0.865) x 15 / 250 ]
= 0.405%
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Provide 10 mm O bar
2
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m / m
= 78.5 x 1000 / 401
= 195.76 mm
2
Provide 10 mm O bar@170 mm c/c = 462 mm . ( alternate bent up )
6 2
Mu / b x d2 ( - ) = 10.92 x 10 / 1000 x (99)
= 1.11
Pt = 50 1 -√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d )
2
fy / fck
= 50 [(1-0.812) x 15 / 250 ]
= 0.564%
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= O x 0.87 x 250 / 4 x 1
= 54.4 O
Ld = 54.4 x ( 10 + 12 ) / 2
= 598 mm. say 600 mm
As a thumb rule, a bar shall be given an anchorage equal to the length of
the cantilever.
Check for development length : -
Assuming L0 = 12 O (mild steel )
2
At A , Pt = 100 x As / b x d Half bars bent = 462 / 2 = 231 mm )
= 100 x 231 / 1000 x 99
= 0.233
From equation OR
Pt = 50 1 -√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d )
2
Mu1 = 0.87 x fy
fy / fck = 0.87 x 25
2
we get , Mu1 / b x d = 0.487 = 4.974
2 -6
Mu1 = 0.487 x 1000 x 99 x 10 = 4.78
= 4.77 KNm
Vu = 12.06 KN
Development length of bars L d = O σs / 4 x bd = O x 0.87 x 250 / 4 x 1 =54.4 O
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 ≥ Ld
6 3
1.3 x ( 4.77 x 10 / 12.06 x 10 ) + 12 O ≥ 54.4 O
514.18 + 12 O ≥ 54.4 O
42.4 O ≤ 514.18
which gives O ≤ 12.13 mm ……………….( O.K.)
2
At B , Pt = 100 x As / b x d Half bars bent = 462 / 2 = 231 mm )
= 100 x 231 / 1000 x 99
= 0.233
From equation OR
Pt = 50 1 -√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d )
2
Mu1 = 0.87 x fy
fy / fck = 0.87 x 25
2
we get , Mu1 / b x d = 0.487 = 4.974
2 -6
Mu1 = 0.487 x 1000 x 99 x 10 = 4.78
= 4.77 KNm
Near point of contraflexure i.e. 0.15 x l from B
Vu = 17.14 - ( 0.15 x 3 ) x 9 = 13.09 KN
Development length of bars L d = O σs / 4 x bd = O x 0.87 x 250 / 4 x 1 =54.4 O
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 ≥ Ld
6 3
1.3 x ( 4.77 x 10 / 13.09 x 10 ) + 12 O ≥ 54.4 O
473.72 + 12 O ≥ 54.4 O
42.4 O ≤ 473.72
which gives O ≤ 11.2 mm ……………….( O.K.)
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Vu = 17.14 KN
Shear stress v = Vu / b x d
3
= 17.14 x 10 / 1000 x 99
2
= 0.173 N / mm < c ……………….( O.K.)
Pt = 100 x As / b x d = 100 x 563 / 1000 x 99
= 0.569
Design shear strength c = 0.85 √ 0.8 x fck ( √ 1 + 5 x β - 1 )
6xβ
β = 0.8 x fck / 6.89 Pt , but not less than 1.0
= 0.8 x 15 / 6.89 x 0.569
= 3.06
Design shear strength = 0.85 √ 0.8 x 15 ( √ 1 + 5 x 3.06 - 1 )
c
6 x 3.06
= 0.487
IS 456-2000 Table 19 from table 7-1
2
for Pt = 0.569 c = 0.48
N / mm
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0.15m B3
B2 B1
1m high parapet
6m S2 S1
B4
0.15m
0.15m 0.15m
lx = 3m 1.2m
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KNm
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1200 1200
120 125
10 O @ 170 c/c
6 O @ 150 c/c
6 O @ 150 c/c
300 600
150 3000 150 1200
hichever is small
i.e. 297 mm
.)
450 mm whichever is small
or 450 mm i.e. 450 mm
.)
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fy / fck
= 50 [(1-0.867) x 15 / 415 ]
= 0.240%
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2
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m / m
= 50.24 x 1000 / 188
= 267.23 mm
2
Provide 8 mm O bar@ 260 mm c/c = 193 mm .
This will be provided by minimum steel of edge strip,
At corner B , steel required = ( 1/2 ) x 188
2
= 94 mm .
Provide 8 mm O bar
2
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m / m
= 50.24 x 1000 / 180
= 279.11 mm
2
Provide 8 mm O bar@ 260 mm c/c = 193 mm .
This will be provided by minimum steel .
Note that positive reinforcements are not curtailed because if they are curtailed , the
remaining bars do not provide minimum steel.
Check for shear : -
At point 1 or 3
S.F. = w x l / 2 + Moment @ point 1 or 3 in that span
= 11.625 x 5 / 2 + 13.66 / 5
= 31.795 KN
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 335 / ( 1000 x 130 )
= 0.258
from table 7-1
2
for Pt = 0.258 , c = 0.354 N / mm 0.25 differen 0.11
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1 0.242 differe ? -0.1065
k = 1.3 for 150 mm slab depth
Design shear strength = 1.3 x 0.354
= 0.460 N / mm2 ……………….( O.K.)
OR
Design shear strength c = 0.85 √ 0.8 x fck ( √ 1 + 5 x β - 1 )
6xβ
β = 0.8 x fck / 6.89 Pt , but not less than 1.0
= 6.75
Design shear strength c = 0.85 √ 0.8 x 15 ( √ 1 + 5 x 6.75 - 1 )
6 x 6.75
= 0.356
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1
k = 1.3 for 150 mm slab depth
Design shear strength = 1.3 x 0.356
2
= 0.463 N / mm ……………….( O.K.)
Actual shear stress = Vu / b x d
3
= 31.795 x 10 / ( 1000 x 130 )
2
= 0.245 N / mm < c ……………….( O.K.)
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At point 4 or 5
S.F. = w x l / 2
= 11.625 x 5 / 2
= 29.06 KN
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 251 / ( 1000 x 120 )
= 0.209
from table 7-1
2
for Pt = 0.209 , c = 0.321 N / mm 0.1 differenc 0.07
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1 0.041 differe ? -0.0287
k = 1.3 for 150 mm slab depth
Design shear strength = 1.3 x 0.321
2
= 0.417 N / mm
OR
Design shear strength c = 0.85 √ 0.8 x fck ( √ 1 + 5 x β - 1 )
6xβ
β = 0.8 x fck / 6.89 Pt , but not less than 1.0
= 8.33
Design shear strength = 0.85 √ 0.8 x 15 ( √ 1 + 5 x 8.33 - 1 )
c
6 x 8.33
= 0.326
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1
k = 1.3 for 150 mm slab depth
Design shear strength = 1.3 x 0.326
2
= 0.424 N / mm
Actual shear stress = Vu / b x d
3
= 29.06 x 10 / ( 1000 x 120 )
= 0.242 N / mm < c
……………….( O.K.)
Check for development length : -
This is critical at point 4 or 5.
At point 4 or 5 , Vu = 29.06 KN No bar is curtailed or bent up.
Assuming L0 = 8 O (HYSD Fe415 steel )
Pt = 100 x As / b x d
= 100 x 251 / 1000 x 120
= 0.209
From equation OR
Pt = 50 1 -√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d )
2
Mu1 = 0.87 x fy
fy / fck = 0.87 x 41
2
we get , Mu1 / b x d = 0.711 = 10.875
2 -6
Mu1 = 0.711 x 1000 x 120 x 10 = 10.246
= 10.24 KNm
Development length of bars L d = O σs / 4 x bd =54.3 O (From Table 7-6 )
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1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 ≥ Ld
6 3
1.3 x ( 10.246 x 10 / 29.06 x 10 ) + 8 O ≥ 54.3 O
458.36 + 8 O ≥ 54.3 O
46.3 O ≤ 458.36
which gives O ≤ 9.90 mm ……………….( O.K.)
Short span Vu = 11.25 x ( 4.5 / 2 ) = 25.31 KN
Assuming L0 = 8 O (HYSD Fe415 steel )
Pt = 100 x As / b x d
= 100 x 462 / 1000 x 160
= 0.289
From equation OR
Pt = 50 1 -√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d )
2
Mu1 = 0.87 x fy
fy / fck = 0.87 x 41
2
we get , Mu1 / b x d = 0.9595 = 26.689
2 -6
M = 0.9595 x 1000 x 160 x 10 = 24.554
u1
= 24.56 KNm
Development length of bars L d = O σs / 4 x bd =56 O (From Table 7-6 )
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 ≥ Ld
6 3
1.3 x ( 24.56 x 10 / 25.31 x 10 ) + 8 O ≥ 56 O
1261.5 + 8 O ≥ 56 O
48 O ≤ 1261.5
which gives O ≤ 26.28 mm ……………….( O.K.)
