SCH 3U Chemistry Unit 1 Review

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. What was John Dalton’s major contribution to the atomic model?
a. All atoms are identical.
b. Atoms are indivisible.
c. Atoms of each element are identical.
d. Atoms are all unique.
e. Atoms possess electrons.
____ 2. What did the gold foil experiment demonstrate?
a. Gold contains densely packed electrons.
b. The nucleus is highly negative.
c. The nucleus contains neutrons.
d. The mass of an atom is at the centre.
e. Electrons orbit the nucleus.
____ 3. What was the major contribution of Niels Bohr to the current model of the atom?
a. Electrons may enter the nucleus for brief periods of time.
b. Electrons only occupy specific energy levels.
c. An electrons has a mass much smaller than the mass of a neutron.
d. The charge of an electron is negative.
e. The charge of an unreacted electron is neutral.
____ 4. How did Schrödinger modify the Bohr-Rutherford model of the atom?
a. He stated that all electrons occupy space.
b. He stated that electrons have a negative charge.
c. He stated that the orbits are actually three-dimensional areas of space in which
the electron may be found.
d. He stated that the two-dimensional orbits are actually three-dimensional areas of
space in which the electron cannot be
e. He stated that the orbits are actually three-dimensional areas of space in which
the electron is bound.
____ 5. What is the maximum number of electrons in the third shell?
a. 2 electrons c. 9 electrons e. none of the above
b. 8 electrons d. 18 electrons

____ 6. What is the Lewis diagram for bromine?

a. b. c. d. e.

____ 7. Which subatomic particle did Mendeleev use to arrange his periodic table?
a. proton c. electron e. quark
b. neutron d. isotope

____ 8. Which subatomic particle holds the nucleus together?

a. proton c. electron e. all of the above
b. neutron d. isotope

____ 9. Why is the mass of an individual atom a poor indicator of the atom’s identity?
a. A neutron does not have a significant mass.
b. An atom may have different masses.
c. A proton may have multiple energy levels.
d. An electron’s mass varies between elements.
e. An element may have atoms of different masses.
____ 10. The most common isotope of potassium has a mass of 39 u. Use the atomic number (Z = 19) to
determine the number of neutrons.
a. 19 b. 20 c. 39 d. 58 e. 0.5
____ 11. An unknown element has an atomic mass of 45.45 u. Which two isotopes (ordered from most to
least abundant) are likely the most abundant for this element?
a. 46, 45
b. 47, 46
c. 45, 46
d. 44, 45
 e. not enough information to make an educated guess
____ 12. What is the definition of an atomic mass unit?
a. the mass of one hydrogen atom
b. 1.66 « 1024 g
c. one-twelfth of the mass of a carbon-12 atom
d. the mass of one atom
e. All of the above are equivalent measurements.
____ 13. How does the number of valence electrons relate to an element’s location on the periodic table?
a. Elements with fewer valence electrons appear on the left.
b. Elements with more valence electrons appear on the right.
c. Elements with the same number of valence electrons are often in the same
column.
d. Elements with fewer electrons are at the beginning of the periodic table
e. All of the above describe valence electron and location interactions.
____ 14. Which of the following groups is known for its reactivity?
a. alkali metals d. metalloids
b. alkali earth metals e. non-metals
c. transition metals

____ 15. Which of the following groups is known for having both metallic and non-metallic properties?
a. alkali metals d. metalloids
b. alkali earth metals e. non-metals
c. transition metals

