2 A filament lamp is a source of unpolarised light. A polarising filter is placed between a filament lamp and an observer. The filter is rotated in the plane perpendicular to the direction of travel of the light. Which of the following is observed as the filter is rotated through an angle of 90°? © A The light intensity changes from maximum to minimum. [1B The light intensity changes from minimum to maximum. OC The light intensity does not change. oO D The light intensity is zero throughout the rotation. 18 An endoscope is a medical device that can be used to see inside the digestive system. The endoscope contains bundles of very fine glass fibres. Light is directed into the fibres to illuminate the part of the digestive system being investigated. Light travels along the glass fibres by total intemal reflection. _— glass \ light ray total internal reflection (a) State the conditions required for total internal reflection to occur. (b) A ray of light is incident on the end of a glass fibre and refracts as it enters the glass. Explain why the light refracts as it enters the glass.(©) The diagram shows a ray of light being totally internally reflected at one side of a glass fibre and then refracting as it leaves the end of the fibre. The angle of incidence at the boundary between the glass fibre and air is equal to the critical angle C for the glass-air interface. The ray enters water as it leaves the glass fibre. air (refractive index 1.00) air glass (refractive index 1.50) water water (refractive index 1.30) t Not to scale Determine the angle 4 between the emerging ray and the normal. (4) 6 Which of the following can not be demonstrated in experiments using sound waves? (A diffraction CI B polarisation CC refraction CD superposition17 The rails of a railway track are usually made from steel, which can withstand the high stress of heavy trains. However, steel can develop cracks over time, leading to accidents if not repaired. Large cracks in a rail, such as the one shown in the photograph, are easy to observe. (Source: virginiabeach legalexaminer.com) Ultrasound is commonly used to detect cracks that are too small to be seen. An ultrasound transducer transmits a pulse of ultrasound into the top of the rail and records the time taken for the pulse to return. If this time is less than the time expected for the pulse to return from the bottom of the rail, a crack is present. (a) State why an ultrasound pulse would be reflected by a crack in a rail. wm(b) A data logger connected to the transducer produces a graph of ultrasound signal Strength against time. s ‘Transmitted pulse Reflected pulse Signal strength 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Time/us Determine whether the reflected pulse is from a crack in the rail or from the bottom of the rail. depth of rail = 15em speed of ultrasound in steel = 5800ms" Oy(©) Suggest why this ultrasound method may not detect multiple cracks in a piece of rail. w (d) To detect cracks, transducers are attached to the wheels of special trains. Explain why these trains must travel much more slowly than passenger trains.18 When an incident ray of light meets a boundary between air and glass, some of the light is reflected and some is refracted, as shown. reflected ray incident ray glass refracted ray The reflected light is partially plane polarised. (a) State what is meant by plane polarised. @ (b) Deduce whether the refracted ray is unpolarised or partially plane polarised.(c) At the Brewster angle 0,, the reflected light is completely plane polarised, This occurs when the reflected ray and the refracted ray are at right angles to each other, so 8, + 7 = 90° (i) Show that tan 6, = . refractive index of air refractive index of glass 8(ii) Calculate 6, for light passing from air into glass. refractive index of air = refractive index of glass 00 Q) a, Gii) Different colours of visible light are refracted as they pass through a prism as shown, white light A student suggests that the Brewster angle for violet light would be smaller than that for red light, as violet is refracted more than red. Criticise this suggestion. Q) 3. Ultrasound can be used to investigate organs inside the human body. Which of the following statements about ultrasound is correct? OA Allof the ultrasound is reflected at a boundary between different tissues. OB Ultrasound travels faster in air than inside the body. CC Ultrasound with a greater wavelength gives an image with a higher resolution. 5 D_ Ultrasound with a shorter pulse duration gives an image with a higher resolution.15 A physics teacher placed a coin at the bottom of a cup. When viewing the cup from an angle, the coin was not visible, as shown in Photograph 1. 4 J Photograph 1 While still observing from the same angle, the teacher slowly poured water into the cup. The coin gradually became visible, as shown in Photograph 2. Photograph 2 This effect is caused by refraction. (a) Explain what is meant by refraction. @(b) The simplified diagram below shows how a ray of light travels from the edge of the coin to the teacher’s eye, when the cup is partially filled with water. Diagram not to scale 4.0cem 3.0cm Determine the refractive index of the water in the cup. 8) Refractive index of water =13 The refractive index of glass varies with the colour of light. refractive index of glass for red light = 1.513 refractive index of glass for violet light = 1.532 (a) A ray of white light is incident on side AB of a rectangular glass block, as shown. 