Note that the bond is usually critical along long direction.
Check for deflection : -
Basic ( span / d ) ratio = 26
positive moment steel = 251 mm2.
actual d = 150 - 15 -8 - 4
= 123 mm.
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 251 / 1000 x 123 240.7
= 0.204
IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
modification factor = 1.65
( span / d ) ratio permissible = 1.65 x 26
= 42.9
Actual (span / d ) ratio = 5000 / 123
= 40.65 < 42.9 ……………….( O.K.)
Check for cracking : -
IS 456-2000 , clause 26.3.3
(1) Main bars : maximum spacing permitted = 3 x effective depth of slab or 3
= 3 x 130 = 390 mm
spacing provided = 200 mm < 300 mm ……………….( O.
(2) Distribu. bars : maximum spacing permitted = 5 x effective depth of slab or 4
= 5 x 120 = 600 mm
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Provide 8 mm O bar 2
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m / m
= 50.24 x 1000 / 180
= 279.11 mm
2
Provide 8 mm O bar@ 260 mm c/c = 193 mm . for uniformity in spacing.
For clarity , top and bottom reinforcements are shown separately.
B c
/
c
0
625 3750 625 ip
rt 6
2
s
e @
g O c
d
8 /c
625 E
ip
rt 0
A 0 A
S 2
3750 S1 le @
d
id O
M 8
p
ir c
/c
625
t
s 0
e 6
g 2
d
E @
O
8
B 8 O @ 150 c/c
500 8 O @ 200 c/c 8 O @ 260 c/c
150
8 O @ 260 c/c
1500 1500
625 3750 625
Section A-A
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5m
5m S1
7
4
.0
0
- 1
B
5 -
3
0
.
ip p
ir 0 3
tr ts 5
5m s S1
e e 2 0.035
g g
d Middle Strip d
E E
A 4 B
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00 mm whichever is small
or 300 mm i.e. 300 mm
.)
50 mm whichever is small
or 450 mm i.e. 450 mm
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.)
1000
c
/
c
0
625 3750 625 ip
rt 4
2
s
e @
g O /c
1000 625 d
1500 1500 E 8 c
ip
rt 0
4
500 S 1
3750 S1 le @
d
0 id O
0 M 8
5 c
625 1 p
ir /c
t
s 0
e 4
0 g 2
0 d
5 E @
1 O
8
8 O @ 140 c/c
8 O @ 240 c/c 500 8 O @ 240 c/c
150
8 O @ 180 c/c
8 O @ 240 c/c
1500 1500
625 3750 625
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0.047
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Solution :HYSD
- reinforcement of grade Fe415
Try 120 mm thick slab DL LL
2
Dead load 0.12 x 25 = 3 0 KN / m
2
floor finish = 1 0 KN / m
2
live load = 0 3 KN / m
2
Total 4 3 KN / m
factored load = 1.5 ( 4 + 3 )
2
= ( 6 + 4.5 ) KN / m
Consider 1 m wide strip of the slab.
( 6 + 4.5 ) KN / m
1 2 2 2 1
A 3m B 3m C 3m D 3m E 3m F
The factored moments at different points using the coefficients are as follows :
2 2
Mu1 ( + ) = ( 1 / 12 ) x w ( DL ) x l + ( 1 / 10 ) x w ( LL ) x l
2 2
= ( 1 / 12 ) x 6 x 3 + ( 1 / 10 ) x 4.5 x 3
= 4.5 + 4.05
= 8.55 KNm
2 2
Mu2 ( + ) = ( 1 / 16 ) x w ( DL ) x l + ( 1 / 12 ) x w ( LL ) x l
2 2
= ( 1 / 16 ) x 6 x 3 + ( 1 / 12 ) x 4.5 x 3
= 3.38 + 3.38
= 6.75 KNm
2 2
Mu3 ( - ) = ( 1 / 10 ) x w ( DL ) x l + ( 1 / 9 ) x w ( LL ) x l
2 2
= ( 1 / 10 ) x 6 x 3 + ( 1 / 9 ) x 4.5 x 3
= 5.4 + 4.5
= 9.9 KNm
2 2
Mu4 ( - ) = ( 1 / 12 ) x w ( DL ) x l + ( 1 / 9 ) x w ( LL ) x l
2 2
= ( 1 / 12 ) x 6 x 3 + ( 1 / 9 ) x 4.5 x 3
= 4.50 + 4.50
=9 KNm
Maximum shear is Vu(BA) = 0.6 x w x l + 0.6 x w x l
= 0.6 x 6 x 3 + 0.6 x 4.5 x 3
= 18.9 KN
Maximum moment is Mu3 ( - ) = 9.9 KNm
From Table 6-3 Q = 2.07
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drequired =√M / Q x b
= √9.9 x 10
6
/ 2.07 x 1000
= 69.2 mm,
Try 110 mm overall depth
dprovided = 110 - 15 - 5 ( assume 10 O bar )
= 90 mm, ……………….( O.K.)
Pt = 50 1 -√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d )
2
fy / fck
Ast = Pt x b x d / 100
2
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m / m
Table
Factored Ast
point moment 2
Mu/(b x d ) Pt 2
Steel Provided
KNm mm
10 mm O @ 440 c/c + 8 mm O @ 440 c/c
1(+) 8.55 1.06 0.322 290 = 178 +114 = 292 mm 2 (Half 10 O+half 8 O)
8 mm O @ 220 c/c
2(+) 6.75 0.83 0.248 223 2
= 228 mm
10 mm O @ 220 c/c
3(-) 9.9 1.22 0.38 342 2
= 357 mm
10 mm O @ 220 c/c
4(-) 9.0 1.11 0.34 306 2
= 357 mm
For Main steel ,HYSD Fe415 reinforcement
minimum steel area = ( 0.12 / 100 ) x 1000 x 110
2
= 132 mm
For Distribution steel , mild steel Fe250 reinforcement
minimum steel area = ( 0.15 / 100 ) x 1000 x 110
2
= 165 mm
Use 6 mm O
2
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m / m
= 28.26 x 1000 /165
= 171
2
Use 6 mm O @ 160 mm c/c = 177 mm .
Note that the positive bars cannot be curtailed as the remaining bars in the internal
spans ( + ve moment ) will not provide minimum area.
2
Provide 50 % Ast at end support top bars i.e. 292 / 2 = 146 mm .
Use 8 mm O 2
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m / m
= 50.24 x 1000 /146
= 344
2
Use 8 mm O @ 340 mm c/c = 148 mm .
Check for shear : -
Maximum shear = 18.9 KN
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1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 ≥ Ld
6 3
1.3 x ( 8.64 x 10 / 13.28 x 10 ) + 8 O ≥ 56.4 O
845.783 + 8 O ≥ 56.4 O
48.4 O ≤ 845.78
which gives O ≤ 17.47 mm ……………….( O.K.)
At support B, point of contraflexure is assumed at 0.15 x l from B
Vu = 18.9 - 0.15 x 3 x 10.5
= 14.18 KN
Mu1 = 8.64 KNm as before
L0 = 12 O ( actual anchorage is more than 12 O but L 0 is limited to 12 O or d
, i.e. 90 mm whichever is greater )
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 ≥ Ld
6 3
1.3 x ( 8.64 x 10 / 14.18 x 10 ) + 12 O ≥ 56.4 O
792.102 + 12 O ≥ 56.4 O
44.4 O ≤ 792.1
which gives O ≤ 17.84 mm ……………….( O.K.)
Check for deflection : -
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Maximum positive moment occurs in span AB. Therefore, this check is critical in span
Basic ( span / d ) ratio = 26
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 292 / 1000 x 90
= 0.324
IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
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of theinlongest,
used design the
maybending moments
be obtained usingand
theshear forces
coefficients
given in Table 12 and Table 13 respectively.
For moments at supports where two unequal spans
meet or in case where the spans are not equally loaded,
the average of the two values for the negative moment
at the support may be taken for design.
Where coefficients given in Table 12 are used for
calculation of bending moments, redistribution referred
to in 22.7 shall not be permitted.
(22.5.2 ) Beams and Slabs Over Free End Supports
Where a member is built into a masonry wall which
develops only partial restraint, the member shall be
designed to resist a negative moment at the face of the
support of Wl / 24 where W is the total design load
and I is the effective span, or such other restraining
moment as may be shown to be applicable. For such a
condition shear coefficient given in Table 13 at the
end support may be increased by 0.05.
Table 12 Bending Moment coefficients
Span moments Support m
Type of load Near middle At middle of At support next to
of end span interior span the end support
Dead load and imposed + 1 / 12 + 1 / 16 -1 / 10
load ( fixed )
imposed load ( + 1 / 10 + 1 / 12 -1 / 9
not fixed )
NOTE -For obtaining the bending moment, the coefficient shall be multiplie
design load and effective span.
