STS REVIEWER 1.

KEY CONCEPTS:
1. A forerunner to the emergence or existence of anything is defined as an Antecedent.
As a result, scientific and technical precedents paved the way for today's advanced and
sophisticated scientific and technological breakthroughs.
2. Science is about learning new facts or discoveries. It is about solving problems with
the use of the scientific method.
3. Technology is about creating and inventing things. They are the things that fulfill our
needs and desires or perform certain functions. They are the application of
understanding of natural laws to the solution of practical problems.
KEY CONCEPTS:
1. Science, Technology and Society (STS) is a rapidly developing area that combines
older, previously independent disciplines, including science history, theory, and
sociology. The awareness that many institutions today do not educate students to
respond objectively, reflectively, and proactively to the problems posed by science and
technology in the modern world led to the creation of STS as an academic subject. STS
was believed to have been rooted in the period of wars in history.
2. In the form of simple mechanisms, ancient technology was believed to be the only
option our ancestors had in order to thrive, supporting their limited physical ability. This
technology was as old as humans.
3. The history of Science and Technology and its influence to society can be reflected
on the periodic time of the Ancient Age, Middle Age (Scientific revolution, Intellectual
revolution, and Industrial revolution), and the Modern Age.
4. Paradigm Shift is a major change on how people think and get things done that
upends and replaces a prior paradigm. A paradigm shift can result after the
accumulation of anomalies or evidence that challenges the status quo, or due to some
revolutionary innovation or discovery.
KEY CONCEPTS:
1. Intellectual Revolutions are paradigm shifts that greatly influence the course of
science and technology over time. These were enlightenment of how the universe
functions and operates. It opposed or uncovered the previous beliefs of our ancestors
about the existence of the universe. Consequently, since they challenge the norms of
society, this revolution underwent many oppositions and controversies.
2. The Four great revolutions are the following:
a. Copernican – Heliocentric Theory
b. Darwinian – Theory of Evolution
c. Freudian – Psychoanalytic Theory
d. Information – The Age of Information Technology

KEY CONCEPTS:
1. Science also developed in different parts of the world and other civilizations; in Asia,
Europe, Mesoamerica and Africa. People in these continents invented tools to help
them in everyday life, discovered many things, and invented mathematics as a tool and
as a discipline.
2. Science provided different ancient civilizations the means to survive and understand
the natural and physical world. It also enabled human beings to develop various
technologies that helped them in their everyday tasks.
KEY CONCEPTS:
1. Here were some of the established National Laws and programs which greatly
influenced the development of science and technology in the history of the country;
a. The University of the Philippines
b. The Philippine Public-School system
c. Bureau of Science (Now Department of Science and Technology)
d. Jones Law (The Philippine Autonomy Act)
e. Bell Trade Relations Act
f. Science Education Program
i. Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS) ii. Special Science Elementary
Schools (SSES) iii. Regional Science High School g. Philippine Council for Agriculture
and Resource Research and Development (PCARRD)
h. National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP)
i. Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD)
j. Philippine Council for Industry and Energy Research Development (PCIERD)
k. Balik Scientist Program
l. National Program for Talented Filipino Children in Science and Technology
m. RA 8439: Magna Carta for Scientific Engineers, Researchers, and other Government
Science and Technology Staff
n. RA 7687: 1994 Science and Technology Scholarship Act
o. RA 7459: Inventors and Inventions Rewards Act
p. RA 8293: Intellectual Code Protection Act.
q. RA 9367 or the Biofuels Act
r. RA 10601: Agriculture and fisheries
s. Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) in Senior High School
of the K to 12 education programs

KEY CONCEPTS:
1. It is believed that indigenous knowledge came from the everyday life experiences of
the people as they grow up and encounter things in nature. This knowledge was
prominently practiced by the community and was relayed by the parents and other
elders through the minds of the young generations.
2. Indigenous science as part of the system of indigenous knowledge was developed
from the various encounters of humans with the natural world because human
communities are composed of different experiences, skills, traditions, and fields of
knowledge such as agriculture, medicine, naming and describing the natural
phenomenon, and methods to adapt with the changing environments.
3. It is believed that indigenous science is essential in the development of science and
technology in the country. It helps the individual to comprehend and survive in the
natural world. This knowledge system paved the way for the birth of science and
technology as a specific field and discipline.
4. Indigenous research was acknowledged in the UNESCO Declaration on Science and
the Use of Scientific Knowledge (1999) as a historical and essential contribution to
science and technology.
5. Indigenous science uses science process skills such as observing, comparing,
classifying, measuring, problem solving, inferring, communicating and predicting.
6. Indigenous science is guided by culture and community values such as the following:
(a) The land is a source of life. It a precious gift from the creator. (b) The Earth is
revered as “Mother Earth”. It is the origin of their identity as people. (c) All living and
nonliving things are interconnected and interdependent with each other. (d) Human
beings are stewards or trustee of the land and other natural resources. They have a
responsibility to preserve it. (e) Nature is a friend to human beings — it nests to respect
and proper care.
7. Indigenous science is composed of traditional knowledge practiced and values by the
people and communities such as ethno-biology, ethno-medicine, indigenous farming
methods and folk astronomy.

