HISTORY OF THE

PHILIPPINES

AUTHOR: SAMSON A. BERNALES, JR., MA-PHILO, LPT

Designed by: Shara C. Asilum
 Table of Contents
1997 Philippine Constitution 4
History 5
Earliest Settlers 8
Early Filipino 10
Barangay System 11
Pre- Spanish foreign influences 16
European Expedition to the Philippines 22
battle in Mactan 28
Spanish expedition to the Philippines 30
Spanish era in the Philippines 33
Propaganda Movement 41
-Philippine Revolution of Flags 43
Philippine heroes 46
the official flag of the Republic of 48
the Philippines
-Execution of GomBurZa 52
-Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangan Katipunan
ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) 53
-The Philippine Revolution 54
-Tejeros Convention
-Spaniards-American War 57
-Philippine Declaration of Independence from Spain 57
-Philippine American War 58
-American Military Government in the Philippines 59
-Philipine Commonwealth Era 62
-Japanese Occupation of the Philippines 62
Martial Law 63
114 Philippine heroes 65
Philippine presidents 66
 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

ARTICLE II

ARTICLE II
• The State recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation-building
and shall promote and protect their physical, moral, spiritual,
intellectual, and social well-being. It shall inculcate in the youth
patriotism and nationalism, and encourage their Involvement in
public and civic affairs.

ARTICLE II

• The State shall give priority to education, science and

technology, arts, culture and sports to foster patriotism and
nationalism, accelerate social progress, and promote total human
liberation and development.
 HISTORY

PREHISTORY
Before recorded events, and before 3,400 BC when
writing was not yet invented.

HISTORY
Historia, derived from the Greek, encompasses
inquiry, the study of past events, a chronological
record of events, and a formal written account,
spanning from 3,400 BC to the present.

HERODOTUS
The Father of History, a chronicler, and a storyteller
of past events in society.

SOURCES OF HISTORICAL
DATA

PREHISTORY
Fossils, Artifacts, Bones, Buildings
et al
ARTISTIC PRODUCTION
Letters, Diaries, Contracts, Bulletins
,Newspapers, Journals, Testaments,
Books, Periodicals, et al
ELECTRONIC DATA
Radio, Television, Computer
HISTORICAL VERACITY

HISTORY OF THE NAME

OF THE PHILIPPINES

PHILIPPINES

Part of Mu (Lemuria), the lost Pacific Continent, includes Ofir/Ophir (mentioned in

the Bible), Ma’I/Ma’yi (noted in China during the Sung Dynasty in 982 A.D.), Chin San
and Liu Sung in China, Archipelago de San Lazaro, Archipelago de Magallanes, and
Archipelago de Legazpi in Spain, as well as Maniolas (the Greek name used by
mapmaker Claudius Ptolemy).
Cesaria Caroli in Spain is named in honor of King Charles I, while Islas Felipinas in
Spain is named in honor of Prince Felipe II.
 HISTORICAL OF THE MAP
OF THE PHILIPPINES

Carta Hydrogeaphica y Chrorographica

de las Yslas Filipinas

The first scientific map of the Philippines,

known as the Murillo Velarde Map, was
produced in 1734 in Manila. It was created
by Father Pedro Murillo Velarde, a Spanish
Jesuit cartographer, with the engraving
done by Nicolás de la Cruz Bagay and
artistic contributions from Francisco
Suárez.

PREHISTORIC PHILIPPINES

HOMO HABILIS
The "Handy Man" refers to the earliest
known species of the genus Homo,
which lived approximately 2.33 to 1.4
million years ago during the Gelasian
Pleistocene period.
HOMO ERECTUS
Hardly stand erect and used the aid of
hands in order to run fast

HOMO SAPIENS / HOMO LUZONENSIS

Callao Man, also known as Java Man, belonged to the Southern Mongoloid population
and resided in Cagayan Valley around 750,000 years ago, as proposed by Filipe Landa
Jocano's Core Population Theory. In a different context, Tabon Man, discovered by Dr.
Robert Fox in Palawan in 1962, lived approximately 22,000 years ago.
 EARLIEST SETTLERS

NEGRITOS
Negritos, considered the first group of
settlers and inhabitants in the Philippines,
are recognized as the first true Filipinos.
They arrived around 25,000 B.C. through
land bridges, before the melting of ice. The
term "Negro" (Spanish for black) is
associated with them, and they are known
by various names such as Aeta, Ati, Ita,
Agta, Remontados, Katutubo, Baluga, and
Pugot.
Negritos' origin is traced to Mainland Asia,
specifically the Philippines itself,
suggesting they were occupants rather rather than immigrants. Dr. Lawrence Reid's.
Dr. Lawrence Reid's theory in 2006 supports this perspective. Their lifestyle was
predominantly nomadic, centered around hunting and gathering.

Negritos are characterized by their short stature, black skin, dark kinky hair, round black
eyes, broad nose, and traditional clothing like the Bahag.

LAND BRIDGES
Land bridges existed before the melting
of ice, serving as crucial pathways for
migration and movement of various
species, including early human
populations. These connections between
landmasses facilitated the movement of
creatures, such as the Negritos, across
regions. In the context of the Philippines,
these land bridges played a significant
role around 25,000 B.C. for the migration
of early settlers, providing accessible
routes between islands and landmasses
that were connected due to lower sea levels caused by the presence of ice.
 INDONESIANS
Indonesians were the second group of
people who came to the Philippines about
5,000 years ago, arriving by boat. They
came from different places like Central
Asia, Southeast Asia, Siberia, the Arctic,
and islands in the Pacific. These folks were
farmers, hunters, and fishermen. They
knew how to cook using bamboo tubes and
used tools like bows, arrows, knives,
spears, shields, and a blowgun called the
sumpit. Indonesians were part of the
Mongoloid group and were usually tall and
thin, with fair skin and a sharp face. They
added variety to the early Filipino
community.

MALAYS

Malays, the third group of settlers in the Philippines, arrived by boat between 200 B.C.
and the 13th Century. They originated from West Asia and led a lifestyle centered
around hunting, land cultivation, irrigation, and domestication of animals.
Communicating in the Austronesian language, Malays used an alphabet and adorned
themselves with ornaments and tattoos. Their tools and weapons included bows and
arrows, spears, daggers, bolos, guns, shields, armor, and a type of cannon known as
lantaka. Malays were described as belonging to the brown race, of medium height, with
straight black hair, dark-brown eyes, and a flat nose, contributing to the diverse
characteristics of the early Filipino population.
 EARLY FILIPINO

FILIPINO CULTURE

Filipino culture is rich and diverse,

encompassing elements like the iconic
Bahay Kubo (nipa hut), Tree Tops, and the
distinct cultural heritage of the Cordillera
region. Traditional boats and the maritime
culture of the Badjao people are integral
parts of Filipino life. Early male garments
included the Bahag and Kangan, while
Baro, Camisa, Saya, and Patadyong were
among the earliest female attire. Gold and
precious stones adorned the ornaments
of early nobles, and the Pintados
symbolized one's position in society. A
notable aspect of Filipino culture is
equality, where both men and women
could own, inherit, sell properties, and
even succeed to leadership. Circumcision
holds cultural significance, serving as
both a right and obligation within the
society.
FILIPINO RELATION SHIP

The Sanduguan represents alliances,

particularly the Bagontao, signifying a
single man in the context of Filipino
culture. The term "Dalaga" refers to a
maiden, encapsulating the cultural
nuances and traditional values
associated with the dynamics of
relationships and societal roles.
FILIPINO BURIAL

"Laraw" pertains to the burial of a dead chieftain, while "Maglahe" is associated with the
burial rites for a deceased man. On the other hand, "Morotal" involves the burial
ceremonies for a deceased woman. These terms reflect the cultural practices and rituals
surrounding the farewell of individuals in Filipino traditions.
 FILIPINO LANGUAGE
Baybayin is the earliest writing system in
the Philippines, characterized by its
syllabic nature where each letter is
pronounced as a syllable. It consists of 17
letters, comprising 3 vowels and 14
consonants. The writing direction is
horizontal, proceeding from left to right,
showcasing the unique features of this
ancient script.
FILIPINO LITERATURE
Sabi (Maxims), Bugtong (Riddles),
Talindaw (Boat Song), Tagumpay (Victory
Song), Uyaye, and Hele (Cradle Songs),
Ihiman (Wedding Song), Kumintang (War
Song), and Kundiman (Love Song).
These diverse expressions capture the essence of cultural wisdom, playful challenges,
maritime life, triumphs, lullabies, weddings, wartime narratives, and love sentiments,
showcasing the rich oral traditions embedded in Filipino heritage.

BARANGAY SYSTEM

BARANGAY

The term "Barangay" is derived from "Balangay," which refers to an ancient boat used by
early Filipino settlers for maritime travel and trade. These boats were crucial for
transportation, exploration, and communication among different barangays
(communities) in the pre-colonial Philippines, symbolizing the interconnectedness and
resilience of early Filipino society.
 HIERARCHY

LAKAN / RAJAH

A Lakan or Rajah is the paramount Datu,

holding a position of leadership over a
large Bayan, which is a town composed of
4 to 10 Barangays. This title denotes a high-
ranking authority figure in traditional
Filipino society, responsible for overseeing
and managing the affairs of the larger
community.

LAKAN

A Lakan is a native leader with a revered status, believed to possess a divine lineage as
a descendant of Diwata. In traditional Filipino culture, the Lakan holds a significant and
esteemed position, often associated with spiritual connections and leadership
responsibilities within the community.

RAJAH
The title "Rajah" or "Maharajah" carries Hindu influence in its origin and usage. It
denotes a ruler or king, and the term reflects the historical impact of Hindu culture and
civilization on certain regions, especially in Southeast Asia, including the Philippines.
This title is indicative of a leader holding a position of authority, often with royal
connotations.
HALILI

The "Halili" serves as the viceroy of the Lakan

or Rajah, undertaking responsibilities and
running errands on behalf of the leader,
particularly when the Lakan is engaged in
warfare. This role involves acting as a
representative or deputy, assisting in the
execution of tasks and decisions on behalf of
the Lakan during times of conflict.
 DATU

The "Datu" serves as the head of the Barangay,

holding a position that was once reserved for the
Maginoo class. The inheritance of this position
typically falls on the eldest son, eldest daughter, or
eldest brother. In cases where none of these
relatives are available, the Datu is elected based on
attributes such as wisdom, bravery, wealth,
experience, and noble deeds.

The Datu functions as the chief executive,

responsible for executing and implementing
written or unwritten laws. They also serve as
legislators, as seen in historical documents like
the Maragtas Code (Datu Sumakwel) from 1250
A.D. and the Code of Kalantiaw (Datu Kalantiaw)
from 1433 A.D. Additionally, the Datu acts as a
judge, overseeing trials either by jury or by ordeal,
with the protection of the Anito believed to
safeguard the innocent. The Datu also holds the
role of the supreme military commander in the
community.

BABAYLAN / BAYLANA / KATALONA

The "Babaylan," also known as "Baylana" or

"Katalona," refers to a spiritual leader, healer,
and ritualist in traditional Filipino society.
These individuals play a significant role in the
community, often possessing knowledge of
healing arts, spiritual practices, and
ceremonies. The Babaylan serves as a bridge
between the physical and spiritual realms,
undertaking responsibilities related to
spiritual guidance, community rituals, and the
well-being of the people. They are respected
for their wisdom and connection to the divine,
contributing to the cultural and social fabric of
Filipino communities.
 MAGINOO/PANGINOON/POON

"Maginoo," "Panginoon," and "Poon" are titles used in traditional Filipino society to
refer to individuals of noble or aristocratic status. These titles are indicative of a
person's esteemed position within the community and are often associated with
leadership, authority, and prestige. Maginoo, Panginoon, and Poon are titles that convey
a sense of honor, respect, and social standing, and they have historical significance in
shaping the hierarchical structure of traditional Filipino societies.

