Introduction

Lecture 1 Data Communications

Networks

Introduction Network Types

Text:

WLS 5003 Telecom Systems

September 07, 2023

Muhammad Mubeen Masud

The Humber Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning
1.1
 Introduction
Agenda

Data Communications

Networks

Network Types

1 Data Communications

2 Networks

3 Network Types

1.2
 Introduction
Data Communications

Communication: When we communicate, we are sharing Data Communications

information. This sharing can be local or remote. Networks

Network Types
Telecommunication: The term telecommunication, which
includes telephony, telegraph, and television, means
communication at a distance.
Data communications: Data communications are the
exchange of data between two devices via some form of
transmission media e.g. wire cable.
The effectiveness of data communication depends on:
Delivery: Data must be delivered to intended user or device
only.
Accuracy: Data must be delivered uncorrupted as corrupted
data is unusable.
Timeliness: Data must be delivered in timely manner
specially if it is audio and/or video data. These type of data
require real time transmission and a late delivery is useless.
Jitter: Data is sent in packets form and it should reach the
destination in order. Some packets arriving late than the
others will cause jitter or unevenness.
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 Introduction
Components

Data Communications

Networks

Network Types

Message: Message is the information (data) to be

communicated.
Sender: The device which sends the data message.
Receiver: The device which receives the message.
Transmission medium: The physical path by which
message reaches receiver from sender.
Protocol: A set of rules which govern the data
communication. 1.4
 Introduction
Data Representation

Text: Text is represented as a sequence of bit patterns Data Communications

Networks
consisting of 0s and/or 1s. These bit sequences represent
Network Types
text symbols or codes. Today, Unicode is the prevalent
coding system. Each code consists of 32 bits to represent
a symbol or character of any language in the world.
Numbers: Numbers are also represented by bit patterns
which are obtained by converting them into their binary
equivalent.
Images: Images are also represented by bit patterns.
Each image comprises of a matrix of pixels. Each pixel is
assigned a bit pattern. The bit pattern depends on
intensity of the color.
Audio: It refers to recording or broadcasting sound. Audio
by nature is continuous and is different from text, numbers
or images.
Video: It refers to recording or broadcasting of picture or
movie. It can be a continuous entity such as TV or can be
a sequences of images arranged to convey the idea of
motion. 1.5
 Introduction
Data Flow
Communication between two devices can be simplex,
half-duplex, or full-duplex. Data Communications

Networks

Network Types

1.6
 Introduction
Networks

Data Communications
A network is the interconnection of a set of devices
Networks
capable of communication. Network Types

Host: A host is an end system and it usually is a large

computer, desktop, laptop, workstation, cellular phone, or
a security system.
Connecting device: A connecting device connects one
network to the other network and it usually is a router or a
switch or a modem that changes the form of data and so
on.
These devices are either connected by cable wires or by
wireless connections.
Example: When we connect two or more
computers/devices at home using a plug and play router
we have created a network (although very small).

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 Introduction
Network Criteria

Data Communications
Performance: Performance is often evaluated by
Networks
measuring throughput and delay. Network Types

Reliability: In addition to accuracy of delivery, network

reliability is measured by frequency of failure, the times it
takes to recover from failure, and networks robustness in a
catastrophe.
Security: It includes protecting data from unauthorized
access, protecting data from damages and implementing
policies to recover from breaches and data losses.

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 Introduction
Types of Connections

Data Communications

Networks

Network Types

1.9
 Introduction
Physical Topology
Mesh Topology: All the linking devices (also called as nodes)
are connected with n − 1 nodes. Here n is total number of Data Communications

nodes. Thus for full duplex mode n(n − 1)/2 duplex mode links Networks

Network Types
are required. All nodes must have (n-1) I/O ports to be
connected to (n-1) stations.

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 Introduction
Physical Topology
Star Topology
Data Communications

Networks

Network Types

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 Introduction
Physical Topology
Bus Topology
Data Communications

Networks

Network Types

1.12
 Introduction
Physical Topology
Ring Topology
Data Communications

Networks

Network Types

1.13
 Introduction
Network Types

Data Communications
The criteria of distinguishing one type of network from
Networks
another is difficult and sometimes confusing. We use a Network Types
few criteria such as size, geographical coverage, and
ownership to make this distinction.
Local Area Network (LAN):
A local area network (LAN) is usually privately owned and
connects some hosts in a single office, building, or campus.
Depending on the needs of an organization, a LAN can be
as simple as two PCs and a printer in someone’s home
office, or it can extend throughout a company and include
audio and video devices.
Each host in a LAN has an identifier, an address, that
uniquely defines the host in the LAN.
A packet sent by a host to another host carries both the
source host’s and the destination host’s addresses.

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 Introduction
Local Area Network (LAN)

Data Communications

Networks

Network Types

1.15
 Introduction
Wide Area Network (WAN)
A wide area network (WAN) is also a connection of
devices capable of communication. Data Communications

The differences between a LAN and a WAN is, a LAN is Networks

normally limited in size; a WAN has a wider geographical Network Types

span, spanning a town, a state, a country, or even the

world.
A LAN interconnects hosts; a WAN interconnects
connecting devices such as switches, routers, or modems.
A LAN is normally privately owned by the organization that
uses it; a WAN is normally created and run by
communication companies and leased by an organization
that uses it.

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 Introduction
Wide Area Network (WAN)

Data Communications

Networks

Network Types

1.17
 Introduction
internetwork
When two or more networks are connected they make
internetwork. Data Communications

For example consider an organization has two offices in Networks

two cities. Network Types

Each office has a LAN which allows all employees in that

office to communicate with each other.
The company leases a point to point WAN connection
from a service provider to connect the two LANs.
If an employee in any office sends a message to an
employee in the same city office the router blocks the
message but the switch forwards it to correct host.
If an employee in any office sends a message to an
employee in the other city office the router forwards the
message to other router with directs it to correct host.

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 Introduction
internetwork

Data Communications

Networks

Network Types

1.19
 Introduction
Switching

Data Communications
An internet is a switched network in which a switch Networks
connects at least two links together. Network Types

A switch needs to forward data from a network to another

network when required.
The two most common types of switched networks are:
circuit-switched
packet-switched networks.
Circuit Switched:
A circuit switched network is a dedicated connection called
a circuit and is always available between the two end
systems.
The switch can only make the connection active or
inactive.
This type of switching was very common in old telephone
networks.

1.20
 Introduction
Circuit Switched Network

Data Communications

Networks

Network Types

1.21
 Introduction
Packet Switched Network
In computer networks the communication is done in form
of blocks of data called as “packets”. Data Communications

In contrast to circuit switched netwok in packet switch Networks

network the switch can actually store the packets as well. Network Types

Thus the switch’s functionality is storing and forwarding.

Packet switch networks are more efficient as compared to
circuit switched networks.

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 Introduction
The Internet
As we discussed before, an internet (note the lowercase i)
is two or more networks that can communicate with each Data Communications
other. Networks

The most notable internet is called the Internet (uppercase Network Types

I ), and is composed of thousands of interconnected

networks.

1.23
 Introduction
References

Data Communications

Networks

Network Types

1 Forouzan, B. A., Coombs, C. A., & Fegan, S. C. (2001).

Data communications and networking. Boston:
McGraw-Hill.

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