KEY CONCEPTS:
1. Harmonized National R&D Agenda (HNRDA) 2017-2022 was developed to ensure
that results of S&T endeavours are geared towards and are utilized in areas of
maximum economic and social benefit for the people. The formulation of the HNRDA is
in line with the DOST’s mandate of providing central direction, leadership and
coordination of the scientific and technological efforts in the country.
2. The HNRDA is aligned with AmBisyon Natin 2040: matatag, maginhawa at panatag
na buhay para sa lahat. It has three pillars: Malasakit (enhancing the social fabric),
Pagbabago (reducing inequality) and Kaunlaran (increasing potential growth).
AmBisyon Natin 2040 and the three pillars form the foundation for more inclusive
growth, a high-trust and resilient society and a globally competitive knowledge
economy.
3. The HNRDA is organized into 5 sectors: Basic Research; Agriculture Aquatic and
Natural Resources; Health; Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology; and Disaster
Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation. 4. The Agenda was formulated by the
National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP), Philippine Council for Agriculture,
Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD), Philippine
Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD), Philippine Council for
Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research and Development (PCIEERD),
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), and Philippine
Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) in
cooperation with stakeholders in the respective sectors.
 STS 2.2

KEY CONCEPTS:
1. Humans are capable of two aligned but distinct ways of bringing about things: a.
“bringing-forth”, in which humans only give form to what already exists without
disruption and control b. “challenging-forth”, where humans control the productive
process and, according to Heidegger, reduce it to something else, often inferior to its
true essence.
2. According to Martin Heidegger (1977), it is possible to catch the essence of
technology in its description. He presented that technology can be conceptualized as:
(1) instrumental and (2) anthropological.
3. Technology is a means to an end. Technology is not an end in itself. Technology is
used as a medium for people, organizations and communities who wish to have an
effect on society. In this context, technology is a tool that helps to get things done.
4. Technology is a human activity. Alternatively, technology may also be characterized
as a human activity because it achieves an end and is, by itself, a human activity to
create and use a means to an end. 5. Heidegger sees technology as a means of
unveiling a mode of "bringing forth." For Heidegger, therefore, technology is a type of
poeisis-a way of revealing the aletheia or the reality of the unconceals.
KEY CONCEPTS:
1. Martin Heidegger was one of the most influential philosophers of the 20th century.
Technology was an important element in his work: for Heidegger, technology was the
key to understanding our current time. Especially his text ‘The Question Concerning
Technology’ (1954, English Translation 1977), which has been very influential in
philosophy of technology.
2. Heidegger’s analysis of technology in The Question Concerning Technology consists
of three mains ‘claims’: (1) technology is “not an instrument”, it is a way of
understanding the world; (2) technology is “not a human activity”, but develops beyond
human control; and (3) technology is “the highest danger”, risking us to only see the
world through technological thinking.
KEY CONCEPTS:
1. Heidegger’s concern about modern technology stems from its potential effects of
blinding humanity from seeing truths, and letting humans to see the world as a
set of resources. In this age of danger, Heidegger suggests that art might be the
saving power, since art shares its roots but also strays away from technology
through its own sense of revealing.

KEY CONCEPTS:

1. Economist Peter Edward argues that instead of pushing poorer countries to

“catch up” with rich ones, we should be thinking of ways to get rich countries to
“catch down” to more appropriate levels of development. We should look at
societies where people live long and happy lives at relatively low levels of income
and consumption not as basket cases that need to be developed towards
western models, but as exemplars of efficient living.
2. According to the article, some of the excess income and consumption we see
in the rich world yields improvements in quality of life that are not captured by life
expectancy, or even literacy rates. But even if we look at measures of overall
happiness and wellbeing in addition to life expectancy, a number of low- and
middle-income countries rank highly.
3. According to recent consumer research, 70% of people in middle- and high-
income countries believe overconsumption is putting our planet and society at
risk. A similar majority also believe we should strive to buy and own less, and
that doing so would not compromise our happiness.

KEY CONCEPTS:

1. In the classical Aristotelian notion, human flourishing is described as being

"good spirited." In general, humans have a notion of what it means to flourish;
while they chose to hinge their ends alongside the latter's outcomes in the advent
of science and technology. Although it is true that science gives certain
information about the universe to its connoisseurs, its primary claim to objectivity
and systematic methodology is at least flawed.
2. Eudaimonia, literally "good spirited," is a term invented by Aristotle (385-323
BC), a revered Greek philosopher, to describe the peak of happiness that people
can achieve. In literature, this has also been translated as "human flourishing,"
arguably comparing humans to flowers achieving their full bloom. Aristotle's
human flourishing occurs as a consequence of various components such as
phronesis, fellowship, money, and strength, as discussed in the Nicomachean
Ethics.
3. People have found ways of living more comfortably, visiting more areas,
producing more goods, making more money, and then repeating the whole cycle
of the process. In the beginning, to make hunting and collecting simpler, early
individuals depended on simple machines. This progress allowed them to create
bigger and more advanced machines to assist them in their efforts that eventually
led to space explosions, advances in medicine, and life after death projects. Our
idea of human flourishing today proves to be different from what Aristotle
originally considered then. Citizens of today are required to become a "man of
the world." In order to accomplish a common objective, he is supposed to be
situated in a global community, working side by side between institutions and the
government. Competition has become passé as a means of survival; the latest
trend is teamwork.
4. Science also developed in different parts of the world and other civilizations; in
Asia, Europe, Mesoamerica and Africa. People in these continents invented tools
to help them in everyday life, discovered many things, and invented mathematics
as a tool and as a discipline.
5. Science provided different ancient civilizations the means to survive and
understand the natural and physical world. It also enabled human beings to
develop various technologies that helped them in their everyday tasks.