Table 13 Shear Force coefficients
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110 90
6 O @ 160 c/c
8 O @ 440 c/c 8 O @ 220 c/c
+ 10 O @ 440 c/c
3000 3000
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2
2 mm )
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hichever is small
i.e. 270 mm
.)
450 mm whichever is small
or 450 mm i.e. 450 mm
.)
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oments
At other interior
supports
-1 / 12
-1 / 9
by the total
At all other
interior
supports
0.5
0.6
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( 0.3 l1 )
900
10 O @ 220 c/c
3000
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= √23.7 x 10
6
/ 2.07 x 1000
= 107 mm,
dshort provided = 180 - 15 - 5 ( assume 10 O bar )
= 160 mm, > 107 mm ……………….( O.K.)
dlong provided = 160 - 10
= 150 mm, > 107 mm
Larger depth is provided due to deflection check.
2 6 2
Mu / b x d ( short ) = 23.7 x 10 / 1000 x (160)
= 0.926
2
Pt = 50 1- 1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d )
fy / fck
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415 / 15
= 50 [(1-0.846) x 15 / 415 ]
= 0.28%
= 50 [(1-0.926) x 15 / 415 ]
= 0.134%
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Pt = 100 x As / b x d
= 100 x 218 / 1000 x 150
= 0.145
From equation OR
2
P = 50 1- 1-(4.6 / fck) x (M / b x d ) M = 0.87 x f
t u u1 y
fy / fck = 0.87 x 41
2
we get , Mu1 / b x d = 0.5023 = 11.806
2 -6
Mu1 = 0.5023 x 1000 x 150 x 10 = 11.331
= 11.30 KNm
Development length of bars Ld = O σs / 4 x bd =56 O (From Table 7-6 )
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 ≥ Ld
6 3
1.3 x ( 11.30 x 10 / 25.31 x 10 ) + 8 O ≥ 56 O
580.4 + 8 O ≥ 56 O
48 O ≤ 580.403
which gives O ≤ 12.09 mm ……………….( O.K.)
Short span Vu = 11.25 x ( 4.5 / 2 ) = 25.31 KN
Assuming L0 = 8 O (HYSD Fe415 steel )
Pt = 100 x As / b x d
= 100 x 462 / 1000 x 160
= 0.289
From equation OR
2
Pt = 50 1- 1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d ) Mu1 = 0.87 x fy
fy / fck = 0.87 x 41
2
we get , Mu1 / b x d = 0.9595 = 26.689
2 -6
Mu1 = 0.9595 x 1000 x 160 x 10 = 24.554
= 24.56 KNm
Development length of bars Ld = O σs / 4 x bd =56 O (From Table 7-6 )
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 ≥ Ld
6 3
1.3 x ( 24.56 x 10 / 25.31 x 10 ) + 8 O ≥ 56 O
1261.5 + 8 O ≥ 56 O
48 O ≤ 1261.48
which gives O ≤ 26.28 mm ……………….( O.K.)
Note that the bond is usually critical along long direction.
Check for shear : -
This is critical along long span
Vu = 25.31 KN
Shear stress = Vu / b x d
3
= 25.31 x 10 / 1000 x 150
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2
= 0.169 N / mm <( C ) N / mm
2
( too small )
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 218 / 1000 x 150
= 0.145
from table 7-1
for Pt = 0.145 c = 0.28 N / mm 25 difference -0.05
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1 20 difference ? -0.04
k = 1.24 for 180 mm slab depth
Design shear strength = 1.24 x 0.28
2
= 0.347 N / mm ……………….( O.K.)
OR
Design shear strength c = 0.85 √ 0.8 x fck ( √ 1 + 5 x β - 1 )
6xβ
β = 0.8 x fck / 6.89 Pt , but not less than 1.0
= 12.011
Design shear strength c = 0.85 √ 0.8 x 15 ( √ 1 + 5 x 12.01 - 1 )
6 x 12.011
= 0.278
IS 456-2000 clause 40.2.1.1 25 difference -0.05
k = 1.24 for 180 mm slab depth 20 difference ? -0.04
Design shear strength = 1.24 x 0.278
2
= 0.345 N / mm ……………….( O.K.)
Check for deflection : -
This check shall be done along short span
Basic ( span / d ) ratio = 20
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 462 / 1000 x 160
= 0.289
IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
modification factor = 1.44
( span / d ) ratio permissible = 1.44 x 20
= 28.8
Actual (span / d ) ratio = 4480 / 160
= 28.00 < 28.8 ……………….( O.K.)
Check for cracking : -
IS 456-2000 , clause 26.3.3
(1) Main bars : maximum spacing permitted for short span steel = 3 x effective depth
= 3 x 160 = 480
spacing provided = 170 mm < 300 mm ……………….( O.
(2) Distribu. bars : maximum spacing permitted for long span steel = 5 x effective depth
= 5 x 150 = 750
spacing provided = 230 mm < 450 mm ……………….( O.
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Table - 26 Bending moment coefficients for rectangular panels supported on four sid
short span c
Type of Panel and Moments
Case No. ( Values
considered
Table - 27 Bending moment coefficients for slabs spanning in two directions at right a
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A xd(1-f xA /bxdxf )
st y st ck -6
5 x 218 x 150 ( 1 - 415 x 218 / 1000 x 150 x 15 ) x 10
( 1 - 0.0402 )
KNm
Ast x d ( 1 - fy x Ast / b x d x f ck )
-6
5 x 462 x 160 ( 1 - 415 x 462 / 1000 x 160 x 15 ) x 10
( 1 - 0.0799 )
KNm
350
460 10 O @ 340 c/c
10 O @ 170 c/c
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- - - - 0.045
- - - - 0.057
0.071 0.076 0.087 0.096 0.043
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6m 6m 6m
A B C D
Using three moment equation for span ABC
MA ( L1 / I1 ) + 2MB ( L1 / I1 + L2 / I2 ) + MC ( L2 / I2 ) = - 6 A1a1 / ( I1 L1 ) -6 A2a2 / ( I2L2)
36 KN / m 36 KN / m
A B B C
162 162
A1 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h1 A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h1
= ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162 = ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162
= 648 = 648
a1 = 3 m a2 = 3 m
MA ( 6 / I ) + 2MB ( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + MC ( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I x 6 ) ] - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I x
6MA + 24MB + 6MC = - [ 1944 ] - [ 1944 ]
4MB + MC = - 648 As MA = 0 …………………….( 1 )
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C
B C D
162 99
A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h2 A3 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h3
= ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162 = ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 99
= 648 = 396
a2 = 3 m a3 = 3 m
MB ( 6 / I ) + 2MC ( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + MD ( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I x 6 ) ] - [ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I x
6MB + 24MC + 6MD = - [ 1944 ] - [ 1188 ]
MB + 4MC = - 522 As MD = 0 …………………….( 2 )
4MB + MC = - 648 …………………….( 1 )
MB + 4MC = - 522 …………………….( 2 )
By putting Value of M B from Equation ( 2 ) into Equation ( 1 )
4(- 522 - 4MC ) + MC = - 648
- 2088 - 16 MC + MC = - 648
15 MC = - 1440
MC = - 96 KNm
By putting Value of M C into Equation ( 1 )
4MB + ( - 96 ) = - 648
4 MB = - 552
MB = - 138 KNm
36 KN / m 36 KN / m 22 KN / m
6m 6m 6m
A B C D
138
162 (-) 96
(+) 162 99
(-) (+)
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2.36 m VA + VB = 36 x 6 131 X =8
50
VB = 216 - 85 216 X =
101 VB = 131 KN X = 2.36
131
85 x 12 + VB x 6 - 36 x 6 x 9 - 36 x 6 x 3 = - 96
VB = 246 KN
VB + 131 = 246
VB = 115 KN
Three cases are considered for getting maximum values of moments. Case ( a ) gives ma
negative moment at B.The same moment shall be used at C also because of symmetry. C
gives the maximum positive moment in span BC while the case ( c ) gives maximum positi
moments in span AB and CD.
Factored maximum moments :
B or C , negative moment = 138 KNm
AB ( + ) = CD ( + ) = 110 KNm
BC ( + ) = 58 KNm
BC ( minimum - ve ) = 5 KNm
The moment redistribution shall be now carried out. Maximum negative moment = 138 KN
reduce it by 20 % . Then Mu = 0.8 x 138 = 110.4 KNm. For all the cases , redistribute ( inc
decrease ) the moment at B or C = 110.4 KNm ( Hogging ).
Maximum design moments :
Support B or C = 110.4 KNm > 0.7 x 138 KNm ………………( O.K.) ( As per I
AB or CD ( + ) = 111.6 KNm > 0.7 x 110 KNm
BC ( - ) = 11.6 KNm
BC ( + ) = 51.6 KNm > 0.7 x 58 KNm.
Note that after redistribution , the design positive moments also have been reduced.
( b ) Design for flexure :
Span AB or CD
Mu ( + ) = 111.6 KNm.