____ 16. What is atomic radius?

a. the size of an atom
b. the distance across an atom
c. the distance from the centre of an atom to the limit where an electron spends 90%
of its time
d. the boundary of electron movements with 90% of this atom’s limits
e. the width of the nucleus
____ 17. In the periodic table, what happens to the atomic radius as you move from left to right along a
period?
a. The radius increases.
b. The radius decreases.
c. The radius does not change appreciably.
d. The radius varies at random.
e. None of the above are true.
____ 18. In the periodic table, what happens to the atomic radius as you move down a group?
a. The radius increases.
b. The radius decreases.
c. The radius does not change appreciably.
d. The radius varies at random.
e. None of the above are true.
____ 19. List the following elements in order of increasing size:
I. titanium II. silicon III. thallium IV. nitrogen

a. III, I, II, IV c. IV, II, III, I e. I, II, III, IV

b. IV, III, I, II d. IV, II, I, III

____ 20. Arrange the following elements in order of increasing electron affinity.
I. chlorine II. potassium III. xenon IV. oxygen V. cesium

a. I, II, III, V, IV c. III, II, IV, I, V e. none of the above

b. III, V, II, IV, I d. III, II, V, IV, I

____ 21. Which of the following statements is false regarding electronegativity?

a. F > O b. O > Ti c. Al > Na d. Fr > Na e. Li > K
____ 22. Why does an atom with a smaller radius have a larger electronegativity?
a. There is more space to attract electrons.
b. There are more electrons to attract other protons.
c. There are more positive charges at the centre to pull in electrons.
d. The charge is more dense per unit volume.
 e. Elements to the left of the periodic table are more electronegative.
____ 23. What is the number of neutrons in yttrium?
a. 39 b. 50 c. 49 d. 89 e. 91
____ 24. What is the number of neutrons in silicon?
a. 14 c. 28 e. both (a) and (b)
b. 15 d. 29

____ 25. Why is the potassium atom larger than the krypton atom?
a. Krypton has more protons than potassium.
b. There are more positive charges in the krypton nucleus, so the attractive charge
on each electron is stronger, so the electrons are drawn closer to the nucleus..
c. Krypton has fewer protons than potassium.
d. Potassium has more electrons than krypton.
e. None of the above are true.
____ 26. Which of the following atoms has two lone pairs of electrons?
a. nitrogen c. beryllium e. chlorine
b. oxygen d. carbon

____ 27. A valence electron is

a. located closest to the nucleus
b. an electron that is part of a pair
c. an electron that interacts with another electron in a unique way
d. an electron in the outermost shell of an atom
e. none of the above
____ 28. Unpaired electrons are
a. electrons in an unfilled outer shell that are not part of a pair
b. electrons that are unlikely to participate in bonds with other atoms
c. two electrons that are interacting in a unique way so that they can be close to
each other
d. electrons in the outermost shell of an atom
e. none of the above
New Element Data:

Protons: undetermined Ionization energy: low

Neutrons: 27 Reactivity in water: low
Electrons: undetermined Conductivity: high
____ 29. Using the new element data provided above, which of the following is/are likely?
a. The element has already been discovered.
b. The element is a metal.
c. The element conducts electricity.
d. The element is an isotope.
e. All of the above are likely.
____ 30. Which list is in the correct order, from the most reactive to least reactive?
a. noble gases, other non-metals, halogens
b. halogens, noble gases, other non-metals
c. halogens, other non-metals, noble gases
d. other non-metals, halogens, noble gases
e. noble gases, halogens, other non-metals
____ 31. Hydrogen cyanide has the formula HCN, while hydrogen thiocyanide has the formula HSCN. Which
of the following prefixes indicates the presence of sulfur?
a. hydro- c. -ide e. anide-
b. cya- d. thio-

____ 32. What does conductivity tell a scientist about an unknown substance?
a. The substance is ionic. d. The substance has already reacted.
b. The substance is covalent. e. both (a) and (b)
c. The substance in non-reactive.