MAHARLIKA
The "Maharlika" represents the warrior
class in traditional Filipino society.
Members of the Maharlika are
characterized by their role as warriors
who provide support to the Datu,
particularly in times of war. Their
contributions extend to offering both
wealth and men, demonstrating their
commitment to the defense and well-being
of the community.

TIMAWA

The "Timawa" refers to freemen or peasants

in traditional Filipino society. These
individuals were once slaves but managed
to pay off their debts, thereby gaining their
freedom. The term "Timawa" denotes a
social status that signifies a degree of
independence and liberty, distinguishing
them from the constraints of slavery.
 UMALOKOHAN
The "Umalohokan" serves as a town crier
in traditional Filipino communities,
responsible for informing the people about
new laws and regulations within the land.
This role involves disseminating important
information to the community, acting as a
vital link between the ruling authorities and
the residents. The Umalohokan plays a
crucial part in keeping the community
informed and ensuring that everyone is
aware of the latest developments in
governance and legislation.

ALIPING NAMAMAHAY

"Aliping Namamahay" refers to a class in

traditional Filipino society who have houses
of their own. Among them, the "Ayuey"
works three days a week, while the
"Tumarampuk" temporarily works for a day,
especially during celebrations. These
distinctions highlight different levels of
engagement and responsibilities within the
social structure, reflecting the diversity of
roles and statuses in pre-colonial Filipino
communities.

ALIPING SA GIGILID
"Aliping sa gigilid" are individuals in
traditional Filipino society who are
designated as debt bondsmen. "Tumataban"
specifically refers to those who live in the
house of their debtor. This social class often
finds themselves in a position of economic
dependence, residing in the households of
those they owe, and engaging in work or
services to settle their debts. This
arrangement reflects a hierarchical and
structured social system present in pre-
colonial Filipino communities.
 PRE-SPANISH FOREIGN
INFLUENCES

HINDU (INDIA)

During the period from 900 A.D. to 1200 A.D., Hindu influence reached the Philippines
through Malaysia. The "Orang Dampuans," immigrants from Champa, a Hindu kingdom in
Indochina, arrived as vassals of the Sri Vijaya Empire. These settlers, promoting
commerce, established themselves in Taguima (Basilan), becoming the ancestors of the
contemporary Yankan tribe in Basilan and Sulu.
Additionally, the "Orang Bandjar," immigrants from Bandjarmasin, Borneo, also served as
vassals of the Sri Vijaya Empire. Engaging in the rich pearl trade in Sulu, they played a
significant role in the region's economic activities. Notably, a state marriage occurred,
resulting in the union of a beautiful princess with the Rajah of Sulu. This event initiated a
deeper relationship between Sulu and Borneo, shaping the contemporary connection
between the Philippines and the back door of Borneo.

The introduction of the Sanskrit alphabet

enriched linguistic development, while
literary traditions from the Mahabharata and
Ramayana manifested in epic tales such as
Ifugao's Hudhud and Alim, Ilocandia's Lam-
ang, Bicolandia's Ibalon, and Darangan.
These narratives not only shaped the literary
landscape but also became integral parts of
Filipino cultural heritage.
 The introduction of Hindu gods such as
Indra, Tara, Vishnu, Brahma, and Shiva
became part of the Filipino spiritual
landscape. Superstitious beliefs rooted in
Hindu traditions also found a place in
Filipino culture, with practices like singing
while cooking and the symbolic act of wood-
biting to ward off bad dreams. Additionally,
the custom of eating twin bananas carried
cultural significance, reflecting the enduring
impact of Hindu influence on religious
beliefs and daily rituals in the Philippines.

Linguistically, words like "Bhatarra" evolved

into "Bathala," signifying the divine, while
"Ama" for father, "Atawa" for spouse,
"Vamsa" for race, and "Mahardlika" for
noble all bear linguistic traces of Hindu
influence. Culturally, traditional Filipino
dress incorporated elements like the
"Putong" or turban and "Sarong" or sari as
lower garments, reflecting Hindu influences
on clothing styles. In terms of industry,
skills in boat building, cloth weaving, and
Hindu influence in the Philippines during metalworks were introduced, becoming
900 A.D. to 1200 A.D. made significant integral aspects of Filipino craftsmanship
contributions to various aspects of arts and trade practices.
and culture, leaving a lasting impact on
jewelry, floral, and agricultural practices.
In the realm of arts, the intricate crafting
of gold necklaces and bolo handles
showcased the Filipino adaptation of
Hindu artistic styles. Floral contributions
included the cultivation and appreciation
of flowers such as Sampaguita and
Champaka, which became symbolic and
culturally significant. agriculture.

Hindu influence extended to agriculture with the introduction of fruits like mango and
nangka, as well as vegetables like ampalaya, patola, and malunggay, contributing to the
diverse and rich agricultural practices in the Philippines. These cultural elements remain
integral to Filipino identity, reflecting the enduring impact of Hindu influence on artistic
expression and agriculture.
 CHINESE
In 982 A.D., during the 10th century, a
significant trade relationship began when
traders from Ma-yi, which encompassed
regions like Mindoro, Batangas, Manila,
and Pampanga, arrived in Canton, China.
This marked the initiation of trade
interactions between these Philippine
regions and China, contributing to the
historical exchange of goods, cultural
influences, and economic ties between
the two territories.

Admiral Zheng He, also known as Cheng Ho, led a series of expansive expeditions from
1405 to 1433 that included visits to the Philippines, Borneo, the Malay Peninsula,
Singapore, Indochina, India, and Ceylon (Sri Lanka). Zheng He's voyages were significant
in fostering diplomatic relations, trade, and cultural exchanges across the regions he
visited, contributing to the maritime history and interconnectedness of various
civilizations during the Ming Dynasty.

Chinese influence in the Philippines

brought about significant
contributions across various
industries. In terms of technology and
innovation, the introduction of
gunpowder revolutionized military
capabilities. Metallurgical skills,
including blacksmithing and expertise
in working with gold, lead, silver, and
tin, became integral to Filipino
craftsmanship. The art of making
gongs and intricate jewelry also
reflects Chinese influence on
craftsmanship.
Additionally, Chinese expertise in porcelain production had a lasting impact on the
pottery and ceramics industry in the Philippines. Chinese contributions extended to
recreational and cultural aspects with the introduction of kites, lanterns, and the use of
firecrackers, adding vibrant elements to Filipino traditions. These influences underscore
the enduring impact of Chinese culture on various facets of Philippine life.
Chinese influence in the Philippines has
left a lasting impact on language and
culinary practices. Linguistically, several
words such as "Susi" (key), "Toyo" (soy
sauce), "Lumpia" (spring roll), "Mami"
(noodle soup), "Bihon" (rice noodles),
and "Tsaa" (tea) have found their way
into the Filipino vocabulary, reflecting the
linguistic exchange between the two
cultures. Culinary contributions include
the popular method of pig roasting,
known as "Lechon," the brewing of tea,
and the incorporation of various.
vegetables like "Bataw" (hyacinth bean), "Petsay" (bok choy), and "Upo" (bottle gourd)
into Filipino cuisine. These elements showcase the enduring influence of Chinese culture
on language and culinary traditions in the Philippines

Japanese influence in the Philippines has

left distinctive contributions to traditional
dress and footwear. The introduction of
the "Kangan," a sleeve jacket, and loose
trousers became part of Filipino attire,
showcasing the incorporation of
Japanese fashion elements. Additionally,
the use of slippers and wooden shoes,
known as "Bakya," reflects Japanese
influence on Filipino footwear styles.
These contributions underscore the
cultural exchange between Japan and the
Philippines, influencing aspects of
traditional clothing and fashion in Filipino
culture.

Japanese influence in the Philippines has impacted

various traditions, reflecting cultural exchange. The
practice of arranged marriages, where families play a
significant role in matchmaking, bears similarities to
Japanese customs. Additionally, the adoption of zodiac
signs and the incorporation of Feng Shui principles into
daily life point to the influence of Japanese beliefs in
astrology and traditional Chinese philosophy. Moreover,
the Filipino tradition of price haggling, known as
"Tawaran," mirrors the Japanese cultural practice of
careful negotiation in transactions.ared practices
between Japan and the Philippines.
 The Filipino New Year celebrations
encompass a variety of traditions and
superstitions believed to bring luck and
prosperity for the coming year. General
cleaning signifies the removal of negative
energy and the welcoming of positive
vibes. Displaying 12 different fruits on
the dining table symbolizes abundance
and prosperity. Pancit (noodles) and
sticky rice are staples, symbolizing
longevity and unity. Wearing polka dots
signifies wealth, while jumping 12 times
is thought to elevate one's height and
success.
Keeping loads of money in pockets on New Year's Eve is believed to attract financial
prosperity. A noise barrage, with fireworks and firecrackers, is meant to drive away evil
spirits. Turning on lights, opening windows, and keeping brooms hidden are believed to
ward off bad luck and welcome positive energy into the home. These traditions reflect a
blend of Chinese, Filipino, and other cultural influences shaping New Year celebrations in
the Philippines.

Karim-ul-Makhdum, a prominent figure

from Mecca, played a crucial role in the
spread of Islam in the Philippines during
the 14th century. As a judge and scholar,
he successfully converted the Rajah of
Malacca to Islam, establishing the
foundation for the Sultanate. Furthermore,
he contributed significantly to the Islamic
presence in the region by building the
first mosque in Simunul, Sulu, marking a
milestone in the establishment of Islamic
worship centers in the Philippines.

Following Karim-ul-Makhdum, Rajah

Baguinda, a prince from Sumatra,
Indonesia, furthered the influence of Islam
in the Philippines. Notably, he introduced
firearms to the archipelago, showcasing
the intersection of cultural, religious, and
technological exchanges during this
period of history. These individuals
played pivotal roles in shaping the Islamic
history of the Philippines.
 Sayid Abu Bakr, an esteemed Ustads (Islamic
scholar) from Johore, Malaysia, played a
significant role in the propagation of Islam in the
Philippines during the 15th century. His
contribution extends to the establishment of the
Sultanate of Sulu. Sayid Abu Bakr married
Princess Paramisuli, the daughter of Rajah
Baguinda, further solidifying the Islamic ties
between the regions.

The foundation of the Sultanate of Sulu marked a

crucial period in the history of Islamic governance
in the Philippines. Sayid Abu Bakr's leadership
laid the groundwork for the sultanate's
development and endurance. His death in 1480,
after three decades of sultanate rule, marked the
passing of a key figure in the history of the region.

Sharif Muhammad Kabungsuwan, youngest

prince in Johor, Malaysia, invaded Malabang,
Cotabato with Islamized Samal warriors,
forcefully converted Filipino pagans to Islam.
Islam resistors fled to mountains, became
contemporary Bilaans, Manobos, Subanuns,
et al.

Siat Saen attempted to introduce Islam

beyond Mindanao but faced failure. His
contributions include the cultural heritage
of the Philippines, featuring the Singkil
bamboo dance, the Tausug Kris sword,
calico carpets, artistic curvilinear floral
designs known as Okir, and the iconic
Sarimanok, representing a stylized
chicken in Maranao culture.
 EUROPEAN EXPEDITION
TO PHILIPPINES

During the 15th to 16th century, the Arab merchants dominated eastward trade to Asia,
shipping goods to Europe. Venice held a prominent position as the sole distributors of
goods from Arabs until 1453, marking the fall of Constantinople. However, after this event,
Portugal and Spain were compelled to seek alternative routes to Asia, leading to the
exploration of a westward route. This exploration was made possible by advancements in
cartography, astronomy, the use of the compass, and the development of caravels,
innovative sailing ships that facilitated longer and more efficient sea voyages. These
endeavors played a crucial role in reshaping global trade routes and establishing new
connections between different parts of the world.