The beam acts as a flanged beam
For T-beams , b f = ( l0 / 6 ) + bw + 6 Df
bf = ( 0.7 x 6000 / 6 ) + 230 + 6 x 120 ( As per IS456-2000 ,Clause 23.1.2 , Note
= 1650 mm > 3000 mm
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Pt = 50
1- √ 1 - ( 4.6 / f ck) x ( Mu / bd )
2
fy / fck
Pt = 50 1 - √ 1 - ( 4.6 / 15 ) x ( 1.68 )
415 / 15
= 0.549
2
Ast
= ( 0.549 / 100 ) x 230 x 535 = 676 mm 2
603 135
20 % of steel should be carried through the span = 0.2 x 676 = 135 mm
2
Provide 2- 10 mm O anchor bars = 157 mm . At support , provide 3 - 16 mm O extra at to
one of which may be curtailed at 0.15 ℓ = 900 mm from centre of support B and remaining
at 0.25 ℓ = 1500 mm from B .
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3m
B11 B12
3m
6m 6m
6m 6m 6m
A B C D
Using three moment equation for span ABC
MA ( L1 / I1 ) + 2MB ( L1 / I1 + L2 / I2 ) + MC ( L2 / I
22 KN / m 36 K
A B B
99 162
A1 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h1 A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Bas
= ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 99 = (2/3)x
= 396 = 648
a1 = 3 m a2 = 3 m
6) ] MA ( 6 / I ) + 2MB ( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + MC ( 6 / I ) = -
6MA + 24MB + 6MC = - [ 1188 ] - [ 1944 ]
4MB + MC = - 522 As MA = 0
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C
B C
162 99
A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h2 A3 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Bas
= ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162 = (2/3)x
= 648 = 396
a2 = 3 m a3 = 3 m
6) ] MB ( 6 / I ) + 2MC ( 6 / I + 6 / I ) + MD ( 6 / I ) = -
6MB + 24MC + 6MD = - [ 1944 ] - [ 1188 ]
MB + 4MC = - 522 As MD = 0
4 MB = - 418
MB = - 104 KNm
22 KN / m 36 KN / m 22 KN / m
6m 6m 6m
A B C104 D
104
99 (-) 99
162 (-) (+)
47 58 47
( 162 - 69 = 93 KNm )
(+) (+) (+)
( 99 - 48 = 51 KNm ) (-) (-)
( 162 - ( 96 + 21 ) = 45 KNm )
104 104
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108
48.67
85 83.33
131
5(6-X) 2.21 m
48.67
10
m 108
83.33
48.67 x 12 + VB x
VB = 191.33 KN
VB + 83.33 = 191.3
VB = 108 KN
imum
ase ( b )
ve
m.
rease or
IS 456-2000 ,Clause 37.1.1 Redistri
Continuous Beams and Frames -
S 456-2000 , Clause 37.1.1 ) ( b ) The ultimate moment of resistan
member is not less than 70 percent of
obtained from an elastic maximum m
appropriate combinations of loads.
( c ) The elastic moment at any sec
particular
than 30 %combination of loads
of the numerically shall
largest
the elastic maximum moments di
member , covering all appropriate co
IS 456-2000 ,Clause 23.1.2 Effective
) In the absence of more accurate dete
width of flange may be taken as the f
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fck 2
fy, N / mm
2
N / mm 250 415 500
15 2.22 2.07 2.00
20 2.96 2.76 2.66
25 3.70 3.45 3.33
30 4.44 4.14 3.99
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C Case ( c ) Maximu
36 KN / m
6m
A B
Using three mome
2 ) = - 6 A1a1 / ( I1 L1 ) -6 A2a2 / ( I2L2) MA ( L1 / I1 ) + 2MB
N/m 36 K
C A
162
x h1 A1 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Bas
6 x 162 = (2/3)x
= 648
a1 = 3 m
[ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I x 6 ) ] - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I x 6) ] MA ( 6 / I ) + 2MB (
6MA + 24MB + 6MC
…………………….( 1 ) 4MB + MC = - 522
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D B
99
x h3 A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Bas
6 x 99 = (2/3)x
= 396
a2 = 3 m
[ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I x 6 ) ] - [ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I x 6) ] MB ( 6 / I ) + 2MC (
6MB + 24MC + 6MD
…………………….( 2 ) MB + 4MC = - 522
4 MB = - 417.6
MB = - 104.4 KNm
36 KN / m
6m
A B
10
162
(-)
(+)
(-)
104
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MB = - 104 KNm
90.67
VA x 6 -22 x 6 x 3 = -104 X dist. 48.67 66
VA = 48.67 KN 6 - X dist. 83.33
VA + VB = 22 x 6 83.33 X = 48.67 ( 6 - X ) 2.52 m
MC = - 104 KNm
- 36 x 6 x 3 - 22 x 6 x 9 = -104 VD x 6 -36 x 6 x 3
VD = 90.67 KN
3 VC + VD = 36 x 6
VC = 216 - 90.67
VC = 125.33 KN
- 36 x 6 x 3 - 22 x 6 x 9 = - 104
ution of moments in
not be given
oment reduced by more
anywhere by
gram for the particular
bination of loads.
width of flange -
rmination , the effective
llowing but in no case
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ement ,
h of the web of T- beam ,
2
ment in N / mm .
aximum area of tension
D.
2
m
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550
1.94
2.58
3.23
3.87
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6m 6m
C D
nt equation for span ABC
( L1 / I1 + L2 / I2 ) + MC ( L2 / I2 ) = - 6 A 1a1 / ( I1 L1 ) -6 A2a2 / ( I2L2)
N/m 22 KN / m
B B C
99
x h1 A2 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h1
6 x 162 = ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 99
= 396
a2 = 3 m
6 / I + 6 / I ) + MC ( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I x 6 ) ] - [ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I x 6) ]
= - [ 1944 ] - [ 1188 ]
As MA = 0 …………………….( 1 )
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C
C D
162
x h2 A3 = ( 2 / 3 ) x Base x h3
6 x 99 = ( 2 / 3 ) x 6 x 162
= 648
a3 = 3 m
6 / I + 6 / I ) + MD ( 6 / I ) = - [ 6 x 396 x 3 / ( I x 6 ) ] - [ 6 x 648 x 3 / ( I x 6) ]
= - [ 1188 ] - [ 1944 ]
As MD = 0 …………………….( 2 )
…………………….( 1 )
…………………….( 2 )
MB from Equation ( 2 ) into Equation ( 1 )
C = - 522
C = - 522
MC into Equation ( 1 )
- 522
22 KN / m 36 KN / m
6m 6m
C 162 D
104
(+)
99 (-)
104
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MB = - 104 KNm
-104 90.67 x 12 + VC x 6 - 22 x 6 x 3 - 36 x 6 x 9 = -104
Vc = 191.33 KN
VC + 125.33 = 191.33
VC = 66 KN
MC = - 104 KNm
90.67 x 12 + VB x 6 - 36 x 6 x 9 - 22 x 6 x 3 = - 104
VB = 191.33 KN
VB + 125.33 = 191.33
VB = 66 KN
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m)
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Pt = 50
1- √ 1 - ( 4.6 / f ck)
2
x ( Mu / bd )
fy / fck
Pt = 50 1 - √ 1 - ( 4.6 / 15 ) x ( 1.71 )
250 / 15
= 0.93
Ast = ( 0.93 / 100 ) x 230 x 515 = 1102 mm2
2
Provide 4 - 20 mm O giving A st = 4 x 314 = 1256 mm .
Check for development length :
Ld = 1102 / 1256 = 55 O ( From Table 7-6 )
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1 ( From Table 7-5 )
Development length of bars L d = O σs / 4 x bd
= O ( 0.87 x 250 x 1102 ) / ( 1256 x 4 x 1.0 )
= 47.71 O
= 47.71 x 20
= 954 mm
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4 -20 O
550
Fixed end 2-12 O
support
1200 3000
230
6 O @ 130 c/c Stirrups 6 O @ 130 c/c
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Vu = w x ℓ2= 20 x 3 = 60
2 KN
Mu = w x ℓ / 2 = 20 x 3 / 2 = 90 KNm
( a ) Moment steel :
Take size of Beam 230 mm x 550 mm overall.
Assuming 16 mm diameter bars in one layer
d = 550 - 25 ( Cover ) -8 OR
= 517 mm Mu,lim = 2.07 x 230 x 517
2 6 2
Mu / b d 90 x 10 / ( 230 x 517 ) = 127.26 KNm
= 1.46 < 2.07 ( Table 6-3 ) Mu < Mu,lim
The section is singly reinforced ( under-reinforced ) Beam
2
Pt = 50 1 -
√ 1 - ( 4.6 / fck) x ( Mu / bd )
fy / fck
P = 50 1 - √ 1 - ( 4.6 / 15 ) x ( 1.46 )
t
415 / 15
= 0.464
2
Ast = ( 0.464 / 100 ) x 230 x 517 = 552 mm
2.