____ 33. What is the tenet of the octet rule?

a. All elements must have eight valence electrons.
b. All elements form bonds to create a full outer shell containing eight electrons.
c. All elements form bonds.
d. All elements have a maximum of eight electrons.
e. No element has more than eight valence electrons.
____ 34. Why is nitrogen gas generally inert?
a. Humans cannot use it.
b. Nitrogen gas is stable.
c. The triple bond is very hard to break.
d. The lone pairs of electrons indicate it has noble gas properties.
e. It is a product of combustion.
____ 35. Determine the number of lone pairs on an ammonia (NH3) molecule.
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5
____ 36. Determine the number of bonding pairs in a water molecule.
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5
____ 37. Determine the approximate electronegativity difference and identity (polar, non-polar) of the bond
between nitrogen and oxygen.
a. 0.0 non-polar c. 1.0 polar e. 2.0 polar
b. 0.5 polar d. 1.5 non-polar

____ 38. Which is true of a compound with a high boiling point?

a. The melting point is even higher.
b. The compound must be polar.
c. The compound must be ionic.
d. The compound must be held together by very strong forces.
e. All of the above are true.
____ 39. Ionic compounds have a ___ boiling point since the ___ forces holding them together are strong.
a. low, ionic d. medium, electron
b. medium, electrostatic e. low, electron
c. high, electrostatic

____ 40. Explain the concept of polarity.

a. Electrons spend more time with the nucleus than in their shells.
b. Electrons spend more time with one atom than another.
c. Electrons move to a different atom, creating a very uneven distribution
d. Electrons are in excess in one atom.
e. Electrons alter their charge to form a polar molecule.

Short Answer
41. Using an analogy, explain the concept of average atomic mass.

42. Silicon has three common isotopes, with the masses and isotopic abundances shown:
Silicon-28 27.98 u 92.2%
Silicon-29 28.98 u 4.68%
Silicon-30 29.97 u 3.10%
Determine the average atomic mass of silicon.

43. Argon has three common isotopes, with the masses and isotopic abundances shown:
Argon-36 35.97 u 0.334%
Argon-38 37.96 u 0.063%
Argon-40 39.96 u 99.6%
Determine the average atomic mass of argon.

44. Magnesium has three naturally occurring isotopes, magnesium-24 (23.99 u), magnesium-25 (24.99
u), and magnesium-26 (25.98 u). The natural abundance of magnesium-25 is 10.00%. Determine
the abundance of the two remaining isotopes, based on the average atomic mass of 24.31 u.

45. Provide two reasons why the atomic radius increases as you move from lithium to francium.

46. Why is the first ionization energy always less than the second ionization energy?

47.
 Explain the significance of the peaks on the graph above.

48. Summarize electron affinity with respect to location on the periodic table. Include reasons for
trends.

49. Noble gases such as xenon have been forced to react with halogens such as fluoride, making XeF4,
for example. Even with this discovery, periodic tables still do not have electronegativity values for
noble gases. Provide two possible reasons for this.

50. What purpose does electronegativity serve in chemistry?

51. Construct a diagram illustrating the attractive forces holding sodium chloride together.

52. How does the size of an atom impact electron affinity?

53. Why is sodium more reactive than lithium?

54. Which would make a better balloon-filling agent, neon or fluorine? Explain.

55. Explain the connection between number of valence electrons and reactivity.

56. When Mendeleev was devising the periodic table, germanium was an undiscovered element. What
properties would you have been able to predict of this unknown element?

57. Using a Venn diagram, compare and contrast electron affinity and ionization energy.

58. Communicate the concept of ionization energy using an analogy.

New Element Data:

Protons: undetermined Ionization energy: low

Neutrons: 27 Reactivity in water: low
Electrons: undetermined Conductivity: high
59. Using the table above, provide an approximate location for the element on the periodic table. Use at
least three lines of reasoning.

60. Summarize the periodic law.

61. Explain why Group 1 metals can be used interchangeably in chemical reactions.

62. Electronegativity ranges from 0.7 to a maximum of 4.0. Provide a plausible explanation as to why
some newer periodic tables have fluorine listed at 4.1.

63. Nitrogen is a diatomic molecule with a triple bond. Draw the Lewis structure for this gas and give
one possible reason why it is so unreactive.