CRUSADING COUNTRIES

Spain, Portugal, and Venice embarked on

maritime expeditions with the purpose of
accessing the abundant and cheaper
resources of the East, including gold, silver,
sugar, milk, silk, and spices. Additionally,
the promise of the Pope to forgive all sins of
crusaders served as a motivating factor for
European powers. The desire to gain
knowledge about the Orient, its cultures,
and potential trade routes also fueled these
exploratory missions. This era of
exploration contributed to significant
historical developments, including the
opening of new trade routes and the
Arab merchants wielded dominance in establishment of global connections.
eastward trade to Asia, facilitating the
shipment of goods to Europe. Venice held a
pivotal role as the exclusive distributors of
Arab goods until 1453, following the fall of
Constantinople. Subsequently, Portugal and
Spain were compelled to explore alternative
routes to Asia, leading to the pursuit of a
westward route. This shift was made
feasible by advancements in cartography,
astronomy, the utilization of the compass,
and the development of caravels,
 Portugal, renowned for its expertise in
seamanship and boatbuilding, established
a Navigational School under Prince Henry's
initiative. This institution aimed to
incentivize explorers to seek a route
around Africa towards India. Bartholomew
Diaz achieved a significant milestone in
1488 by discovering the Cape of Good
Hope, located at the southernmost tip of
Africa, which opened new possibilities for
maritime trade routes. Vasco de Gama
furthered Portuguese exploration by
discovering a direct sea route to India in
1498, unlocking access to wealth and
spices that were highly sought after in
Europe. These explorations marked pivotal
moments in the Age of Discovery,
expanding European influence and
reshaping global trade networks.

Spain, during the 15th to 16th century, built its empire through conquest and
colonization rather than trade. Christopher Columbus, sponsored by Spain, made a
historic discovery in 1492 by finding a westward route to India, unintentionally
encountering the New World, thus marking the discovery of America. Juan Ponce de
León explored Puerto Rico and, in 1508, discovered Florida while in search of the
mythical "Fountain of Youth." Vasco Núñez de Balboa made a significant contribution
by discovering the Great South Sea, later known as the Pacific Ocean. These
explorations played a crucial role in expanding Spain's influence and shaping the
course of global history during the Age of Exploration.
 TREATY OF TORDESILLAS

The Treaty of Tordesillas, established in 1494, resolved conflicts between Spain and
Portugal over newly discovered territories. An imaginary line was drawn 370 leagues
west of the Azores and Cape Verde Islands. According to the agreement, Portugal had
the rights to territories east of the line, including Africa, Asia, and the eastern part of
South America. On the other hand, Spain was granted control over territories west of
the line, comprising America and unknown islands. The treaty stipulated that Spain
could only venture to Asia using a westward route, preventing conflicts and providing
a framework for the division of newly explored lands between the two European
powers.
Christopher Columbus, in his explorations,
mistakenly attached America to Asia, referring to the
native inhabitants as "Indian" and implying the
newfound land was part of India. Despite this error,
Columbus is still honored in the United States, with
the capital district named Columbia (D.C.) in
recognition of his role in the discovery of America.

Amerigo Vespucci played a crucial role in correcting

Columbus's map, recognizing the separate nature of
the newly discovered continent. As a result, the term
"America" was derived from Vespucci's name,
becoming the appellation for the continent. Although
Columbus is often credited with the discovery,
Vespucci's contributions to correcting the
geographical understanding of the Americas are
acknowledged in the nomenclature of the continents.
Ferdinand Magellan, born in Portugal in 1480, was
a Portuguese explorer. Denied permission by the
Portuguese monarch to lead an expedition using
the westward route, he offered his services to
King Charles I of Spain. On August 10, 1519,
Magellan embarked on a significant expedition
with the support of the Spanish monarch.
Assisting Magellan in familiarizing the gateway
from the Atlantic to the South Pacific was Rui de
Faleiro, a cosmographer. Faleiro played a crucial
role in convincing King Charles I to fund the
expedition, contributing to the historical journey
that would later be known as Magellan's
circumnavigation of the globe.

King Charles I, at the age of 12, approved

the expedition proposed by Ferdinand
Magellan. The young monarch provided
Magellan with 5 ships, rations, and funds to
support the ambitious journey. The fleet, led
by Magellan, included the following ships:
Trinidad, Victoria, Concepcion, San
Antonio, and Santiago.

Antonio Pigafetta, a Venetian chronicler,

was part of the expedition and played a
crucial role in documenting the journey.
Fr. Pedro de Valderama served as the fleet
captain under Magellan's command.
Ferdinand Magellan officially began his
historic voyage on September 20, 1519,
marking the commencement of the
expedition that would later become the first
successful circumnavigation of the globe.
 DIFFICULTIES IN MAGALLANES EXPEDITION

1. **Mutiny in Port San Julian:** Mutiny erupted while the fleet was anchored in Port San
Julian. Quesada of the Concepcion, Mendoza of the Victoria, and Cartagena of the San
Antonio were involved and were punished by Magellan, who took severe measures,
tearing their bodies.
2. **Return of San Antonio:** The San Antonio, one of the expedition's ships, sailed back
to Spain while passing the southernmost tip of South America. This departure reduced
the fleet size and resources available for the remainder of the journey.
3. **Scarcity of Supplies:** The expedition encountered challenges related to essential
supplies such as food, water, and medicine during the three-month journey in the Pacific
Ocean. Magellan named this ocean the "Spanish of Pacified." To survive, the crew had to
resort to unconventional sources, consuming sawdust, rats, wormy biscuits, leather, and
drinking spoiled water.
Guam was reached by Magellan on March 16,
1521, during his historic expedition. Upon arrival,
the native inhabitants generously provided the
expedition with much-needed food and water.
Magellan, impressed by the beautiful sailboats
found on the island, named it the "Island of
Sails."
However, Magellan later renamed Guam to "Islas
de Landrones" in Spanish, meaning the "Island
of Thieves." This renaming was prompted by an
unfortunate incident where the small boats of the
ship Trinidad were stolen by the native
inhabitants, leading Magellan to associate the
island with theft and thievery.
 Ferdinand Magellan reached Homonhon
Island in the Philippines on March 18, 1521,
with only 150 crew members left from the
original expedition. Continuing his
exploration, he reached Limasawa Island,
where a significant event took place.
Magellan entered into a Sanduguan, a
blood compact, with Rajah Kolambu. This
event marked the first instance of a blood
compact involving a foreigner in the
Philippines. Rajah Kolambu subsequently
accompanied Magellan to Cebu as they
continued their journey through the
archipelago.

Fr. Pedro de Valderrama played a pivotal

role in the early encounters between the
Spanish expedition and the Philippines. On
Easter Sunday, March 31, 1521, he
celebrated the first mass in the Philippines
on Limasawa Island, a momentous
occasion in the introduction of Christianity
to the archipelago. Additionally, Fr.
Valderrama baptized Rajah Humabon of
Cebu, marking a significant step in the
conversion of local rulers. The Magellan
Cross, erected by the expedition and
overseen by Fr. Valderrama, symbolized the
propagation of the Roman Catholic
faith in Cebu. Placed atop a hill overlooking the sea, the cross became a landmark, and
the surrounding area was named the "Archipelago of Saint Lazarus," signifying the
enduring influence of Magellan's expedition on the religious landscape of the
Philippines.
Rajah Humabon, the King of Cebu during
Magellan's expedition, proved to be a friendly
ally to Magallanes and the Spaniards. As a
gesture of goodwill, he and his wife, baptized
with the names Carlos (in honor of King
Charles I) and Juana (from Hara Humaymay),
received the sacrament of baptism. In
appreciation of his hospitality, Magellan gifted
Rajah Humabon with statues of Sto. Niño, Ecco
Homo, and Virgen dela Cotta.
 BATTLE IN MACTAN

Rajah Sula, one of the two chieftains of

Mactan, approached Cebu seeking aid
from Ferdinand Magallanes in his conflict
with the other chieftain, Datu Lapu-Lapu.
Magellan saw this as an opportunity to
display Spain's prowess in battle,
especially after Datu Lapu-Lapu had
previously rejected Spanish sovereignty.
On April 27, 1521, Magellan, accompanied
by 1000 Cebuano warriors and 60
Spaniards clad in shining armor, sailed
for Mactan. This expedition marked the
beginning of the historic Battle of Mactan,
a significant event in Philippine history.

Ferdinand Magallanes, in his confidence

due to the perceived superiority of Spanish
weapons and skills, advised Rajah
Humabon not to join the Battle of Mactan.
However, Magellan's overconfidence proved
costly, as he was easily killed during the
battle, and his men suffered severe injuries.
This unexpected turn of events led to the
retreat of the Spaniards back to their ships
in desperation to escape the determined
defense of Datu Lapu-Lapu. The Battle of
Mactan thus became a significant historical
moment, representing the first successful
resistance against colonizers in the
Philippines.
 After the defeat in the Battle of Mactan,
the surviving Spanish crewmembers,
in an attempt to seek refuge, fled back
to Cebu. However, the Cebuanos,
harboring enmity towards the
Spaniards for their alleged
mistreatment of the natives, including
robbery and rape, turned hostile. In
response, some Spanish survivors
managed to escape the escalating
tensions. The ship Concepcion, faced
with considerable casualties, was
ultimately abandoned and destroyed.

The remaining vessels, Trinidad and Victoria, successfully escaped the Philippines and
reached the Moluccas. There, they filled their ships with valuable spices before taking
separate routes, marking the conclusion of Magellan's expedition and the survivors'
eventual return to Spain.

Following the events after the Battle of

Mactan, the fate of the remaining ships from
Magellan's expedition unfolded:

- **Ship Trinidad:** This vessel was captured

by the Portuguese, marking the end of its
journey under Spanish control.

- **Ship Victoria:** The ship sailed through

the treacherous Cape of Good Hope, the
southernmost tip of Africa, and across the
vast Atlantic Ocean. Led by Juan Sebastian
del Cano, the expedition successfully
completed the first recorded
circumnavigation of the world. On September
8, 1522, the Victoria returned to Spain with
only 18 men out of the original 270 crew
members, highlighting the challenges and
hardships endured during the historic
journey that lasted 2 years, 11 months, and
16 days.
Juan Sebastian del Cano's accomplishment marked a significant milestone in maritime
history.
 SPANISH EXPEDITION TO
THE PHILIPPINES

SIGNIFICANCE OF MAGALLANES EXPEDITION

The Magallanes Expedition, despite its challenges and ultimate failure, held profound
significance in the annals of exploration and global understanding:

- **Proof of Earth's Roundness:** Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe provided

concrete evidence that the world is round, dispelling earlier misconceptions.

- **Interconnected Oceans:** The expedition demonstrated the interconnectedness of all

oceans, showing that they are not isolated bodies of water but part of a larger, unified
system.

- **Breaking Venetian Monopoly:** The establishment of a westward route to the Orient by

Magellan's expedition broke the Venetian monopoly of Asian trade, opening up new
possibilities for maritime commerce.

- **Pacific Ocean's Vastness:** The realization that the Pacific Ocean was larger than the
Atlantic Ocean expanded knowledge about the Earth's geography.

- **Discovery of the Philippines:** The expedition's arrival in the Philippines revealed the
beauty and richness of the archipelago, with its abundant land, sea, mineral resources, and
year-round availability of fresh food, spices, and water. This discovery would shape the
Philippines' role in global trade and history.
During the reign of King Charles I, several attempts
were made to establish a Spanish presence in the
East, particularly in the Moluccas and the
Philippines:
- **Loaisa's Expedition (1525):** King Charles I
dispatched an expedition led by Loaisa in 1525 with
the aim of establishing a colony in the Moluccas.
However, this attempt ultimately failed.
- **Sebastian Cabot's Exploration (1526):** In 1526,
King Charles I sent Sebastian Cabot to explore the
Philippines, but Cabot mistakenly discovered Brazil
instead.
- **Saavedra's Expedition (1527):** Another
expedition under Saavedra was sent in 1527, but he
was held captive by the Portuguese.
- **Ruy Lopez de Villalobos (1542):** In 1542, King
Charles I sent Ruy Lopez de Villalobos from Spanish
Mexico to the Philippines. Although Villalobos was
captured by the Portuguese, he played a significant
role in naming the islands "Las Islas Filipinas" in
1546. This name, given by Bernardo de la Torre, was
accepted in honor of King Felipe II, the prominent
ruler of Spain at the time.