Provide 16 mm O - 3 No. = 603 mm
Use 2- 10 mm O as bottom anchor bars .
( b ) Check for development length :
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1
Development length of bars L d = O σs / 4 x bd
2
Stress in bar σs = 0.87 x fy = 0.87 x 415 x 552 / 603 = 330.5 N / mm
2
( bd = 1.6 x 1 = 1.6 N / mm
IS 456-2000 clause 26.2.1 ( From Table 7-5 )
Development length of bars L d = O σs / 4 x bd
= O 330.5 / ( 4 x 1.6 )
= 51.64 O
= 51.64 x 16
= 826 mm
The arrangement of anchoring the bars is shown in fig. and is equivalent to an ancho
of 1127 mm. The bearing stress inside the bend is now checked .
O = 16 mm
a = 82 mm for internal bar ( centre to centre distance between bar ) ( = ( 230
= 25 + 16 = 41 mm for external bar . ( = cover + dia of bar )
3
The bearing stress is critical in external bar . Check for this stress for a = 41 mm.
Design bearing stress = 1.5 x f ck / [1 + ( 2O/a ) ]
= 1.5 x 15 / [ 1 + ( 2 x 16 / 41 ) ]
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50
279 3-16 O
295
500 3000 mm
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ht.
23.2 KN /m
3m
69.6 KN
04.4 KNm -
2 -6
x 10
IS 456-2000 , Table 19
Table 7-1
Design shear strength of concrete , C, N/m
100 x Concrete grade
As M15 M20 M25 M30 M35
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6xβ
β = 0.8 x fck / 6.89 Pt , but not less than 1.
( safe )
4-20 O
2-12 O
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( given )
2 -6
x 10
age
50 - 3 x 16 ) / 2 + 16 = 82 mm )
82 82 33
IS 456-2000 Clause 26.2.2.5 Bearing stresses at bend
The bearing stress in concrete for bends and hooks desc
16 25 need not be checked . The bearing stress inside a bend i
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1)
0.08
? -0.0778
-3
) x 230 x 517 x10
KN
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( safe )
3-16 O
2-10 O
230
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M40
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s
ribed in IS : 2502-1963
n any other bend shall be
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f bars,
alent area
eed 1.5 f ck / [ ( 1+ 2O/a ) ]
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modification factor = 0.97 IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcemen
100 Asc / b d = 100 x 402 / 230 x 545 = 0.32
modification factor = 1.08 IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-5 ,for compression reinforc
Span / d permissible = 20 x 0.97 x 1.08 = 20.95
Actual span / d = 5000 / 545 = 9.17 ………………………( safe )
( d ) Check for cracking (spacing of bars ) :
Clear distance between bars
= ( 230 - 50 - 4 x 20 ) / 3 = 10 mm
Minimum clear distance permitted
= hagg + 5 mm = 20 + 5 = 25 mm or 20 mm ( O of bar ) i.e. 25 mm .
Maximum clear distance permitted
= 180
The design mm is( shown
beam cracking table 8-1 , IS 456-2000 , table 15 ) ……………………
in -fig.
2-16 O 2-16 O
545 600
DIA 8O 8O 8O
NO. 4 rest 4
SPA. 300 390 300
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Table 6-6
STRESS IN COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT fsc ,
2
N / mm IN DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS
2 d'/d
fy N / mm
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
250 217 217 217 217
415 355 353 342 329
500 424 412 395 370
2 -6
x 10 550 458 441 419 380
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1)
for
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ement
( safe )
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rced )
rced )
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= 30 x 6 / 2
= 90 KN
( a ) Moment steel :
Assuming 20 mm diameter bars in one layer
d = 600 - 25 ( Cover ) -10 OR
= 565 mm Mu,lim = 2.07 x 230 x 565
2 6 2
Mu / b d = 135 x 10 / ( 230 x 565 ) = 151.983 KNm
= 1.84 < 2.07 ( Table 6-3 ) Mu < Mu,lim
The section is singly reinforced ( under-reinforced )
1- √ 1 - ( 4.6 / f ck)
2
x ( Mu / bd )
Pt = 50 fy / fck
Pt = 50
1- √ 1 - ( 4.6 / 15 ) x ( 1.84 )
415 / 15
= 0.614
2
Ast = ( 0.614 / 100 ) x 230 x 565 = 798 mm
As per IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.1.1 ( a )
2
Minimum steel , As = ( 0.205 / 100 ) x 230 x 565 = 266 mm
From Table 6-4
2
Ast,lim
= 0.72 / 100 x 230 x 565 = 9362.mm .
Provide 16 mm O - 4 No. = 804 mm
Let 2 bars are bent at 1.25 D = 1.25 x 600 = 750 mm , from the face of the support .
( b ) Check for development length :
( 1 ) A bar can be bent up at a distance greater than L d = 56 O ( Table 7-6 )
From the centre of the support , i.e. 56 x 16 = 896 mm .
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=
= 82.01
74.99 x
KNm 0.91
Vu = 90 KN , L0 = 12 O ( assume )
As the reinforcement is confined by compressive reaction
1.3 x M1 / V + L0 ≥ Ld
6 3
1.3 x 74.99 x 10 / 90 x 10 +12 O ≥ 56 O
1083.19 ≥ 44 O
O ≤ 24.62 mm
Oprovided = 16 mm ……………………..( safe )
( c ) Check for shear :
At support , Vu = 90 KN
As the ends of the reinforcement are confined with compressive reaction , shear at distan
will be used for checking shear at support.
Vu = 90 - 0.565 x w = 90 - 0.565 x 30 = 73.05 KN
Actual shear strength v = Vu / bd
3
= 73.05 x 10 / ( 230 x 565 )
2
= 0.562 N / mm
100 x As / b d = ( 100 x 402 ) / ( 230 x 565 ) ( From IS 456-2000 , table 19 table 7-
= 0.309 0.25 difference
2
design ( permissible ) shear strength c = 0.376 N / mm < v 0.191 difference
shear design is necessary .
At support , Vus = Vu - c bd OR Vus = ( 0.562 - 0.376
-3
= 73.05 - 0.376 x 230 x 565 x 10 = 24.17
= 73.05 - 48.86
= 24.19 KN
Capacity of bent bars to resist shear
-3
= 2 x 201 x 0.87 x 415 x sin 45º x 10 ( 0.87 fy Asv sin α )
= 102.6 KN
Bent bars share 50 % = 12.09 KN
Stirrups share 50 % = 12.09 KN
Using 6 mm O ( mild steel ) Two legged stirrups , A sv = 28 x 2 = 56 mm2 .
Sv = 0.87 fy Asv d / Vus
3
= 0.87 x 250 x 56 x 565 / 12.09 x 10
= 569.2 mm
From IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.1.6
Spacing of minimum shear reinforcement using 6 O stirrups
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Provide minimum
( d ) Check 6 mm O: M.S. two -legged stirrups @ 130 mm c/c throught the beam.
for deflection
Basic span / d ratio = 20
100 Ast / b d = 100 x 804 / 230 x 565 = 0.62
modification factor = 1.1 IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
565 600
750 4- 16 O ( 2 straight +
2 bent )
230 4- 16 O
6000 c/c
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mm mm c c
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Consider width of the beam equal to 230 mm. The depth may be a
as 1 / 10 to 1 / 8 of the span.
To find steel area
( 1 ) For a given ultimate moment ( also known as factored momen
and assumed width of section , find out d from equation
√
d = Mu / Qlim b
This is a balanced section and steel area may be found out from t
Pt = 50
1- √ 1 - ( 4.6 / f ck)
2
x ( Mu / bd )
fy / fck
If Mu = Mu,lim : design as balanced section as explained in ( 1 ).
If Mu > Mu,lim : design the section either increasing the dimensio
Over reinforced section ( doubly-reinforced beam ).The additional
2 -6
x 10 needed is obtained by providing compression( top ) reinforcement
reinforcement. Mu2 = Mu - Mu,lim as explained below .
Table 6-2
Limiting Moment of Resistance and Reinforcement
Index for Singly Reinforced Rectangular Sections
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2
fy , N / mm 250 415 500 550
2
Mu,lim / fck b d 0.148 0.138 0.133 0.129
Pt,lim fy / fck 21.93 19.86 19.03 18.2
Table 6-3
Limiting Moment of resistance factor Q lim, N / mm
2
Table 6-4
ed Limiting Percentage of Reinforcement P t,lim
For singly reinforced rectangular sections
2
fck fy, N / mm
2
N / mm 250 415 500 550
15 1.32 0.72 0.57 0.50
20 1.75 0.96 0.76 0.66
) 25 2.19 1.20 0.95 0.83
0.11 30 2.63 1.44 1.14 0.99
? -0.084
IS 456-2000 Clause 26.5 Requirements of Reinforcement for
-3
) x 230 x 565 x10 Structural Members
KN 26.5.1 Beams
26.5.1.1 Tension Reinforcement
a ) Minimum reinforcement - The minimum area of tension reinfo
shall not be less than that given by the following :
As / b d = 0.85 / fy
where ,
As = minimum area of tension reinforcement ,
b = breadth of the beam or the breadth of the web of T- beam ,
d = effective depth , and
2
fy = characteristic strength of reinforcement in N / mm .
b ) Maximum reinforcement - The maximum area of tension
reinforcement shall not exceed 0.04 b D.