64. List three steps in forming an ionic bond.

65. Illustrate the formation of a bond between sodium and oxygen. Name this compound.

66. Illustrate the formation of a bond between magnesium and nitrogen. Name this compound.

67. Illustrate the formation of a bond between aluminum and oxygen. Name this compound.
68. Illustrate the formation of a bond between magnesium and sulfur. Name this compound.

69. Explain the origin of the 2+ charge on magnesium as an ion. Your answer needs to extend beyond
the movement of two electrons.

70. Rust is the combination of Fe3+ and oxygen. How does the chemical formula for rust compare to
that of Fe2+ and oxygen.

71. Use a Venn diagram to compare and contrast ionic and covalent bonds.

72. Draw the Lewis structure for a carbonate ion:

73. What are the steps in drawing a Lewis diagram of a polyatomic ion?

74. Draw a Lewis diagram for the product of ammonium and chlorine, NH4+ and Cl–.

75. Use electronegativity to differentiate between an ionic bond and a covalent bond.

76. Construct a Lewis diagram for water indicating the partially positive and partially negative regions.

77. Construct a Lewis diagram for ammonia, NH3, indicating the partially positive and partially negative
regions.

78. Construct a Lewis diagram for methanol, CH3OH, indicating the partially positive and partially
negative regions.

79. Construct a Lewis diagram for carbon dioxide indicating the partially positive and partially negative
regions.

80. Illustrate the polar interaction between water and ammonia.

81. Explain why salt dissolves in water.

82. Explain why carbon tetrachloride has polar bonds but is not a polar molecule.

83. A metal and a non-metal form a bond that is polar but not ionic. How is this possible?
Chemistry Unit 1 Review
Answer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS: C PTS: 1 STA: B3.1 TOP: 1.1
MSC: K/U
2. ANS: D PTS: 1 STA: B3.1 TOP: 1.1
MSC: K/U
3. ANS: B PTS: 1 STA: B3.1 TOP: 1.1
MSC: K/U
4. ANS: C PTS: 1 STA: B3.1 TOP: 1.1
MSC: K/U
5. ANS: D PTS: 1 STA: B3.1 TOP: 1.1
MSC: T/I
6. ANS: D PTS: 1 STA: B2.4 TOP: 1.1
MSC: C
7. ANS: A PTS: 1 STA: B3.1 TOP: 1.1
MSC: K/U
8. ANS: B PTS: 1 STA: B3.1 TOP: 1.1
MSC: K/U
9. ANS: E PTS: 1 STA: B3.2 TOP: 1.1
MSC: T/I
10. ANS: B PTS: 1 STA: B3.2 TOP: 1.1
MSC: T/I
11. ANS: C PTS: 1 STA: B3.2 TOP: 1.1
MSC: T/I
12. ANS: C PTS: 1 STA: B3.2 TOP: 1.1
MSC: K/U
13. ANS: E PTS: 1 STA: B3.3 TOP: 1.2
MSC: K/U
14. ANS: A PTS: 1 STA: B3.3 TOP: 1.2
MSC: K/U
15. ANS: D PTS: 1 STA: B3.3 TOP: 1.2
MSC: K/U
16. ANS: C PTS: 1 STA: B3.3 TOP: 1.3
MSC: K/U
17. ANS: B PTS: 1 STA: B3.3 TOP: 1.3
MSC: K/U
18. ANS: A PTS: 1 STA: B3.3 TOP: 1.3
MSC: K/U
19. ANS: D PTS: 1 STA: B3.3 TOP: 1.3
MSC: T/I
20. ANS: B PTS: 1 STA: B3.3 TOP: 1.2
MSC: T/I
21. ANS: D PTS: 1 STA: B3.3 TOP: 1.3
MSC: K/U
22. ANS: D PTS: 1 STA: B3.3 TOP: 1.3
 MSC: T/I
23. ANS: B PTS: 1 STA: B3.1 TOP: 1.1
MSC: T/I
24. ANS: A PTS: 1 STA: B3.1 TOP: 1.1
MSC: T/I
25. ANS: B PTS: 1 STA: B3.3 TOP: 1.3
MSC: A
26. ANS: B PTS: 1 STA: B3.1 TOP: 1.1
MSC: C
27. ANS: D PTS: 1 STA: B2.1 TOP: 1.1
MSC: K/U
28. ANS: A PTS: 1 STA: B2.1 TOP: 1.1
MSC: K/U
29. ANS: E PTS: 1 STA: B3.3 TOP: 1.3
MSC: A
30. ANS: C PTS: 1 STA: B3.3 TOP: 1.3
MSC: T/I
31. ANS: D PTS: 1 STA: B3.1 TOP: 1.1
MSC: C
32. ANS: A PTS: 1 STA: B3.5 TOP: 2.1
MSC: T/I
33. ANS: B PTS: 1 STA: B3.4 TOP: 2.1
MSC: K/U
34. ANS: C PTS: 1 STA: B3.5 TOP: 2.1
MSC: T/I
35. ANS: A PTS: 1 STA: B2.4 TOP: 2.1
MSC: C
36. ANS: B PTS: 1 STA: B2.4 TOP: 2.1
MSC: C
37. ANS: B PTS: 1 STA: B2.5 TOP: 2.1
MSC: K/U
38. ANS: D PTS: 1 STA: B3.5 TOP: 2.3
MSC: K/U
39. ANS: C PTS: 1 STA: B3.5 TOP: 2.3
MSC: K/U
40. ANS: B PTS: 1 STA: B3.4 TOP: 2.3
MSC: K/U