King Felipe II, who ruled Spain from January

16, 1556, until his death on September 13,
1598, left an indelible mark on Spanish history.
As the only son of Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V and Isabella of Portugal, Felipe II
oversaw the expansion of Spain's territorial
influence to encompass the Netherlands, parts
of France, Portugal, Italy, and the Spanish
Americas, reaching the pinnacle of power and
prosperity. However, his legacy is also stained
by controversial actions, including the seizing
of foreign lands, extraction of gold,
destruction of cultural heritage, and forced
conversions to Christianity, which strained
Spain's financial resources. His four
marriages and four widowed periods added
personal complexity to his reign. Upon his
death, his second son, born to his fourth wife,
Anna of Austria, succeeded him as Philip III,
inheriting both the achievements and
challenges of his father's rule.
 TREATY OF ZARAGOZA

The Treaty of Zaragoza, signed in 1529 between Spain and Portugal, addressed the
renewed conflict arising from their conflicting claims to the Moluccas, believed to lie
within their respective demarcation lines established by the Treaty of Tordesillas. In this
agreement, Spain sold its claims to the Moluccas to Portugal, modifying the demarcation
line to be 298 leagues east of the islands. As a result, Portugal gained control of the
Moluccas and the lands westward, while Spain retained authority over the eastward
waters. Interestingly, Portugal's lack of precise geographical knowledge led them to
unknowingly purchase territories, including the Moluccas and neighboring islands, that
were originally designated to them in the Treaty of Tordesillas, highlighting the
complexities of early global navigation and territorial claims.
 SPANISH ERA IN THE
PHILIPPINES

King Felipe II, recognizing the

importance of the spice trade in the
Pacific, tasked the Viceroy of Mexico
with instructing Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
to survey the trade routes and discover
a return route to Mexico. In 1564, under
the leadership of Legazpi and chief
navigator Fr. Andres de Urdaneta, the
expedition set sail from Natividad,
Mexico, reaching Cebu on February 13,
1565. However, their arrival was met with
hostility from Rajah Tupaz in Cebu.
Undeterred, the expedition engaged in
diplomatic negotiations, including the
blood compact or Sanduguan with Rajah
Bankaw in Samar and Rajah Sikatuna
and Rajah Sigala in Bohol.

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, after facing initial hostilities in Cebu, returned to the island and
successfully defeated the Cebuanos. Following the victory, he entered into a peace treaty
with Rajah Tupaz, establishing an arrangement where the natives would pay tribute to the
Spanish King Felipe II. In return, the Spanish government undertook the responsibility of
providing protection to Cebu. As a symbolic gesture, Legazpi renamed Cebu to San
Miguel, later changing it to the City of the Most Holy Name of Jesus after the discovery of
the Sto. Nino image in Cebu. This marked the beginning of Spanish governance and
influence in the region.
 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, facing challenges
from the Portuguese and supply blockades,
decided to relocate his Spanish settlement
from Cebu to Panay. In response to these
adversities, Legazpi dispatched smaller
expeditions to explore the neighboring islands
in the Visayas region. This strategic move
allowed the Spanish forces to regroup and
navigate the complex dynamics of the
archipelago during their early attempts at
colonization.

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the Spanish

explorer, orchestrated an expedition to
Manila by dispatching Martin de Goiti
and Juan de Salcedo. In 1570, they
successfully defeated Rajah Sulayman
and Rajah Lakandula of Manila,
reporting their triumph to Legazpi in
Panay. Encouraged by this victory,
Legazpi led a larger expedition to
Manila, where the local Rajahs
welcomed them without resistance.
This significant event resulted in Legazpi being bestowed the title of Adelantado, and he
subsequently made Manila the capital city of the Philippines under the reign of King
Felipe II. The king, recognizing Manila's importance, named it the Distinguished and Ever
Loyal City, adopting the lion of Asturias as the royal insignia. King Felipe II appointed
Legazpi as the inaugural Governor General of the Philippines, marking a pivotal moment
in the country's colonial history.
The successful colonization of the Philippines by
the Spaniards can be attributed to several
factors. The friendliness of the Filipinos played a
significant role, eliminating the need for
extensive armed conflicts. Blood compacts
between the natives and Spaniards fostered
goodwill and cooperation. Envy of the superior
physical attributes, advanced materials, and
culture of the Spaniards also contributed to the
ease of colonization. Additionally, the lack of
unity among island leaders, often being enemies,
made organized resistance impractical.
The primitive weaponry and war tactics of the indigenous people further favored the
Spanish conquest.
 COLONIES OF SPAIN

• Argentina, Belgium, Belize, Bolivia, California (United States), Chile, Colombia, Costa
Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Florida (United
States), Guam (unincorporated territory of the United States), Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras,
Italy, Jamaica, Louisiana (United States), Luxembourg, Mexico, Morocco, Nicaragua,
Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Puerto Rico (unincorporated territory of the United
States), Netherlands, Philippines, Uruguay, Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago

SPANISH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT

IN THE PHILIPPINES

The Spanish colonial government in the Philippines was characterized by the pursuit of
the "3G's" – God, Gold, and Glory. These three objectives encapsulated the Spanish
motivations and strategies in their governance of the archipelago. The religious aspect,
represented by the pursuit of God, involved the propagation of Christianity and the
establishment of the Catholic Church as a dominant institution in the Philippines.

NATIONAL COLONIAL GOVERNMENT

The national colonial government in the Philippines was led by the Governor-General,
who served as the head of the Spanish colonial administration. Endowed with centralized
and concentrated power, the Governor-General was responsible for implementing the
Leyes de Indias (Laws of the Indies), which comprised laws and royal decrees from Spain
that governed the colony. The Governor-General held authority over the appointment and
dismissal of public officials, excluding those directly chosen by the King of Spain. This
system endured for a significant period, spanning 333 years from the leadership of Miguel
Lopez de Legazpi in 1565 to the final Governor-General, Diego de los Rios, in 1898.
Throughout this lengthy period, the Governor-General played a pivotal role in shaping the
governance and policies of the Spanish colonial administration in the Philippines.
 PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT

The colonial administrative structure in the

Philippines included the Ayuntamiento, which
governed the cities. The Ayuntamiento was led by
the Cabildo, a city council composed of officials
such as the Alcalde, Regidores, Aguacil Mayor,
and Escribano. Notably, Cebu was the first city,
followed by Manila, which became the capital.
Other cities established during this period
included Villa Fernandina (Vigan), Nueva Segovia
(Cagayan), Nueva Caceres (Naga), and Arevalo
(Iloilo). Provinces under Spanish rule were headed
by Alcalde Mayor or Alcalde En Ordinario, while
those in conflict with Spain were managed by
Corregimientos or Corregidores, military
governors tasked with pacifying and correcting
unpacified regions. This administrative structure
played a crucial role in the Spanish governance of
the Philippine archipelago.

MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT

The colonial governance of towns or municipalities in the Philippines involved the Pueblo,
each led by a Gobernadorcillo or Capitan. The local administration also extended to the
Barrio or Barangay, formerly known as a balangay, which was headed by a Cabeza de
barangay. This hierarchical structure facilitated the management of local affairs and helped
establish a systematic governance system throughout the Spanish colonial period in the
Philippines. The Gobernadorcillos and Cabezas de barangay played essential roles in
maintaining order and facilitating communication between the local communities and the
Spanish authorities.
 JUDICIAL BRANCH

eRoyal Audiencia, also known as the

Audencia Real. This institution played a
crucial role in checking the potential abuses
of the colonial government, auditing its
expenditures, and rendering justice to the
Filipino population. Serving as an advisory
body to the Governor-General, the Royal
Audiencia sent an annual report to Spain.
Another important entity was the Residentia,
responsible for investigating the conduct of
the Governor-General and all government

officials. The Visitador General or Visita, acting as a special envoy of the King, conducted
investigations into the colonial conditions and reported directly to the King. The Visitador
General had the authority to punish officials based on his findings. These institutions
contributed to the oversight and governance of the Spanish colonial administration in the
Philippines.

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

- Peninsulares: Spaniards born in Spain

- Insulares: Spaniards born in the colonies

- Mestizo de Español: Spanish father, Indio

(Filipino native) mother

- Principalia: Ruling elite native class

- Mestizo de Sangley: Chinese father, Indio

mother

- Tornatras: Mixed race

- Indio: Filipino natives

 Caja de comunidad : Tax for the construction of roads, repair of bridges or the
improvement of public buildings
Sanctorum : Tax for the cost of Christianization, including the construction of
churches and the purchase of materials for religious celebrations
Donativo : Tax for the military campaign of the government against the Muslims •
Tributo : Forced labor, or polo y servicio, was also a network for tax payment.
- Spain replaced this with cedula, which allowed them to keep track of the people
who could pay taxes

Polo y Servicio Personal: Forced labor for Indio males aged 16-60, lasting 40 days;
a significant reason for the Indolence of the Filipinos.
Galleon Trade: Trade between the Philippines and Mexico from 1565-1815.
Religious Orders: Various orders such as Augustinian, Franciscan, Jesuit,
Dominican, Recollect, Benedictines, Oblates of Mary Immaculate, Marist, and
Diocesan.
Social Transformation: Changes in clothing and housing, with black suits replacing
traditional garments like Bahag and Kangan, slippers replacing barefoot walking,
and bricked houses replacing the traditional Bahay-kubo.
 SPANISH INFLUENCES

SPANISH SURNAMES - These surnames were

adopted on the order of Governor General Narciso
Claveria in 1849, aiming to prevent confusion among
the native population. This initiative served as the
basis for precise tax collection and demographic
control. Some of the surnames introduced include
Cruz, del Rosario, dela Cruz, Fernandez, Flores,
Garcia, Gonzales, Morales, Ortiz, Perez, Reyes,
Rodriguez, Sanchez, Santos, Valdez, Villamor,
Villanueva, and more.

SPANISH LANGUAGE - The influence of the Spanish

language is evident in various Filipino words and
expressions. Some examples include Alamín, asár,
astá, bale, balón, banda, baráto, barkada, basta, bida,
bomba, caballo (kabayo), calesa, chika, Diyos,
eskwela, espejo (salamin), gwapo, hurado,
Impakto, jabon (sabon), kalye, karne, kasilyas, kerida, kontrabida, kubeta, kumustá (cómo
está), kuwarta, kwento, la mesa (mesa), labakara (trapo), lavavo (lababo), lola, lupà, luto,
madre, maldito, maldita, mamón, maskí, matá, padre, palengke, pamilya, pare, parì, pera,
pirmi, piso, puta, puwerta, regla, sapatos, siguro, silbí, siyempre, sugál, sugaról, suplado,
sustansiya, ventana (bintana), and more.

Counting: The Spanish influence is

evident in the Filipino counting system,
as demonstrated by numbers like Uno,
dos, tres, cuatro, cinco, seis, siete, ocho,
nueve, diez, and more.
Foods: Culinary influences include
dishes such as Mechado, Leche Flan,
and Isaw, showcasing a blend of Spanish
and Filipino flavors.
Entertainments/Leisure: Cultural and
leisure activities like Cock Fighting,
Karera, Gambling, Zarzuela, Baraha, and
Siesta reflect a mix of Spanish and local
influences in entertainment.
Dressing: The attire in the Philippines
exhibits a combination of European and
Asian garments, showcasing a fusion of
styles influenced by both cultures.
 María Josefa Gabriela Cariño Silang (March 19, 1731 – September 20, 1763): Widowed by
Diego Silang's death, María Josefa Gabriela Cariño Silang continued the fight for
independence, becoming a key figure in the Filipino revolutionary movement. Notably, she
holds the distinction of being the first female leader of a Filipino movement against
Spanish rule. Despite her brave efforts, María Josefa faced a grim fate and was executed
by hanging. The Silang couple's struggle symbolizes the enduring fight for freedom during
a challenging period in Philippine history.