Minimum steel %
For mild steel
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IS 456-2000 , Table 19
Table 7-1
2
Design shear strength of concrete , C, N / mm
Pt = 100 x As Concrete grade
bxd M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40
≤ 0.15 0.28 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.30
0.25 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38
0.50 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.51
0.75 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.59 0.60
1.00 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.67 0.68
1.25 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.71 0.73 0.74
1.50 0.68 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.79
1.75 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84
2.00 0.71 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88
2.25 0.71 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.90 0.92
2.50 0.71 0.82 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.95
2.75
3.00 0.71
0.71 0.82
0.82 0.90
0.92 0.94
0.96 0.96
0.99 0.98
1.01
The above given table is based on the following formula
Design shear strength c = 0.85 √ 0.8 x fck ( √ 1 + 5 x β - 1 )
6xβ
β = 0.8 x fck / 6.89 Pt , but not less than 1.0
IS 456-2000 , Table 20
Table 7-2
Maximum shear stress , C, N / mm2
Concrete
grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40
2
( c )max N/mm 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.7 4.0
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continuous 26
For spans above 10 m, the values in (a) may be multiplied by
10 / span in metres , except for cantilever in which case
deflection calculations should be made.
check for cracking
IS 456-2000 26.3.3 Maximum distance between bars in tension
Table 15 Clear distance Between Bars ( Clause
26.3.3 )
% redistribution to or from section considered
fy -30 -15 0 +15 +30
Clear distance between bars
2
N / mm mm mm mm mm mm
250 215 260 300 300 300
415 125 155 180 210 235
500 105 130 150 175 195
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ssumed
t)
ns of section or deign as
oment of resistance M u2
and additional tensile
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rcement
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ed
m , and
2
m
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Kb = 1.5 x Ib / l
3
= 1.5 x ( ( 1 / 12 ) x 230 x 420 ) / 5000
3
= 426006 mm
Column stiffness
3
Kc = Ic / l = 1/12 x 400 x 230 / 7000
3
= 57938.095 mm
β1 = β2 = ∑ Kc / ( ∑Kc + ∑Kb )
= 2 x 57938.1 / 2 ( 57938.1 + 426006 )
= 0.1197
as per IS 456-2000 fig. 27
lef / l = 1.06 < 1.2 ……………….consider 1.2
ley = 1.2 x unsupported length
= 1.2 ( 7000 -420 )
= 7896 mm
ley / b = 7896/300
= 26.32 > 12
The column is long about Y direction.
The column is bent in double curvature. Reinforcement will be distributed equally on four
ℓex / D = 6000 / 400
= 15.0 > 12
ℓey / b = 5000 / 300
= 16.7 > 12
Therefore the column is slender about both the axes.
Additional moments
Max = ( Pu D / 2000 ) x ( ℓex / D )2
2 -3
= ( 1500 x 400 / 2000 ) x (15) x 10
= 67.5 KNm
May = ( Pu b / 2000 ) x ( ℓey / b )2
2 -3
= ( 1500 x 300 / 2000 ) x (16.7) x 10
= 62.75 KNm
The above moments will have to be reduced in accordance with clause 39.7.1.1 of the IS
but multiplication factors can be evaluated only if the reinforcement is known.
For first trial , assume p = 3.0 ( with reinforcement equally on all the four sides ).
Ag = 400 x 300 Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 f
2
= 120000 mm Ac = 400 x 300 - 1200
2 2
mm
From chart 63 , puz / Ag = 22.5
-3 N/mm OR = 116400
Puz = 22.5 x 120000 x 10 Puz = 0.45 x 30 x 116400 x 1
= 2700 KN = 1571.4 +
Calculation of Pb : = 2692 KN
Assuming 25 mm dia bars with 40 mm cover
d' / D ( about xx-axis ) = 52.5 / 400 = 0.13 ……………use d' / D = 0.15
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= 779 KN
Pb ( about yy-axis ) = ( k 1 + k2 p / fck ) fck b D
-3
Pby = ( 0.184 + 0.028 x 3 /30 ) 30 x 300 x 400 x10
= 672 KN
Kx = ( Puz - Pu ) / ( Puz - Pbx )
= ( 2700 - 1500 ) / ( 2700 - 779 )
= 1200 / 1921
= 0.625
Ky = ( Puz - Pu ) / ( Puz - Pby )
= ( 2700 - 1500 ) / ( 2700 - 672 )
= 1200 / 2028
= 0.592
The additional moments calculated earlier , will now be multiplied by the above values of
Max = 67.5 x 0.625 = 42.2 KNm
May = 62.75 x 0.592 = 37.15 KNm
The additional moments due to slenderness effects should be added to the initial momen
after modifying the initial moments as follows ( see note 1 under 39.7.1 of the code IS 45
Mux = ( 0.6 x 40 - 0.4 x 22.5 ) = 15.0 KNm
Muy = ( 0.6 x 30 - 0.4 x 20 ) = 10.0 KNm
The above actual moments should be compared with those calculated from minimum ecc
consideration ( see 25.4 of the code ) and greater value is to be taken as the initial mome
adding the additional moments.
ex = ( ℓ / 500 ) + ( D / 30 ) = ( 7000 / 500 ) + ( 400 / 30) = 27.333
ey = ( ℓ / 500 ) + ( b / 30 ) = ( 7000 / 500 ) + ( 300 / 30) = 24
Moments due to minimum eccentricity :
-3
Mux = 1500 x 27.33 x 10 = 41.0 KNm > 15.0 KNm
-3
Muy = 1500 x 24 x 10 = 36.0 KNm > 10.0 KNm
Total moments for which the column is to be designed are :
Mux = 41.0 + 42.2 = 83.2 KNm
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2
Mu / fck b D = 0.104
2
Mux1 = 0.104 x 30 x 300 x 400
= 149.8 KNm
referring to chart 46 (d' / D = 0.2 ) ,
2
Mu / fck b D = 0.096
2
Muy1 = 0.096 x 30 x 400 x 300
= 103.7 KNm
Mux / Mux1 = 83.2 / 149.8 = 0.56
Muy / Muy1 = 73.15 / 103.7 = 0.71
Pu / Puz = 1500 / 2700 = 0.56
referring to chart 64 , the maximum allowable value of Mux / Mux1 corresponding to the
above values of Muy / Muy1 and Pu / Puz is 0.58 which is slightly higher than the actual
value of 0.56 . The assumed reinforcement of 3.0 % is therefore satisfactory.
for Pu / Puz = 0.56 , αn = 1.602
From , IS 456-2000 , Clause 39.6
αn = 1.602 0.2 difference 0.34
check : α α 0.04 difference ?
Mux Muy
Mux1
+ Muy1
≤1
1.602
( 0.56 ) + 1.602
( 0.71 )
0.395 + 0.577
Note that the distance between corner bars in one face is more than 48 O tr
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( 500 - 80 -25 = 395 > 48 x 8 = 384 ). Therefore two sets of closed ties shall be used .
Note that if this distance would be less than ( 48 x 8 ) mm , open ties for internal bars wo
sufficient.
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usually conservative
Now check the assumed. Letsection
us try 4as
- 25 O + 4: - 20 O = 3220 mm
follows
Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
Ac = 230 x 450 - 3220
2
= 100280 mm
-3 -3
Puz = 0.45 x 20 x 100280 x 10 + 0.75 x 415 x 3220 x 10
= 902.52 + 1002.23
= 1904.7 KN
Pb = ( k1 + k2 p / fck ) fck b D
Asc = ( p / 100 ) x b x D
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k = ( Puz - Pu ) / ( Puz - Pb )
= ( 1904.7 - 1000 ) / ( 1904.7 - 373.8 )
= 904.7 / 1530.9
= 0.59
Design for
Pu = 1000 KN
Mux = 32 + 0.59 x 39.2 = 55.13 KNm < 80 Take , Mux = 80 KNm
Muy = 16 + 0.59 x 28 = 32.52 KNm < 40 Take , Muy = 40 KNm
For p / fck = 0.162 and Pu / fck b D = 0.48 , the reinforcement being equally distributed ,
the moment capacities can be found out as follows :
About XX
d' / D = 50 / 450 = 0.11 ≈ 0.15
From chart 45 , SP : 16
2
Mux1 / fck b D = 0.145
2 -6
Mux1 = 0.145 x 20 x 230 x 450 x 10
= 135.07 KNm
About YY
d' / D = 50 / 230 = 0.22 ≈ 0.2
From chart 46 , SP : 16
2
Muy1 / fck b D = 0.13
2 -6
Muy1 = 0.13 x 20 x 450 x 230 x 10
= 61.89 KNm
Check :
Pu / Puz = 1000 / 1904.7 = 0.525
From , IS 456-2000 , Clause 39.6
α:
check
n = 1.542 0.2 difference
0.075 difference
0.34
?