SHORT ANSWER
41. ANS:
Average atomic mass is the average mass of several different atoms.
This is like the average weight of students in a class. To find the average student mass, the total
mass of the students is divided by the number of students.
For atoms, the same holds true, except it is percentage of atoms at each mass, since it is
impossible to count individual atoms.
PTS: 2 STA: B3.2 TOP: 1.1 MSC: K/U
42. ANS:
 average atomic mass of = (27.98 u)(0.922) + (28.98 u)(0.0468) + (29.97 u)(0.031)
Si
= 28.1 u
PTS: 2 STA: B3.2 TOP: 1.1 MSC: T/I
43. ANS:
average atomic mass = (35.97 u)(0.00334) + (37.96 u)(0.00063) + (39.96 u)
(0.996)
= 39.9 u
PTS: 2 STA: B3.2 TOP: 1.1 MSC: T/I
44. ANS:
24.31 = 23.99x + (24.99)(0.100) + 25.98y
and
x + y + 0.1 = 1.00
Using systems of equations (Grade 10 math):
x = 0.7894, so the abundance of magnesium-24 is 78.94%
y = 0.1106, so the abundance of magnesium-26 is 11.06%
PTS: 2 STA: B3.2 TOP: 1.1 MSC: T/I
45. ANS:
• There are more shells of electrons, each one is larger.
• Inner electrons shield the outer electrons from the full attractive force of the nucleus on the
outer electrons.
PTS: 2 STA: B3.3 TOP: 1.3 MSC: K/U
46. ANS:
It is easier to remove the first electron since there are proportionally fewer charges holding it in
place. Once one electron has been lost, there are more positive charges holding fewer negative
charges in place, making it more difficult to remove another electron.
PTS: 2 STA: B3.3 TOP: 1.3 MSC: K/U
47. ANS:
The peaks are large amounts of energy required to remove an electron. In this case, each of the
peaks is a noble gas. Noble gases are not reactive.
PTS: 2 STA: B3.3 TOP: 1.3 MSC: T/I
48. ANS:
In general, although not always, the electron affinities become increasingly negative going across a
period and up a group.
Electron affinity increases as you move to the right because the number of valence electrons
increases as you move right.
Electron affinity increases as you move up the periodic table because electron shielding is reduced
and the nucleus has a strong pull on electrons.
The noble gases do not form a stable ion if an electron is added because the outer shell of a noble
gas is a filled shell. An added electron would be an unpaired electron in a higher shell, which would
be very unstable.
The halogens have the most negative electron affinities. Compared with all the other groups, the
largest amount of energy is released when an electron is added, indicating that the ion is very
stable. Atoms of the halogens have seven electrons in their outer shell. The addition of one electron
fills this shell. As a result, the ion is quite stable.
 PTS: 5 STA: B3.3 TOP: 1.3 MSC: K/U
49. ANS:
• There is insufficient data with other elements to establish a relative electronegativity.
• Since the noble gases only react under highly artificial conditions, this data is not representative
of these elements’ normal properties.
PTS: 2 STA: B3.3 TOP: 1.3 MSC: T/I
50. ANS:
The electronegativity difference between two atoms determines the type of bond between two
atoms. If there is even sharing, the bond is covalent; if the sharing is very uneven, then the bond is
ionic.
PTS: 2 STA: B3.3 TOP: 1.3 MSC: K/U
51. ANS:
For example:

PTS: 2 STA: B3.3 TOP: 1.3 MSC: C

52. ANS:
As the size increases, it is harder for the nucleus to pull electrons to itself. As a result, the smallest
element in a row usually has the highest electron affinity.
PTS: 2 STA: B3.3 TOP: 1.3 MSC: K/U
53. ANS:
Sodium is larger and has less hold on its outer electron. It is therefore likely to loose this electron
more quickly, creating a more impressive reaction.
PTS: 2 STA: B3.3 TOP: 1.3 MSC: T/I
54. ANS:
Neon, because it is not reactive. Breaking a fluorine balloon at a birthday party would be deadly.
PTS: 2 STA: B3.3 TOP: 1.3 MSC: A
55. ANS:
Elements that are at either the left or right end of the periodic table are likely to either gain or lose
electrons, while those in the middle have lower reactivity and a middle amount of valence electrons.
PTS: 2 STA: B3.1 TOP: 1.1 MSC: T/U
56. ANS:
This element would have:
• an approximate mass of 72.5 (halfway between the elements to either side in the period)
• more reactive than gallium
• The electronegativity would be around 2.0.
• Electronegativity and ionization energy would be comparable to elements in the vicinity.
PTS: 3 STA: B3.3 TOP: 1.2 MSC: T/I
57. ANS:
 Electron affinity
• wants an electron
• becomes negative
Ionization energy
• energy to remove an electron
• becomes positive
Both
• electron movement
• ion is created
PTS: 2 STA: B3.3 TOP: 1.3 MSC: C
58. ANS:
Answers may vary; possible answer:
• Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron.
• The further away the electron is from the nucleus, the easier it is to remove.
• Like a jail, as prisoners get further away from the guard, it is easier to escape and takes less
energy to do so.
PTS: 2 STA: B3.3 TOP: 1.3 MSC: C
59. ANS:
1. Since there are 27 neutrons, the element will have slightly fewer protons, suggesting that it may
be one of the first transition elements.
2. It is a metal, therefore on the left side of the periodic table
3. Because the ionization energy is low and the electron affinity is low, it is probably a transition
metal.
PTS: 3 STA: B3.3 TOP: 1.3 MSC: A
60. ANS:
The periodic law states that when elements are arranged in order of atomic number, their physical
and chemical properties will recur periodically.
PTS: 2 STA: B3.3 TOP: 1.3 MSC: K/U
61. ANS:
Group 1 metals can be used interchangeably since they have similar chemical properties, ionization
energy and electron affinity (as well as comparable electronegativity values).
PTS: 2 STA: B3.3 TOP: 1.3 MSC: A
62. ANS:
Answers will vary, possible answers include:
• Original data was incomplete or inaccurate.
• New reactions provided further insight into fluorine.
• More accurate predictions of bonding can be made when F has a value of 4.1.
PTS: 2 STA: B3.3 TOP: 1.3 MSC: T/I
63. ANS:
 The molecule has two nitrogen atoms with full outer shells. They have already reacted.
Furthermore, there is a triple bond, indicating that these nitrogen atoms are very well secured to
each other.
PTS: 2 STA: B3.3 TOP: 1.3 MSC: T/I
64. ANS:
Answers may vary. The key ideas are:
• An atom loses an electron and becomes positively charged.
• An atom gains an electron and becomes negatively charged.
• Ions with opposite electrostatic charges attract, forming the bond.
PTS: 3 STA: B3.4 TOP: 2.1 MSC: K/U
65. ANS:
Sodium oxide:

PTS: 3 STA: B3.4 TOP: 2.1 MSC: K/U

66. ANS:
Magnesium nitride:

PTS: 3 STA: B3.4 TOP: 2.1 MSC: K/U

67. ANS:
Aluminum oxide:
 PTS: 3 STA: B3.4 TOP: 2.1 MSC: K/U
68. ANS:
Magnesium sulfide:

PTS: 3 STA: B3.4 TOP: 2.1 MSC: K/U

69. ANS:
There are 12 protons in magnesium and only 10 electrons. The charge difference is 2+.
PTS: 2 STA: B3.4 TOP: 2.1 MSC: T/I
70. ANS:
Fe2O3 to FeO
PTS: 2 STA: B2.7 TOP: 2.1 MSC: K/U
71. ANS:
Ionic
• transfer of electrons
• electrostatic forces
Covalent
• sharing of electrons
Both
• protons attract electrons
• movement of electrons for a full valence shell
PTS: 3 STA: B3.4 TOP: 2.1 MSC: C
72. ANS:
 PTS: 2 STA: B2.4 TOP: 2.1 MSC: C
73. ANS:
1. Determine the number of valence electrons.
2. Determine the electron change related to charge.
3. Connect atoms with single bonds in a symmetrical fashion.
4. Arrange the remaining electrons.
5. Add double bonds if needed.
6. Add square brackets and charge.
PTS: 3 STA: B2.4 TOP: 2.1 MSC: C
74. ANS:

PTS: 2 STA: B2.4 TOP: 2.1 MSC: C

75. ANS:
An ionic bond has a large electronegativity difference between the atoms while a covalent bond has
a smaller difference. In the ionic bond, the sharing is so uneven that it is no longer considered
sharing.
PTS: 2 STA: B3.4 TOP: 2.1 MSC: K/U
76. ANS:

PTS: 2 STA: B2.4 TOP: 2.1 MSC: C

77. ANS:
 PTS: 2 STA: B2.4 TOP: 2.1 MSC: C
78. ANS:

PTS: 2 STA: B2.4 TOP: 2.1 MSC: C

79. ANS:

(opposite polar bonds, students may state that there is no polarity overall)
PTS: 2 STA: B2.4 TOP: 2.1 MSC: C
80. ANS:

PTS: 3 STA: B2.4 TOP: 2.3 MSC: C

81. ANS:
SKETCH, ionic compound breaks
 Water molecules are polar, having a slightly positive end (the oxygen) and a slightly negative end
(the hydrogen). The sodium ion in salt (NaCl) is positively charged (Na+) and the chloride ion is
negatively charged (Cl–). The attraction of the negatively charged oxygen of the water molecule for
the positively charged sodium ions, and the attraction of the positively charged hydrogen of the
water molecule for the negatively charged chloride ions, is greater than the attraction between the
Na+ and Cl– ions. This results in the sodium and chloride ions separating, or dissolving.
PTS: 3 STA: B2.4 TOP: 2.3 MSC: A
82. ANS:
The four polar bonds are all pulling in different directions, resulting in no net distributions.
PTS: 3 STA: B3.5 TOP: 2.3 MSC: T/I
83. ANS:
The electronegativity difference is between 0.5 and 1.7.

(The Grade 10 classification of ionic and covalent was a framework for the continuum used this
year.)
PTS: 2 STA: B3.5 TOP: 2.2 MSC: T/I