*Capt. Andres Novales:

Captain Andres Novales, an Insulares,
played a significant role in a historical
episode where he nearly succeeded in
seizing power from the Colonial
Government. This incident reflects the
growing discontent and desire for change
among the Insulares, who were Spanish-
born individuals residing in the colonies.
Novales' attempt to take control
underscores the complex political
dynamics during this period and the
various challenges faced by the colonial
administration in maintaining stability.
While the specific details of Novales'
uprising may vary, it stands as a
Francisco Balagtas y dela Cruz Baltazar: noteworthy event in the broader narrative
Francisco Balagtas, also known as the Prince of resistance and upheaval against colonial
of Tagalog poets, significantly contributed to rule in the Philippines.
Philippine literature through his literary
masterpiece "Florante at Laura." Born in 1788,
he pursued education in Philosophy and
Theology at Colegio de San Jose. Balagtas
honed his poetic skills under the guidance of
Jose dela Cruz, known as "Huseng Sisiw."
"Florante at Laura" stands as a cornerstone of
local versification, imparting moral and social
values while showcasing the richness of the
Tagalog language. Balagtas composed this
epic while incarcerated, inspired by the
marriage of Asuncion to Capule. His literary
legacy remains a foundational influence on
Philippine literature.
One of Balagtas' notable maxims reflects the
power of love: "O, pag-ibig na
makapangyarihan, hahamakin ang lahat
masunod ka lamang."
Francisco Balagtas passed away on February 20, 1862, leaving behind a lasting imprint on
the cultural and literary heritage of the Philippines.
 PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT

PROPAGANDISTS IN
BARCELONA

FILIPINO PROPAGANDISTS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS

During the late 19th century, a group of Filipino

propagandists in Barcelona emerged, using their
intellect and influence to advocate for reforms
and social justice. Among these notable figures
were Marcelo Hilario del Pilar, Graciano Lopez
Jaena, Jose Rizal, Juan Luna y Novicio, and
General Antonio Luna.

Marcelo Hilario del Pilar, through his publication

Diariong Tagalog, became a prominent voice for
the Filipinos, fearlessly addressing social and
political issues. Graciano Lopez Jaena, as the
first editor of La Solidaridad, skillfully utilized the
power of the pen to
expose the ills of the Spanish colonial rule. Jose Rizal, a multi-talented nationalist, founded
La Liga Filipina, an organization aimed at uniting Filipinos and fostering civic
consciousness.

Juan Luna y Novicio, a distinguished painter, created the iconic Spoliarium, a masterpiece
that depicted the harsh realities of colonial oppression. Meanwhile, General Antonio Luna,
renowned for his military prowess, played a vital role in La Independencia, the
revolutionary newspaper that fueled the flames of the fight for Philippine independence.
 AIMS

The Filipino propagandists in the late 19th century were driven by a set of aims that
sought to address the grievances of the Filipino people under Spanish colonial rule.
Their goals included:

1. Assimilation of the Philippines as a Regular Province of Spain: The propagandists

advocated for the integration of the Philippines into the political and administrative
structure of Spain, with equal representation and rights.
2. Restoration of Filipino Representation to Spanish Cortes: They sought to restore the
representation of Filipinos in the Spanish Cortes (parliament), ensuring that their voices
were heard in matters that affected the Philippines.
3. Secularization of Parishes: The propagandists pushed for the secularization of
parishes, aiming to diminish the influence of the friars and promote a more equitable
distribution of power in the religious institutions.
4. Equality between Spaniards and Filipinos: Advocating for social justice, the
propagandists aimed to establish equality between Spaniards and Filipinos, challenging
the prevalent discrimination and social hierarchies.
5. Human Rights, Especially Freedom of Speech and Freedom of Press: They
championed the cause of human rights, emphasizing freedom of speech and freedom of
the press as crucial elements in fostering an informed and empowered citizenry.
6. Economic Development: The propagandists envisioned economic reforms that would
contribute to the development of the Philippines, ensuring a more equitable distribution
of resources.
7. Reforms in Government: Seeking to rectify the perceived injustices in the colonial
government, the propagandists aimed for reforms that would lead to a fair and just
administration.
8. Reforms in Education: Recognizing the importance of education, they advocated for
reforms in the educational system to empower Filipinos with knowledge and skills.
 PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION
FLAGS

KATAASTAASANG KAGALANGGALANGANG KATIPUNAN NG

MGA ANAK NG BAYAN (KKK)

The Secret Libertarian Movement, established by Andres Bonifacio on July 7, 1892, in

Tondo, Manila, aimed at achieving the political goal of separating the Philippines from
Spanish rule. The movement operated covertly, and its members initiated their
commitment through a symbolic blood compact, signifying their dedication to the cause
by signing their names with their own blood. This movement played a crucial role in the
larger narrative of the Philippine struggle for independence, laying the groundwork for the
revolutionary activities that would follow.

GOVERNING BODIES

The Kataastaasang Sanggunian, translated as the Supreme Council, holds a

significant position in the organizational structure. It operates alongside the
Sanguniang Bayan, responsible for local governance.

The Provincial Council, overseeing matters at the provincial level. This

hierarchy highlights the importance of a centralized authority, ensuring
effective governance and coordination across different administrative levels.
 The Sangguniang Balangay, functioning as the
Municipal Council, plays a pivotal role in the
local administrative structure.

The Sangguniang Hukuman, or the Judicial

Council, responsible for addressing legal
matters and overseeing the judicial aspect of
governance.

The Secret Chamber, comprising key figures

such as Bonifacio, Jacinto, and Valenzuela,
handles cases forwarded from the
Sangguniang Hukuman. This intricate system
reflects the comprehensive approach taken by
the revolutionary movement to establish
governance and justice during a crucial period
in Philippine history.

PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION
OF FLAGSS

THE KATIPUNAN (1892- 1897)

The First KKK • Andres Bonifacio requested his wife, Gregoria

de Jesus, and with the help of Benita Rodriguez to create a flag
for the society. Gregoria de Jesus created a simple red flag
bearing the society's acronym, KKK, In white and arranged
horizontally at the center of a rectangular piece of red cloth
locally called “Kundiman"

Early Katipunan Flag

Only one letter K was positioned on a rectangular piece of red
cloth

The Second Katipunan Flag (1892)

A red flag with the three white letter Ks arranged In an
equilateral triangle, a shape prominent in Philippine
revolutionary Imagery, at the center of the rectangular field.
Andres Bonifacio Flag
Andres Bonifacio, known as "The Father of Katipunan,"
designed a distinctive flag in 1892. This emblem features a
white sun with an indeterminate number of rays set against a
red background. Positioned beneath the sun are three white
Ks arranged horizontally. Unveiled on August 23, 1896,
during the Cry of Pugad Lawin, this flag gained prominence
during the Battle of San Juan del Monte on August 30, 1896
– a pivotal engagement in the early stages of the Philippine
Revolution. Symbolizing Bonifacio's war camp, the flag
adorned the banner of the "Great Plebeian" or "Dakilang
Anak Pawis."

Katipunan 1st Degree Flag (1892)

A red flag with one white letter K at the center of the field,
crossed by a native sword ("tabak") pointing downwards
and a small skull above the letter K. This was accepted to
rally the Katipuneros belonging to the lowest rank or grade

Katipunan 2nd Degree Flag (1892)

A red flag similar to the 1st degree design, but with two K's
and no skull symbol. This was supposed to rally the middle
ranks of the Katipuneros

Katipunan 3rd Degree Flag (1892)

A red flag, again, with three K's and sword sign, for the
highest ranks of the society

War Camp of Katipuneros of Malibay, Pasay (1896)

This battle flag has the Masonic triangle on the left, with the
“Malibay” Katipuneros description over a red field
THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT (1897 - 1899) /
PERSONAL / BATTALION FLAGS

Pio del Pilar's Rising Sun Flag (1896)

is characterized by a red field with a white triangle on the
left side. General Pio del Pilar, renowned for his role in
Makati and as one of Emilio Aguinaldo's trusted generals,
prominently featured this flag up to the Pact of Biak-na-Bato.
The flag's distinctive feature is the rising sun in the middle,
boasting eight rays symbolizing the initial eight united
provinces. Named Bandila ng Matagumpay (The Flag of the
Victorious), it made its debut on July 11, 1895, and stands as
one of the earliest depictions of an eight-rayed sun.
General Mariano Llanera's battle Skull Flag (1896)
General Mariano Llanera who fought in the provinces of
Bulacan, Tarlac, Pampanga, and Nueva Ecija used a dull -
looking black flag, with the single white letter K and the skull
and crossbones symbol. The black color of the flag was
Inspired by the hood worn during the secret initiation rites of
the first degree Katipuneros

Bicol Katipuneros Flag

The flag was used in many battles including the Battle of
Agdangan

Negrense Revolutionists Katipunan Flag

Their standard was inverted, with the red field in the
upper part to indicate wartime and solidarity with
other revolutionaries and a sun that resembling a
medal. The colors are similar to those of the current
flag of the Philippines

The Magdiwang Faction of the Katipunan (August 30,

1896)
Flag consisting of a red flag with the character at the
center of the flag is a K in an ancient Filipino alphabet or
Baybayin script in white placed at the center of a sun with
eight pointed rays, again representing the Katipunan and
the eight revolutionary provinces
 The Magdalo Faction of the Katipunan
It features a white sun with a red Baybayin letter “Ka” and
indefinite pointed rays.

Gregorio del Pilar's Tricolor Flag (1897)

A flag almost alike to the present National Flag was used by
General Gregorio del Pilar, "boy hero of the Battle of Tirad
Pass” and “The Young General of the Katipunan”

The Sun of Liberty Flag

officially adopted on March 17, 1897, holds the distinction of
being the first official flag of the Revolutionary Government
led by General Emilio Aguinaldo. This historic flag is
recognized as the inaugural national flag of the Philippines,
symbolizing the dawn of the country's quest for
independence.

THE FIRST REPUBLIC (1899 -1901)

The Sun and the Stars

The Philippine national flag was designed by Emilio
Aguinaldo during his exile in Hong Kong. The flag was
sewn at 535 Morrison Hill, Hong Kong by Mrs. Marcela
Mariño Agoncillo - wife of the first Filipino diplomat,
Felipe Agoncillo, because of her sewing skills with the
help of her daughter Lorenza and Mrs. Delfina Herbosa
de Natividad, niece of Dr. Jose P. Rizal and wife of
General Salvador Natividad

The Official Flag of the Republic of the Philippines

President Manuel L. Quezon issued Executive Order No.
23 which restricted the official description and
specifications of the Philippine Flag
THE FIRST REPUBLIC (1899 -1901)

The Sun and the Stars

The Philippine national flag was designed by Emilio
Aguinaldo during his exile in Hong Kong. The flag was
sewn at 535 Morrison Hill, Hong Kong by Mrs. Marcela
Mariño Agoncillo - wife of the first Filipino diplomat,
Felipe Agoncillo, because of her sewing skills with the
help of her daughter Lorenza and Mrs. Delfina Herbosa
de Natividad, niece of Dr. Jose P. Rizal and wife of
General Salvador Natividad

The Official Flag of the Republic of the Philippines

President Manuel L. Quezon issued Executive Order No.
23 which restricted the official description and
specifications of the Philippine Flag
 PHILIPPINE HEROES

MUSLIM OPPOSITION TO
SPANISH MISRULE

Sultan Muhammad Dipatuan Kudarat-

As the Sultan of Maguindanao and a
direct descendant of Shariff
Kabungsuwan, Sultan Muhammad
Dipatuan Kudarat played a significant
role in opposing Spanish misrule
during the colonial period. The term
"Dipatuan" means Master in Malay,
while "Kudarat" translates to Power in
Arabic, reflecting his leadership. He
successfully resisted the

Conquistador Esteban, who attempted to conquer his land, and hindered the efforts of the
Spanish in Christianizing the island of Mindanao. Despite his initial successes, he faced
defeat by General Corcuera on March 13, 1637, which led to the burning of Mosques.
Sultan Kudarat remained a pivotal figure in the Muslim opposition against Spanish rule,
and his speeches to Datus of Lanao demonstrated his influence and leadership.