α α
Mux Muy
Mux1
+ Muy1
≤1
1.542 1.542
80 + 40
135.07 61.89
0.446 + 0.51
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sufficient.
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IS 456-2000 clause 25
IS 456 : 2000
Table 28 Effective Length of Com
Degree of End Restraint of
Sy
Compression members
Effectively held in position and
restrained against rotation in
both ends
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( i + 1 ) th floor sla
Bea
( i ) th floor
sides.
456-2000
y Asc
0*3/100
-3 -3
0 + 0.75 x 415 x 3600 x 10
1120.5
SP : 16 ,Table 60
Slender compression members- Values
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8-25 O
8O@
300 c/c
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ld be
t
( Given )
at
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-0.1275
4-25 O
+ 4 -20 O
450
8 O @ 230 mm c/c
( three sets )
of bar )
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ould be
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is.
is.
0.5 ℓ 0.65 ℓ
0.7 ℓ 0.8 ℓ
1.0 ℓ 1.0 ℓ
1.0 ℓ 1.2 ℓ
- 1.5 ℓ
2.0 ℓ 2.0 ℓ
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. .
ion member.
of P b
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ouble
n
be
ent
r storey,
may
e
.75 fy Asc
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d' / D =
From 50 /32
chart 500 = 0.1
, SP-16
p / fck = 0.078
p = 0.078 x 15 = 1.17
As = 1.17 x b x D = 1.17 x 500 x 500 / 100
2
= 2925 mm
2
Provide 4-25 mm O + 4-20 mm O = 3220 mm , equally distributed
p = 3220 x 100 / ( 500 x 500 )
p = 1.288
p / fck = 1.288 / 15
= 0.086
The assumed section is now checked.
For p / fck = 0.086 and Pu / ( fck x b x D ) = 0.4 ,
The reinforcement being equally distributed , the moment capacities from
Chart - 44 , SP-16
2 2
Mux1 / ( fck x b x D ) = Muy1 / ( fck x b x D ) = 0.108
2 -6
Mux1 = Muy1 = 0.108 x 15 x 500 x 500 x 10
= 202.5 KNm
Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
Ac = 500 x 500 - 3220
2
= 246780 mm
-3 -3
Puz = 0.45 x 15 x 246780 x 10 + 0.75 x 415 x 3220 x 10
= 1665.8 + 1002.2
= 2668 KN
Pu / Puz = 1500 / 2668
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= 0.56
From , IS 456-2000 , Clause 39.6
αn = 1.602 0.2 difference 0.34
check : 0.04 difference ? -0.068
αn αn
Mux Muy
Mux1
+ Muy1
≤1
1.602 1.602
90 120
202.5 + 202.5
0.273 + 0.433
0.706 ≤1
Ties : Minimum diameter Otr = 25 / 4 = 6.25 mm
Use 8 mm diameter M.S. ties. 500
Spacing should not exceed lesser of
( i ) 500 mm 4-25
( ii ) 16 x 25 = 400 mm 500 4-20
( iii ) 48 x 8 = 384 mm
Provide 8 mm O M.S. ties @ 350 mm c/c
8O
350
d'
d' =
/ D40= +5010/ 300
= 50=mm
0.167 ………………..use 0.2
From chart 34 , SP-16
p / fck = 0.167
p = 0.167 x 15 = 2.5
As = 2.5 x b x D = 2.5 x 300 x 500 / 100
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2
= 3750 mm
2
Provide 8-25 mm O = 3928 mm , equally distributed
p = 3928 x 100 / ( 300 x 500 )
p = 2.62
p / fck = 2.62 / 15
= 0.175
The assumed section is now checked.
About X
d' / D = 50 / 500 = 0.1 , For p / f ck = 0.175 and Pu / ( fck x b x D ) = 0.67 ,
Chart - 44 , SP-16
2
Mux1 / ( fck x b x D ) = 0.13
2 -6
Mux1 = 0.13 x 15 x 300 x 500 x 10
= 146.25 KNm
About Y
d' / D = 50 / 300 = 0.167 say 0.2 , For p / f ck = 0.175 and Pu / ( fck x b x D ) = 0.67 ,
Chart - 46 , SP-162
Muy1 / ( fck x b x D ) = 0.103
2 -6
Muy1 = 0.103 x 15 x 500 x 300 x 10
= 69.53 KNm
Pure axial load capacity
Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
Ac = 300 x 500 - 3928
2
= 146072 mm
-3 -3
Puz = 0.45 x 15 x 146072 x 10 + 0.75 x 415 x 3928 x 10
= 985.99 + 1222.6
= 2208.6 KN
Pu / Puz = 1500 / 2208.6
= 0.68
From , IS 456-2000 , Clause 39.6
αn = 1.802 0.2 difference 0.33
check : 0.12 difference ? -0.198
αn αn
Mux Muy
Mux1
+ Muy1
≤1
1.802 1.802
60 60
146.25 + 69.53
0.2 + 0.77
0.97 ≤1
Ties : Minimum diameter Otr = 25 / 4 = 6.25 mm
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Note that the distance between corner bars in one face is more than 48 O tr
( 500 - 80 -25 = 395 > 48 x 8 = 384 ). Therefore two sets of closed ties shall be used .
Note that if this distance would be less than ( 48 x 8 ) mm , open ties for internal
bars would be sufficient.
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m.
αn is related to Pu/Puz
where Puz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc
For values of Pu / Puz = 0.2 to 0.8, ( 0.2 , 0.4 , 0.6 , 0.8 )th
linearly from 1 .0 to 2.0.( 1.0 , 1.33 , 1.67 , 2.0 ) For value
1 .O; for values greater than 0.8, α n is 2.0.
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0 ) = 72 KNm .
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8O@
300 c/c
(two sets )
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e values of αn vary
s less than 0.2, α n is
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p / fck = 0.1
p = 0.1 x 15 = 1.5
As = 1.5 x b x D = 1.5 x 300 x 600 / 100
2
= 2700 mm
2
Provide 22 mm O ( 2700 / 380 = 8 no.) = 3041 mm
As the distance between two opposite corner bars is more than 300 mm ,
provide 2- 12 mm O at centre of long sides of the column, which may be tied by open
2
Provide 8- 25 O + 2 - 12 O = 4151 mm
Ties : Minimum diameter Otr = 25 / 4 = 6.25 mm 600
Spacing
( i ) 300 mmshould not exceed lesser of 300
( ii ) 16 x 25 = 400 mm
( iii ) 48 x 8 = 384 mm
Provide 8 mm O M.S. ties @ 300 mm c/c ( two sets )
Note that the distance between corner bars in one face is more than 48 O tr
( 600 - 80 -25 = 495 > 48 x 8 = 384 ). Therefore two sets of closed ties shall be used .
Note that if this distance would be less than ( 48 x 8 ) mm , open ties for internal
bars would be sufficient.
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ties.
8-25 O
+ 2-12 O
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3
1800 x 10 = 1.05 [0.4 x 20 x 0.992 Ag + 0.67 x 415 x 0.008 Ag ]
3
1800 x 10 = 8.3328 Ag + 2.3356 Ag
3
1800 x 10 = 10.6684 Ag
2
Ag = 168729 mm
If D is the diameter
2 of the column
( ¶ / 4 ) x D = 168729
D = √ 214941
D = 463 mm
Use 450 mm diameter column.
2
Then , Ag = ( ¶ / 4 ) x 450
2
=
158963 mm
3
1800 x 10 = 1.05 [0.4 x 20 x (158963 - Asc ) + 0.67 x 415 x Asc ]
= 1335289 - 8.4 Asc + 291.95 Asc
464711 = 283.55 Asc
Asc = 1638.9 mm
provide 20 mm diameter bars ( 1638.9 / 314 =) 6 No.
Asc = 6 x 314
2
= 1884 mm
Assume 8 mm O M.S. bars for helix at 40 mm clear cover .
Dc = 450 - 40 - 40
= 370 mm
2
asp = ( ¶ / 4 ) x 8
2
= 50 mm
Minimum ρs = 0.36 ( (Ag / Acr) - 1 ) f ck / fy
0.36 ( ( 4502 / 3702 ) - 1 ) x 20 / 250
=
0.36 x 0.4792 x 20 / 250
=
=
0.0138
Now ρs =
4 x asp / p x Dc
0.0138 = 4 x 50 / p x 370
p = 39.17 mm …………………….. ( 1 )
As per IS 456-2000 clause 26.5.3.2 ( d )
The pitch < 75 mm
< Dc / 6 ( = 370 / 6 = 61.67 mm )
> 25 mm
> 3 x dia of helix bar = 3 x 8 = 24 mm ……………( 2 )
From ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) , provide 8 mm O helix @ 35 mm pitch.