54.00" air 6.400em glass c D The red light and violet light from the incident ray arrive at slightly different points on side CD. Determine the distance between these points.(b) White light is incident on a boundary between glass and air, as shown. Explain what happens to the red light and the violet light when meeting the boundary. Your answer should include calculations. (4)16 When unpolarised light passes through a polarising filter, the light becomes plane polarised. (a) Explain the difference between unpolarised and plane polarised light. (3) (b) An unpolarised light source is directed towards a screen. The intensity of radiation measured at the screen is 1.00Wm”*. Two polarising filters are placed between the light source and the screen. Initially there is an angle of 0° between their planes of polarisation, as shown. ! One of the polarising filters is then rotated, as shown. “4 Skeich a graph to show how the intensity of light measured at the screen varies as the filter is rotated from 0° to 90°. @)Intensity / Wm sce cee ere 0 Rotation angle /* (©) Polarisation can be used to identify when some materials are under stress. Placing the material under stress causes the plane of polarisation of the light passing through the material to be rotated. The greater the stress, the greater the rotation of the plane of polarisation of the light. A piece of transparent material under stress is positioned between two polarising filters. There is an angle of 90° between the planes of polarisation of the two polarising filters. Explain how this photograph can be used to identify areas of the material with different amounts of stress.11 Diamonds, cubic zirconia and silicon carbide can be used as gemstones in jewellery. The speed of light in these materials is shown in the table. silicon carbide | diamond cubic zirconia speed of light/ms* | 1.24 x 10° 1.39 x 108 1.15 x 10* | (a) In order to identify the material used, a ray of light is directed towards a boundary between air and the gemstone. air gemstone Deduce the material used for the gemstone.(b) Diamonds are cut into different shapes so that they ‘sparkle’ when light shines on them. The diagram shows a ray of light entering a diamond and incident on a boundary between diamond and air. (i) Add to the diagram to show the path of the ray of light as it leaves this boundary. Your answer should include a calculation. rc) (ii) Explain what would happen to the ray at this boundary if the material used was silicon carbide instead of diamond. Q)The diagram shows refraction of a ray of light as it passes through three transparent substances, L, M and N. The speeds of light in the three substances are v,, vy and vy, respectively. 5 Which of the following shows the relationship between v,, vy and vy? a oboaoa A B c D VW > YM > Ww VW > Ww > Var Ww> Ya > ML vy > Vy > VL 6 Which of the following could result in a ray of light undergoing total internal reflection? o Oo a a A B c D light travelling from L to M light travelling from L to N light travelling from M to L light travelling from N to M16 Light is a transverse wave. (a) Describe the difference between transverse waves and longitudinal waves. @) (b) Two prisms, A and B, made from different types of glass are placed in contact as shown. An incident ray of light enters prism A. prism A incident ray d (i) State why the incident ray of light does not change direction as it enters prism A. a)(ii) The refractive index of the glass in prism B is greater than the refractive index of the glass in prism A. When the ray of light reaches the boundary between the prisms, some light is reflected and some is refracted. Complete the diagram to show the two paths taken by the reflected and refracted light until they have returned to the air. (4) (iii) Calculate the angle of refraction as this ray of light travels across the boundary between prism A and prism B. refractive index of glass in prism A refractive index of glass in prism B @) Angle of refraction = (©) The light emerging from prism B is observed through a polarising filter. The polarising filter is rotated gradually, and the light transmitted by the filter varies in intensity. Explain how this observation demonstrates that light waves are transverse.“13 A pulse-echo technique, using ultrasound, can be used to produce images of an unborn baby as shown. Explain how the ultrasound sean of the unborn baby is produced.15 A water wave approaches a boundary between deep water and shallow water and is refracted. The diagram shows how the direction of travel of the wave changes. deep water shallow water Not to scale (a) Explain way the wave is refracted as shown, as it travels from deep water into shallow water. You may add to the diagram. (b) When waves travel across the surface of water, their speed v is dependent on the depth d of the water and the wavelength A of the waves. A a For waves traveling in deep water, where d > 7. For waves travelling in shallow water, v= (gd) 7)(i) Calculate the angle of refraction r. wavelength of waves in deep water = 15m depth of deep water = 10m depth of shallow water = 0.50m angle of incidence = 40° 6) re (ii) In 1933, the crew of the US Navy ship USS Rampo took measurements from one of the largest waves ever recorded. The wavelength of the wave was 342m and the time period was 14.88. Show that the depth of the water where the crew measured the wave was greater than 170m, 8)