IILOCANOS OPPOSITION TO
SPANISH MISRULE
Diego Silang y Andaya (December 16, 1730 –
May 28, 1763): Diego Silang emerged as a
prominent figure during the 18th century,
leading the revolt of the Ilocanos against the
oppressive actions of Spanish officials. His
efforts were notably supported by the British
Forces during their occupation of Manila and
Cavite in 1762. The rebellion initiated in Vigan,
Ilocos Sur, reflecting the widespread discontent
with Spanish rule. Tragically, Diego Silang met
his demise at the hands of his friend Miguel
Vicos, a Spanish mestizo, highlighting the
complex dynamics of the time.

-
Melchora Aquino de Ramos, widely known as
Tandang Sora, played a significant role in the
Philippine Revolution. Acknowledged as the Mother
of Katipunan under Andres Bonifacio's leadership,
she earned the title "Grand Woman of the
Revolution." As a resident of Balintawak, she
offered assistance to ailing Katipuneros during the
revolution, providing them with food and shelter.
Tandang Sora's compassionate support and
dedication to the cause made her a revered figure in
Philippine history.

General Emilio Famy Aguinaldo was inducted into

the Katipunan in 1892, adopting the code name
Magdalo. He led the Magdalo faction of the
Katipunan and played a crucial role in the fight
against the Spanish government. On December 27,
1897, Aguinaldo agreed to go into exile in Hong
Kong, along with 25 other leaders of the Philippine
Revolution, in exchange for $400,000 from the
Spanish Government. With the help of the
Americans, he successfully resisted Spanish rule.
However, Aguinaldo later found himself opposing
American occupation in 1899. Despite his earlier
resistance, he eventually took allegiance to the
Philippine provisional government under American
occupation at Malacañang.

Apolinario Maranan Mabini, known as the "Brain of

the Philippine Revolution," was a sublime paralytic
due to polio. He attended UST Law School and
worked as a Latin professor in San Juan de Letran.
Mabini served as an adviser to President General
Emilio Aguinaldo and played a key role in proposing
the first constitution of the Philippine Republic.
However, after being dismissed by the congress and
asked to resign by the president, Mabini exposed
Emilio Aguinaldo's involvement in the murder of
Supremo Andres Bonifacio and General Antonio
Luna.
General Antonio Luna, a prominent figure in the
Philippine Revolution, served as a general under
President General Emilio Aguinaldo. Renowned
as one of the greatest generals of the revolution,
he was the younger brother of Juan Luna y
Novicio, the famous painter and agitator in
Barcelona. General Luna also played a
significant role in the publication of La
Independencia. However, he faced conflicts with
General Thomas Mascardo during this period.

General Gregorio del Pilar, affectionately known

as "Goyo," emerged as a pivotal figure during
the Philippine-American War, serving as the
commander of President Emilio Aguinaldo's final
army. His notable contribution came in the Battle
of Tirad Pass on December 2, 1899, a heroic last
stand against advancing American forces.
Despite the eventual defeat, Del Pilar's courage
and leadership in facilitating Aguinaldo's escape
and leading the resistance underscored the
unwavering spirit of Filipino forces during a
challenging period in their fight for
independence. His legacy endures as a symbol
of resilience and determination in Philippine
history.
 Governor General Carlos Maria De la Torre:
Carlos Maria De la Torre served as the
Governor General of the Philippines from 1869
to 1871, embodying a liberal stance and
advocating for justice, human rights, equality,
freedom, and independence. During his tenure,
De la Torre actively listened to the grievances
of the Filipino people and worked towards
implementing reforms that favored their
interests.

One of his notable initiatives was providing

free passes and scholarships for Filipinos to
pursue education in Spain, recognizing the
importance of education in fostering progress.
Despite his commendable efforts, De la Torre's
term was cut short due to the influence of the
friars, who held significant sway over colonial
affairs. His legacy, however, remains a
testament to his commitment to the welfare
and advancement of the Filipino people during
a pivotal period in Philippine history.

EXECUTION OF GOMBURZA

Gomburza: The Martyred Priests of 1872

The Gomburza trio, composed of Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jacinto Zamora, and Jose
Burgos, played crucial roles in the pursuit of equality and justice during a tumultuous
period in Philippine history. Father Mariano Gomez, born on August 2, 1799, was a
Tornatras (of Chinese and Spanish descent) serving as the parish priest of Bacoor, Cavite.
He, along with Father Jacinto Zamora, born on August 14, 1835, an Insulares priest with
assignments in Marikina, Pasig, and Batangas, and Father Jose Burgos, born on February
9, 1837, an Insulares with an impressive educational background and director of the
Manila Cathedral, were at the forefront of advocating for equality between Spanish and
Filipino priests.

The trio was accused, particularly Father Jose Burgos, of masterminding the Cavite
Mutiny on the night of January 20, 1872, involving 200 Filipinos led by Captain Andres
Novales. The mutiny sought to address grievances, including the secularization of
parishes. Unfortunately, the Order of Governor General Rafael de Izquierdo ordered their
execution by the garrote. On the sunrise of February 17, 1872, the Gomburza priests met
their tragic end, leaving a lasting impact on the quest for reform and justice in the
Philippines.
KATAASTAASANG KAGALANGGALANGANG
KATIPUNAN NG MGA ANAK NG BAYAN (KKK)

Andres Bonifacio,
revered as the Supremo, embarked on a self-directed education journey, immersing
himself in the works of Jose Rizal and influential French revolutionists. Using the code
name Maypag-asa in the Katipunan, he delved into diverse readings ranging from literary
classics like Alexander Dumas' Count of Monte Cristo and Victor Hugo's Les Miserables
to historical and religious texts such as the
Holy Bible and works on the French
Revolution. With an insatiable thirst for
knowledge, he studied law, international
law, civil code, penal code, and medical
books. Notably, Bonifacio authored works
like Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuang Bayan (Love of
Fatherland), Ang Dapat Mabatid ng Mga
Tagalog (What the Filipinos Should Know),
and Tapunan ng Lingap (Care a Little). His
dedication to education and the pursuit of
knowledge played a crucial role in shaping
his role as a revolutionary leader in the
Philippine struggle for independence.

Macario Sakay and Aurelio Tolentino were

organizers of the play "Bernardo Carpio"
and friends of Andres Bonifacio, actively
assisting him in the establishment of the
Katipunan.

Emilio Jacinto, a staunch supporter of

Bonifacio, earned recognition as the
intellectual force behind the Katipunan.
Notable for his intellectual prowess, he
contributed significantly to the cause.
Among his works, the "Kartilya ng
Katipunan" stands out as the primer that
encapsulated the organization's teachings.
Additionally, Jacinto was involved in the
publication of "Kalayaan," the official
newspaper of the Katipunan.
 José Protasio Mercado Rizal y Alonso Realonda
A widely recognized as the Philippine National
Hero, made significant contributions to the
country's history. He authored two influential
novels, "Noli Me Tangere," published in Berlin,
Germany, in 1887, and "El Filibusterismo,"
released in Ghent, Belgium, in 1891. Rizal's
literary works ignited a sense of patriotism
among Filipinos. However, his activism led to
his arrest and subsequent execution by a firing
squad in Bagumbayan, Manila, on December 30,
1896. Rizal's martyrdom served as a catalyst for
a fervent revolution against Spanish rule.

THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION

Teodoro Patiño a worker at Diario de Manila, played a significant role in the discovery of
the Katipunan. He disclosed information about the secret society to his sister in a
nunnery, and the revelation eventually reached Fr. Mariano Gil. This revelation led to the
arrest, torture, and death of numerous Katipuneros, marking a crucial turning point in
the history of the secret society.
Following this, Andres Bonifacio called all the leaders of the Council of Katipunan to
gather in Pugadlawin Balintawak, a significant event in the unfolding revolutionary
movement.
THE CRY OF BALINTAWAK

On August 23, 1896, in the historic event known as "Sigaw sa Pugadlawin," Andres
Bonifacio and the Katipuneros assembled in Pugadlawin. In a symbolic act of defiance
against colonial oppression, they tore their Cedula, signifying their rejection of Spanish
rule. This momentous occasion marked the official commencement of the Philippine
Revolution, a pivotal chapter in the nation's quest for independence.
 Governor General Ramon Blanco played a
crucial role in responding to the rising
revolutionary sentiments. On August 30,
1896, he declared Martial Law in eight
provinces, namely Bulacan, Nueva Ecija,
Tarlac, Pampanga, Manila, Laguna, Cavite,
and Batangas. This declaration was a
response to the cry for revolution, as the
Philippine Revolution gained momentum
against Spanish rule during this period.

PHILIPPINE HERO

Melchora Aquino de Ramos, widely known as

Tandang Sora, played a significant role in the
Philippine Revolution. Acknowledged as the Mother
of Katipunan under Andres Bonifacio's leadership,
she earned the title "Grand Woman of the
Revolution." As a resident of Balintawak, she
offered assistance to ailing Katipuneros during the
revolution, providing them with food and shelter.
Tandang Sora's compassionate support and
dedication to the cause made her a revered figure in
Philippine history.

TEJEROS CONVENTION

Andres Bonifacio y de Castro played a crucial role

in reconciling the conflicting factions within the
Katipunan during the Tejeros Convention. The
Magdalo faction, led by Baldomero Aguinaldo, and
the Magdiwang faction, led by Mariano Alvarez,
were in dispute. Bonifacio chaired the convention
with the intention of settling the conflict, but it
culminated in an election to establish a Philippine
Revolutionary Government.

The results of the election included Emilio Aguinaldo as President, Mariano Trías as Vice-
President, Artemio Ricarte as Captain-General, Emiliano Riego de Dios as Director of War,
and Andrés Bonifacio as Director of the Interior.
 Daniel Tirona played a significant role during the Tejeros
Convention and afterward. As the Director of War for the
Magdalo Faction, he initially welcomed Andres Bonifacio
in a parade but later became critical of him. Tirona made
derogatory remarks about Bonifacio during the
convention, suggesting that the Director of the Interior
position should go to a lawyer like Atty. Jose del Rosario
rather than an uneducated person like Bonifacio. This led
to a tense situation where Bonifacio pointed a gun at
Tirona. Despite later seeking amnesty from the Spaniards
in Tanza during the downfall of Cavite and becoming a
corrupt Military Governor in Cagayan during the Filipino-
American War, Tirona eventually surrendered to the
Americans, who treated him with disdain, making him
perform menial tasks.