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of bar )
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6 - 20 O
450
6 - 20 O
35
8 mm O @
35 mm c/c
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Ac = Ag - Asc
= 0.992 Ag
Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc
= 0.4 x 15 x 0.992 Ag + 0.67 x 250 x 0.008 Ag
3 5.952 + 1.34
1500 x 103 = g g
1500 x 10 = 7.292 Ag
2
Ag = 205705 mm
If the column is to be a square , the side of column = √205705 = 453 mm
Adopt 450 mm x 450 mm size column .
Then ,
3
1500 x 10 = 0.4 x 15 x ( 450 x 450 - Asc )+ 0.67 x 250 x Asc
1500 x 10 = 1215000 -
3 + 167.5
sc sc
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( 450 - 80 -20 = 350 > 48 x 6 = 288 ). Therefore two sets of closed ties shall be used .
Note that if this distance would be less than ( 48 x 6 ) mm , open ties for internal bars
would be sufficient.
450 450
6 - 20 O
4 - 20
+4-1
450 450
6 mm
(dou
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IS 456-2000 clause 25
Note :- A column may be considered as short when both slendern
ratios lex / D and ley / b ≤ 12 OR lex / ixx < 40 where,
lex = effective length in respect of the major axis
D = depth in respect of the major axis
ley = effective length in respect of the minor axis
b = width of the member
ixx = radius of gyration in respect of the major axis.
iyy = radius of gyration in respect of the minor axis.
All columns shall be designed for minimum eccentricity equal to th
unsupported length of column / 500 plus lateral dimension / 30 , su
a minimum of 20 mm. For bi-axial bending this eccentricity exceed
minimum about one axis at a time.
IS 456-2000 clause 39.3
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ss
bject to
s the
t less
the
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230
1 5 9 10
UP 900
20 19 15 11
900
230
300 900 2250 900 230
Material
mild steelM15 Grade concrete
reinforcement Fe250
Solution : -
Assume 150 mm thick waist slab. Both the landings can span on walls.
Landing A or B
2
Self-load 0.15 x 25 = 3.75 KN / m
2
Floor finish = 1.00 KN / m
2
Live load ( residence ) = 3.00 KN / m
2
Total 7.75 KN / m
PU = 1.5 x 7.75 = 11.63 KN / m
Span = 1950 + 150 = 2100 i.e. 2.1 m
Consider 1 m length of slab
2
M= wxl /8
2
= 11.63 x 2.1 / 8
= 6.41 KNm
Reinforcement will be in second layer, Assuming 12 mm O bars
d = 150 - 15 (cover ) -12 - 6
= 117 mm
2 6 2
Mu / b x d = 6.41 x 10 / 1000 x 117
= 0.468
fy / fck
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= 50 [(1-0.93) x 15 / 250 ]
= 0.224%
fy / fck
2
Mu1 / b x d = 0.499
Mu1 = 0.499 x 1000 x 1172 x 10-6
= 6.83 KNm
Vu = 12.21 KN
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 ≥ Ld
6 3
1.3 x ( 6.83 x 10 / 12.21 x 10 ) + 12 O ≥ 55 O
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727.191 + 12 O ≥ 55 O
43 O ≤ 727.19
which gives O ≤ 16.91 mm ……………….( O.K.)
Check for deflection : -
Basic ( span / d ) ratio = 20
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 280 / 1000 x 117
= 0.239
IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
modification factor = 2
( span / d ) ratio permissible = 2 x 20
= 40
Actual (span / d ) ratio = 2100 / 117
= 17.95 < 40 ……………….( O.K.)
Design of flight : -
Span and loading on both the flights are the same. Therefore same design will be
adopted.
Loads :
2 2
Inclined length of waist slab for one step = √ 250 + 160
= 296.8 mm
Assuming 150 mm thick waist slab
2
self-load in plan = ( 296.8 / 250 ) x 0.15 x 25 = 4.45 KN / m
Floor finish length for one step = 160 + 250
= 410 mm
2
floor finish = ( 410 / 250 ) x 1 = 1.64 KN / m 250
Weight of step ( ( 0 + 160 ) / 2000 ) x 25 = 2.00 2
KN / m 160 296.8
2
Live load = 3.00 KN / m
Total = 4.45 + 1.64 + 2.00 + 3.00
2
= 11.09 KN / m
2
Pu = 1.5 x 11.09 = 16.64 KN / m
IS 456-2000 , clause 33.2
Landing is spanning in transverse direction. The span of stair according to discussion
made in art 13-1 and loading for 1 m width of stair is shown in fig below.
16.64 KN / m
11.63 KN / m 11.63 KN / m
RA = 24.83 KN RB = 24.83 KN
525 2250 525 525 = 900 / 2 +75
3300
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= 6.11 + 18.72
= 24.83 KN
2 2
Mu = 24.83 x 3.3/2 - 11.63 x (3.3/2) / 2 - ( ( 16.64 - 11.63 ) x ( 2.25/2 ) ) / 2
= 40.97 - 15.83 - 3.17
= 21.97 KNm
From Table 6-3 Q = 2.22
drequired = √ M/Qxb
= √21.97 x 10
6
/ 2.22 x 1000
= 99.48 mm,
dprovided = 150 - 15 - 6
= 129 mm, ……………….( O.K.)
2 6 2
Mu / b x d = 21.97 x 10 / 1000 x (129)
= 1.32
Pt = 50 1 -√1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d )
2
fy / fck
= 50 [(1-0.77) x 15 / 250 ]
= 0.687%
Provide 12 mm O bar 2
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m / m
= 113.04 x 1000 / 886
= 127.585 mm
2
Provide 12 mm O bar@125 mm c/c = 904 mm .
Minimum steel is 0.15 % for mild steel and 0.12 % for HYSD Fe415 reinforcement
Distribution steel = ( 0.15 / 100 ) x 1000 x 150
2
= 225 mm
Provide 8 mm O bar
2
spacing of bar = Area of one bar x 1000 / required area in m /m
= 50.24 x 1000 /225
= 223 mm
2
Provide 8 mm O bar @ 220 mm c/c = 228 mm .
Check for shear : -
Vu = 24.83 KN
Shear stress = Vu / b x d
3
= 24.83 x 10 / 1000 x 129
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2
= 0.192 N / mm <( C ) N / mm
2
( too small )
100 x As / b x d = 100 x 904 / 1000 x 129
= 0.70
from table 7-1
2
√
Pt = 50 1 - 1-(4.6 / fck) x (Mu / b x d2)
fy / fck
2
we get , Mu1 / b x d = 1.344
2 -6
Mu1 = 1.344 x 1000 x 129 x 10
= 22.37 KNm
Vu = 24.83 KN
Development length of bars L d = O σs / 4 x bd = O x 0.87 x 250 / 4 x 1 =54.4 O
1.3 x ( Mu1 / Vu ) + L0 ≥ Ld
6 3
1.3 x ( 22.37 x 10 / 24.83 x 10 ) + 12 O ≥ 54.4 O
1171.2 + 12 O ≥ 54.4 O
42.4 O ≤ 1171.2
which gives O ≤ 27.62 mm ……………….( O.K.)
From Crossing of bars, the bars must extend upto 54.4 x 12 = 653
say 700 mm.
Check for deflection : -
Basic ( span / d ) ratio = 20
Pt = 100 x Ast / b x d = 100 x 904 / 1000 x 129
= 0.70
IS 456-2000 clause 23.2.1 fig-4 ,for tension reinforcement
modification factor = 1.62
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IS 456-2000 , Table 20
Table 7-2
Maximum shear stress , C, N / mm2
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Table 7-6
Development length for single mild steel bars
Tension bars Compression bars
fy N / mm2
M15 M20 M15 M20
250 55 O 26 O 44 O 37 O
415 56 O 47 O 45 O 38 O
500 69 O 58 O 54 O 46 O
10 / span in metres
calculations , except
should be made.for cantilever in which case deflecti
check for cracking
(a)The horizontal distance between parallel main
reinforcement bars ( spacing )shall not be more than t
times the effective depth of solid slab or
300 mm whichever is smaller.
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sketch :
The reinforcements for both the flights are shown in fig.
700
700
10 O @ 280 c/c
( Landing )
12 O @ 125 c/c
150 mm thick waist slab
8 O @ 220 c/c
12 O 125 c/c
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Flight-B
8 O @ 22
12 O @ 125 c/c
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whichever is small
i.e. 300 mm
.)
450 mm whichever is small
or 450 mm i.e. 450 mm
.)
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M40
0.30
0.38
0.51
0.60
0.68
0.74
0.79
0.84
0.88
0.92
0.95
0.98
1.01
1)
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M40
4.0
M40
1.9
, the
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150 or
175 less
1.25 1.30
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150
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