General Emilio Aguinaldo ordered the

arrest and death of Andres Bonifacio due
to the latter's proposal of the Naic Military
Agreement, which aimed to establish an
independent government separate from
the Acta de Tejeros. Bonifacio, along with
his wife Gregoria de Jesus and brothers,
was captured in Limbon, Indang, Cavite.
He faced a mock trial in the Naic Military
Tribunal led by General Mariano Noriel
and defended by Atty. Placido Martinez.
The trial started on April 29, 1897, and
after being transferred to Maragondon, Cavite, Bonifacio was executed on May 10, 1897, in
Mt. Buntis, Maragondon, by Major Lazaro Macapagal. His body was buried by Katipuneros
Guillermo Masangkay and Jose Zulueta in Mt. Nagpatong. Aguinaldo initially suggested
exile for Bonifacio but later restored the verdict to death. The alleged rape of Gregoria de
Jesus was never investigated by Aguinaldo. Mariano Noriel, who conducted the trial, was
also tried and executed during the American Occupation by the Americans in Bilibid,
Maynila.
Gregoria de Jesus, also known as Oriang or Oryang,
held the Katipunan Code Name Lakambini, meaning
First Lady. She became the second wife of Andres
Bonifacio, who was a widower after his first wife
suffered from leprosy. Gregoria sought help from the
Gobernadorcillo and married Bonifacio in March 1893
at Binondo Church. During Bonifacio's arrest, she
faced an attempted rape by Colonel Agapito "Yntong"
Bonzon, the leader of Emilio Aguinaldo's arresting
squad. Andres Bonifacio pleaded with Tomas
Mascardo, who mercifully intervened. There were
subsequent incidents where Bonzon attempted to
force her into an empty house, but other officers objected, and the exact details were either
not mentioned or intentionally deleted from the records of the Revolutionary Government.
The transcript of Bonifacio’s trial indicated that she was raped, but Gregoria de Jesus never
mentioned the event for the rest of her life. Unfortunately, Col. Agapito "Yntong" Bonzon
was never punished for his alleged crime. After being widowed by Andres Bonifacio,
Gregoria de Jesus married Julio Nakpil, a musician turned revolutionary general, and they
had eight children together.

SPANIARDS-AMERICAN WAR IN
THE PHILIPPINES

The U.S.S. Maine, a United States

battleship, was sunk in the waters of
Havana, Cuba, on February 18, 1898. This
incident served as the immediate cause for
the outbreak of the Spanish–American
War. Following the sinking, Admiral
George Dewey took command of the
Philippines with his naval flagship, the
U.S.S. Olympia. The subsequent Battle of
Manila Bay resulted in minimal casualties
for the United States, with eight reported,
while Spain suffered a significantly higher
toll, with approximately 500 casualties.

PHILIPPINE DECLARATION OF
INDEPENDENCE FROM SPAIN

On June 12, 1898, the first symbolic

display of Philippine independence
from Spain took place with the waving
of the Philippine flag. This historic
event occurred on the balcony of
President Emilio Aguinaldo's mansion
in Kawit, Cavite. The Philippine flag,
unfurled for the first time during this
ceremony, was meticulously sewn by
Marcela de Agoncillo. This momentous
occasion marked a significant step
towards the nation's quest for
freedom.
The "Marcha Nacional Filipina," now
known as the Philippine National Anthem,
was composed by Maestro Julian Felipe.
General Emilio Aguinaldo played a pivotal
role in the proclamation of Philippine
independence. On August 1, 1898, he
called for a meeting in Bacoor, Cavite,
where he signed the Act of Proclamation of
Independence. This document, drafted by
Apolinario Mabini, was later ratified in the
Malolos Congress. It is worth noting that
August 1, 1898, is considered the actual
date of Philippine Independence, while the
symbolic waving of the Philippine Flag on
June 12, 1898, served as a representation
of this newfound freedom.

The Treaty of Paris, signed on December

10, 1898, marked a significant moment in
history. The United States paid the Spanish
government $20,000,000 for the Philippine
Islands as part of the agreement. It's
notable that there was no Filipino delegate
involved in the crucial decision-making
process regarding the future of the
Philippines. The Mock Battle in Manila Bay
orchestrated a dignified retreat of the
Spanish forces from the Philippines,
resulting in few casualties on both sides.
This mock battle, designed by top generals
from both camps, served as a strategic
conclusion to the Spanish-American War,
with the formal conclusion occurring in the
Treaty of Paris.

PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR

The Malolos Republic, officially known as the First Philippine Republic, was established
and signed in Barasoin Parish, Malolos, Bulacan, on January 23, 1899. Unfortunately, it
never took effect due to the outbreak of the Philippine-American War. American troops,
led by General Arthur MacArthur Jr., played a significant role in the events that followed,
preventing the full realization of the republic's aspirations.
 Pvt. William Grayson, an American, fired the first shot that marked the beginning of the
Philippine–American War. In the same skirmish, Col. Felix Anastacio, a Filipino leading
the San Mateo Battalion, lost his life. These events symbolized the start of the armed
conflict between Filipino revolutionaries and American forces.

AMERICAN MILITARY GOVERNMENT

IN THE PHILIPPINES

ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE AMERICAN MILITARY GOVERNMENT

The American Military Government in the Philippines, during its initial stages, achieved
significant milestones. One of its primary accomplishments was the pacification of the
war-ravaged country, stabilizing the situation in the aftermath of the Philippine-
American War. Additionally, the foundation of American rule was laid down, with the
establishment of Civil Courts and the Supreme Court, with Cayetano Arellano serving as
the first Supreme Justice. The administration worked on the establishment of local
governments in provinces and towns, contributing to the organization of the Philippine
political structure. Furthermore, the American Military Government played a pivotal role
in the education sector by opening public schools, with American soldiers serving as
the first teachers. A noteworthy event during this period was the holding of the first
municipal election in Baliwag, Bulacan, on May 7, 1899.

The Schurman Commission, the first

Philippine Commission appointed by
American President William McKinley,
played a crucial role in shaping the early
governance of the Philippines. Operating
under military governors Elwell Stephen
Otis and Arthur MacArthur Jr, the
commission made several
recommendations for the establishment of a
territorial form of military government with a
two-house legislature.

Key recommendations included:

1. Formation of a lower house through elections.
2. Creation of an upper house with a combination of elected and appointed members.
3. Gradual withdrawal of military rule from pacified areas.
4. Establishment of an autonomous local government.
5. Implementation of free elementary schools.
6. Appointment of Filipinos with high ability and good character to important
government offices.

These recommendations reflected the commission's efforts to address governance,

representation, and education in the Philippines during the transition from military rule.
The Taft Commission, established in 1900 and named after its head, William Howard Taft,
marked the second phase of American governance in the Philippines. Appointed by US
President William McKinley, the commission played a crucial role in the transition from
military rule to civil government. One of its significant contributions was the formulation of
the Magna Carta of the Philippines.
Key points about the Taft Commission:
1. **Purpose:** Sent to prepare for the
establishment of Civil Government,
replacing the Military Government.
2. **Magna Carta of the Philippines:** The
commission laid out the Magna Carta,
which embodied fundamental democratic
principles and reflected the underlying
American policy in the Philippines.
3. **William Howard Taft:** Appointed as the
first civilian US Governor-General of the
Philippines in 1901, succeeding Military
Governor General Arthur MacArthur.
\

Frank Murphy, appointed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, played a significant role in

the Philippines, emphasizing democratic principles, human welfare, and happiness. His
contributions include:
1. **Humanized Penal Code:** Murphy worked on reforms to the penal code, aiming to
create a more humane and just legal system in the Philippines.
2. **Support for Independence:** He actively supported the Filipinos in their campaign
for independence, advocating for the country's self-determination.
3. **Greater Filipino Participation:** Murphy's administration promoted increased
Filipino participation in government affairs. Local government was fully controlled by
Filipinos, and municipal and provincial executives were elected by qualified voters.
4. **Emancipation of Women:** He championed gender equality, advocating for the
emancipation of women and ensuring their equal rights with men.
5. **Free Trade:** Murphy introduced policies that facilitated free trade between the
Philippines and the United States, fostering economic cooperation between the two
nations.
PHILIPPINE COMMMONWEALTH ERA

The Commonwealth Era in the Philippines

marked a significant phase in the
country's history, shaped by the Tydings-
McDuffie Act, also known as the Philippine
Independence Act. Enacted by the U.S.
Congress, this legislation paved the way
for the Philippines, then an American
territory, to attain independence following
a ten-year transition period. This period
included the outbreak of World War II,
during which the Philippine government
faced the challenges of occupation.
President Manuel L. Quezon's exile to
America during this tumultuous time
added a
complex dimension to the struggle for Philippine sovereignty. Despite the difficulties, the
Commonwealth Era laid the groundwork for the eventual establishment of the independent
Republic of the Philippines.

JAPANESE OCCUPATION OF THE

PHILIPPINES

General Masaharu Homma served as the Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese Imperial

Forces during World War II. On December 8, 1941, just 10 hours after the attack on Pearl
Harbor, Japanese forces invaded the Philippines. General Homma successfully controlled
major strategic points in the Philippines for three years and five months. However, he faced
execution by firing squad in Manila. Declaring Martial Law on January 3, 1942, General
Homma's regime suppressed freedom of speech and press. One of the darkest events under
his command was the Death March, which commenced on April 10, 1942, following the fall
of Bataan. This forced march involved 86,000 Filipino and American prisoners of war,
covering a grueling 63 miles (101.3 km) from Mariveles, Bataan, to San Fernando,
Pampanga.
HukBaLaHap, short for "Hukbong Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon," refers to the guerrilla
movement against Japanese forces led by Luis Taruc and other farmers from Pampanga.
During World War II, General Douglas MacArthur played a pivotal role in Philippine history.
After retreating to Bataan and Corregidor, he made a daring escape on March 11, 1942, for
Australia, famously declaring, "I shall return." Bataan and Corregidor represented the last
tactical defense portals of the Philippines against naval invaders, giving rise to the iconic
phrase "Huwag Isuko ang Bataan" (Never Surrender Bataan). General MacArthur fulfilled his
promise, returning to the Philippines on October 20, 1944, landing in Palo, Leyte. Well-
supplied with men, vessels, arms, and information, he and the Allied forces resisted every
tactic employed by General Yamashita.
 MARTIAL LAW

Ferdinand Marcos served as the President of the Philippines for multiple terms with the
following details:
- **1st Term:** December 30, 1965
- **2nd Term:** December 30, 1969
Marcos extended his 2nd term through Martial Law, which was implemented under
Article VII, Section 10, Paragraph 2 of the 1935 Commonwealth Constitution.
Proclamation No. 1081 was signed on September 21, 1972, and televised on September
23, 1972. During Martial Law, the state came under the direct dictatorial control of the
President, who also held the position of Commander-In-chief of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines (AFP). Martial Law was lifted on January 17, 1981, by Proclamation No. 2045
in preparation for the visit of Pope John Paul II.

Senator Benigno S. Aquino

was tragically assassinated at the Manila
International Airport (now Ninoy Aquino
International Airport) on August 21, 1983.
The 1986 Snap Election marked a crucial
moment in Philippine history. Under
pressure from U.S. President Ronald
Reagan, Ferdinand Marcos resigned, and
both Marcos and Corazon Aquino declared
themselves winners in the election.
 Jaime Cardinal Sin
played a pivotal role in the People Power Revolution. In
response to the fear of supposed arrest orders from
Ferdinand Marcos, who had defected to the Camp of
Cory Aquino, Sin was contacted by Juan Ponce Enrile
and Fidel Ramos. In a significant move, Cardinal Sin
utilized Radio Veritas to call for support from the
people, galvanizing widespread public sentiment in
favor of Cory Aquino and contributing to the success of
the People Power Revolution in 1986.

EDSA REVOLUTION I

People Power I marked a historic moment in the

Philippines as thousands of people rallied on
Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA) to show
their support for Corazon Aquino. She was
proclaimed and installed as the President by Chief
Justice Claudio M. Teehankee on February 25,
1986. Following the events of People Power I,
former President Ferdinand Marcos found himself
in exile in Hawaii, where he later passed away. His
remains were initially interred in a refrigerated
crypt in Ilocos Norte and were eventually buried in
Libingan ng mga Bayani, though without a State
Funeral.
PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS

General Emilio Famy Aguinaldo

known as the 1st Philippine President and the
leader of the Magdalo party, played a pivotal role
in the nation's history. Born on March 22, 1869, in
Kawit, Cavite, he attended Colegio de San Juan de
Letran and later became a prominent figure in
various occupations, including soldier, manager,
and teacher. Aguinaldo served as the 1st
President of the 1st Republic from March 22, 1897,
to April 1, 1901. His nickname was "Miong," and
he adhered to the Catholic faith. Unfortunately, he
passed away on February 6, 1964, succumbing to
coronary thrombosis. Aguinaldo's leadership and
contributions left an enduring impact on the
Philippines during a critical period in its quest for
independence.

Manuel Luis Molina Quezon

the 2nd Philippine President and the inaugural
President of the Philippine Commonwealth, was a
significant figure in the nation's history. Born on
August 19, 1878, in Baler, Aurora, he attended
Colegio de San Juan de Letran and the University
of Santo Tomas. Quezon, a member of the
Nacionalista party, held office from August 29,
1916, to November 15, 1935. Throughout his
diverse career, he worked as a clerk, surveyor,
lawyer (fiscal), councilor, governor, and soldier.
Unfortunately, he passed away on August 1, 1944,
succumbing to tuberculosis. Quezon's leadership
during the Commonwealth era played a crucial
role in shaping the Philippines' path to eventual
independence.
 Manuel L. Quezon
often referred to as the "Father of Social Justice,"
left a lasting impact on the Philippines during his
presidency. Among his notable achievements,
Quezon established National Defense, implemented
the Minimum Wage Law, advocated for an eight-hour
workday, and promoted free elementary and
secondary education. Additionally, he played a
pivotal role in initiating women's suffrage and
actively promoted Tagalog as the national language.
Quezon fostered a strategic alliance with the United
States of America during his term, contributing to
the Philippines' historical journey towards
independence. His progressive policies and
commitment to social justice continue to influence
the nation's development.

Jose Paciano Garcia Laurel

served as the 3rd Philippine President and the 1st
President of the 2nd Republic, which was a puppet
government under Japanese control. A member of
the KALIBAPI party, he held office from October 14,
1943, to August 17, 1945. Born on March 9, 1891, in
Tanauan City, Batangas, Laurel pursued education at
the University of the Philippines College of Law, the
University of Santo Tomas, and Yale University in the
USA. His occupations included being a messenger,
clerk, and lawyer. He passed away on November 6,
1959, due to a massive heart attack and stroke.
The mentioned individual served during World War II under President Manuel Quezon's
instructions to remain in Manila, aiming to mitigate the impact of the Japanese
occupation. He declared Martial Law on September 21, 1944, under Japanese pressure
against the United States. Despite challenges, he defended Filipino interests.
Subsequently, he was imprisoned in Japan during the return of American forces led by
General Douglas MacArthur. Upon his return to the Philippines, he faced treason charges,
but these were dropped following an amnesty proclamation issued by President Roxas.

Sergio Suico Osmeña

served as the 4th President of the Philippines and the 2nd
President of the 2nd Republic. A member of the Nacionalista
Party, he held office from August 1, 1944, to May 28, 1946.
Born on September 9, 1878, in Cebu City, Osmeña pursued
education at the University of San Carlos, Colegio de San
Juan de Letran, and the University of Santo Tomas. His
diverse roles included being a courier, journalist, and
lawyer. He passed away on October 19, 1961, succumbing to
liver failure and breast cancer.
 Manuel Acuña Roxas
a member of the Liberal Party, served as the 5th
President of the Philippines and the 1st President
of the 3rd Republic during the period from May 28,
1946, to April 15, 1948. Born on January 1, 1892, in
Capiz, he attended various educational institutions,
including Saint Joseph’s Academy in Hong Kong,
Manila High School (Araullo High School), and the
University of Manila and the University of the
Philippines College of Law. Primarily a lawyer,
Roxas passed away on April 15, 1948, due to a
myocardial infarction.

Elpidio Rivera Quirino

a member of the Liberal Party, served as the 6th
President of the Philippines and the 2nd President
of the 3rd Republic from April 17, 1948, to
December 30, 1953. Born on November 16, 1890, in
Vigan, Ilocos Sur, he attended the University of the
Philippines College of Law. Quirino, primarily a
lawyer, passed away on February 29, 1956, due to a
heart attack.

Ramon Del Fierro Magsaysay

a member of the Nacionalista Party, served as the 7th
President of the Philippines and the 3rd President of
the 3rd Republic from December 30, 1953, to March
17, 1957. Born on August 31, 1907, in Iba, Zambales,
Magsaysay attended the University of the Philippines
and Jose Rizal University. With the nickname
"Mambo," he held various occupations such as
engineer, chauffeur, mechanic, and soldier. Sadly,
Magsaysay passed away on March 17, 1957, in a plane
crash. during his presidency from December 30, 1953,
to March 17, 1957, had a significant impact on
Philippine legislation and foreign relations.
He successfully influenced the Congress to pass key laws such as the Agricultural
Tenancy Act and the Retail Trade Nationalization Act, aiming to address issues related to
land tenure and retail trade in the country. Magsaysay also played a crucial role in
securing revisions to the Bell Trade Act, which was seen as a step toward enhancing
Philippine economic sovereignty.
 Carlos Polestico Garcia
the 8th President of the Philippines, served as the 4th
President of the 3rd Republic from March 17, 1957, to
December 30, 1961. Born on November 4, 1896, in
Talibon, Bohol, Garcia had a diverse educational
background, attending Silliman University and the
Philippine College of Criminology. His occupations
included roles as a lawyer, teacher, poet, public official,
and guerilla leader. Notably, Garcia introduced the
Filipino First policy during his presidency, emphasizing
prioritizing Filipino businesses and industries to foster
national economic development. Unfortunately, his life
came to an end on June 14, 1971, as he succumbed to a
fatal heart attack.

Diosdado Pangan Macapagal

the 9th President of the Philippines, held the position as
the 5th President of the 3rd Republic from December 30,
1961, to December 30, 1965. Born on September 28, 1910,
in Lubao, Pampanga, Macapagal pursued education at
the University of the Philippines, University of Santo
Tomas, and Philippine Law School. His diverse
occupations included serving as a lawyer, professor, and
accountant. Macapagal passed away on April 21, 1997,
due to heart failure, pneumonia, and renal complications.
He successfully influenced the Congress to pass the
Agricultural Land Reform Code, aiming to address issues
related to agricultural land distribution.

Another notable decision was the move of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12,
aligning it with the date when General Aguinaldo proclaimed Philippine Independence in
Cavite. These initiatives reflected Macapagal's commitment to agrarian reform and the
historical significance of the country's independence celebration.

Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos

the 10th President of the Philippines and the first
president of the Fourth Republic, held office from
December 30, 1965, to February 25, 1986. Affiliated with
the Nacionalista and Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL)
parties, Marcos was commonly known as "Makoy." Born
on September 11, 1917, in Sarrat, Ilocos Norte, he
pursued education at the University of the Philippines
College of Law. Marcos had a diverse occupation,
serving as a lawyer and soldier. His presidency lasted
until February 25, 1986, and he passed away on
September 28, 1989, succumbing to heart, kidney, and
lung ailments.
Maria Corazon Sumulong Cojuangco-Aquino
popularly known as Cory, served as the 11th
Philippine President and was the first President of the
5th Republic. A member of the PDP-LABAN/UNIDO
party, she held office from February 25, 1986, to June
30, 1992. Born on January 25, 1933, in Paniqui, Tarlac,
she attended the College of Saint Mount Vincent. Cory
Aquino passed away on August 1, 2009, succumbing
to colorectal cancer. Her presidency played a pivotal
role in the restoration of democracy in the Philippines,
symbolized by the People Power Revolution in 1986.

Fidel Valdez Ramos

also known as Eddie, served as the 12th Philippine
President and was the second President of the 5th
Republic. Affiliated with the Lakas party, he held
office from June 30, 1992, to June 30, 1998. Born on
March 18, 1928, in Lingayen, Pangasinan, Ramos
pursued education at MAPUA Institute of Technology,
the US Military Academy, Ateneo De Manila
University, Silliman University, National Defense
College of the Philippines, and the University of
Illinois in Urbana. His professional background
included roles as a soldier and civil engineer. Fidel V.
Ramos passed away on July 31, 2022, due to
complications related to COVID-19.

Joseph Marcelo Ejercito,

popularly known as Erap, served as the 13th
President of the Philippines and was the third
President of the 5th Republic. A member of the LAMP
party, he held office from June 30, 1998, to January
20, 2001. Born on April 19, 1937, in Tondo, Manila,
Ejercito attended the Ateneo De Manila University and
MAPUA Institute of Technology. Before entering
politics, he had a diverse career as an actor,
businessman, and politician.
His administration supported the re-imposition of the
death penalty, ihe plunder charges ultimately led to
his resignation from the presidency as a response to
the peaceful People Power II revolution, which called
for his stepping down from office.
 Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
\served as the 14th President of the Philippines and
the fourth president of the Fifth Republic. A member
of the Lakas/ Kampi party, she held office from
January 20, 2001, to June 30, 2010. Born on April 5,
1947, in San Juan, Rizal, she pursued her education at
Georgetown University in the United States, as well as
Assumption College, Ateneo De Manila University,
and the University of the Philippines. Macapagal-
Arroyo's professional background includes roles as
an economist and professor. Her presidency was
marked by various challenges, including political
controversies and economic issues.

During her presidency, two notable

events occurred that challenged her
administration. The first was the
Oakwood Mutiny on July 27, 2003, which
took place at the Oakwood Premier
Ayala Center, now known as Ascott
Makati. The mutiny was led by a group
called "Bagong Katipunero" (Magdalo),
with key figures including Capt. Gerardo
Gambala and Lt. Antonio Trillanes IV.

The second event was the Manila Peninsula Rebellion on November 29, 2007, which
unfolded at the Manila Peninsula Hotel. The rebellion involved prominent figures such as
Teofisto Guingona, Jr., Antonio Trillanes IV, and Brig. Gen. Danilo Lim. These events were
attempts to express discontent with the government and address perceived issues, leading
to confrontations between the military and government forces.
The declaration of martial law in
Maguindanao following the gruesome
Maguindanao massacre in 2009, and the
"Hello Garci" wiretapping scandal that
questioned the integrity of the 2004
elections. Her transition to becoming a
congresswoman after her presidency, arrest
on charges of electoral sabotage in 2011,
and subsequent acquittal in 2016 added
further layers to her complex political legacy.
These events underscored the challenges
and controversies that characterized her
tenure as the 14th President of the
Philippines from 2001 to 2010.
Benigno Simeon "Noynoy" Cojuangco Aquino III
served as the 15th President of the Philippines from
June 30, 2010, to June 30, 2016. A member of the
Liberal Party, he was born on February 8, 1960, in
Manila, Philippines. Aquino, commonly known as
Noynoy, attended Ateneo de Manila University and
had a background in politics. His presidency was
marked by various challenges, including issues of
governance, economic policies, and responses to
natural disasters. One of the significant moments
during his term was the successful prosecution of
high-profile corruption cases. His leadership also
navigated the aftermath of devastating typhoons and
the maritime dispute with China. Aquino's presidency
played a role in shaping the political landscape of the
Philippines during the early 2010s.

Rodrigo Roa Duterte

commonly known as Rody, served as the 16th
President of the Philippines, holding the position from
June 30, 2016, to June 30, 2022. A member of the PDP-
Laban party, Duterte was born on March 28, 1945, in
Manila, Philippines. He pursued education at the
Lyceum of the Philippines University in Manila and
later attended San Beda College of Law. Duterte, a
lawyer and seasoned politician, implemented several
controversial policies during his presidency. Notably,
he declared Martial Law in Mindanao through
Proclamation No. 216 on May 23, 2017, in response to
security concerns. His administration faced
international criticism for alleged extrajudicial killings
and navigated the challenges posed by the COVID-19
pandemic.

Ferdinand Romualdez Marcos Jr.

commonly known as Bong-Bong, assumed the
presidency as the 17th leader of the Philippines
and the 7th president of the 5th Republic,
representing the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan party.
Born on September 13, 1957, in Manila, Philippines,
he pursued his education at the Wharton School of
Business. With a background as a soldier and a
seasoned politician, Marcos Jr. began his term on
June 30, 2022, slated to continue until June 30,
2028.
END