KEY CONCEPTS:

1. The business of uncovering the universe's secrets reacts to the issue of our
life and gives us something to look forward to. Our idea of self-importance is
elicited by having a specific position, which is uniquely ours. In this regard,
human flourishing is profoundly entangled with the aim that science and
technology are important. In this case, the latter is necessary as a method for
achieving the former to echo Heidegger's argument that technology is a human
activity that we excel in as a result of science achievement. It is enough to claim
that the ultimate goals of both science and technology and human prosperity are
connected, and that the good is ultimately linked to the facts.
2. As contemplated by Joseph Hickel, implying that developing countries should
not press for further growth but pursue "de-development" policies instead or else,
everybody loses. The rapid speed of technological growth does not allow nature
to recover, resulting in exploitation and irreversible harm to nature. Right now, in
the hands of man-made climate change, which will snowball and affect the
majority of flora and fauna, we are witnessing consequences of such exploits,
driving half of the latter extinct within less than a hundred years. We could bring
on our own extinction if this continues at its present alarming pace.

KEY CONCEPTS:
1. Everyone has the definition of what is good: having a college degree, traveling
around the globe, thriving in a business venture, following a safe and active
lifestyle, or becoming a responsible parent. Nevertheless, though everybody
strives to do what is good, Aristotle posited two kinds of good. Aristotle explained
in NE Book 2, Chapter 2, (NE 2:2) that every action is aimed at some good.
Certain actions, however, aim at an instrumental good, while others aim at an
intrinsic good. He made it clear that while the former is good in itself, the ultimate
good is a way to achieving something else or some other goal.
2. Unlike fun, money, glory and honor, the ultimate good is happiness.
"Happiness is living well and doing well, in the Aristotelian sense" (NE 1:4). This
is known as eudaimonia among the Greeks, from the root words eu, signifying
good, and daimon, meaning spirit. Eudaimonia, incorporating the root terms,
means pleasure and welfare. Others more correctly interpret it as human
success or prosperity. Two signs of eudaimonia, namely virtue and perfection,
were suggested by Aristotle (NE 1:7). Therefore, it is important to differentiate
pleasure from mere living good in the sense of eudaimonia. Eudaimonia
transcends all facets of life, for whatever one does, it's about living well and doing
well.
3. The notion of Aristotle through a tripartite soul illustrates a nested hierarchy of
the role of the soul's operation. The soul's degrees and roles are nested, such
that the one with a higher degree, an example of all living things, i.e. plants,
animals, and humans, needs nourishment and has the capacity to reproduce.
Only animals and humans have the ability to shift and interpret at a responsive
level. Finally, only humans are capable of theoretical and functional functions on
a reasonable basis. Following this, the nutritive, sensitive and rational degree of
the soul is possessed by humans. More significantly, only humans are capable of
a reason-guided existence. Since this is so, happiness is also a special human
function, since it can only be attained by a life that is rationally guided.

KEY CONCEPTS:
1. Eudaimonia is what characterizes a healthy life. Living a healthy life means
living a happy life. Eudaimonia is, for Aristotle, only possible by leading a life of
virtue.
2. Arête, a Greek word, can also mean moral virtue and is characterized as
excellence of any kind. A virtue is something that makes one perform well. Two
kinds of virtue were proposed by Aristotle: intellectual virtue and moral virtue.
3. Through schooling, time, and practice, intellectual virtue or virtue of thinking is
attained. Wisdom, which governs ethical conduct, and knowledge, which is
obtained through scientific efforts and reflection, are main intellectual virtues.
 4. Via habitual practice, moral morality or virtue of character is attained.
Generosity, temperance and bravery are some main moral virtues. Aristotle
clarified that while the potential for intellectual virtue is inherent, only through
practice is it brought to completion.

KEY CONCEPTS:
1. Our most powerful 21st-century technologies — robotics, genetic engineering,
and nanotech — are threatening to make humans an endangered species.
2. The underlying message in this article was: the rate and direction of
technological innovation over time will lead to a world where humans are
unnecessary and machines will be able to do without us. Instead of interacting
with them in the way we historically have—programming them to execute the
tasks we instruct them to perform—we will cross a threshold where we
unwittingly relinquish the responsibility of making important decisions that we as
a society need to make. They will do our thinking for us. (Michael A. Alvarez,
2020)
3. Meanwhile, with the advent of technology some issues and dilemmas occur
like the following; a. Technological devices make kids and even adults lazy,
alienated and unhealthy. b. TV hits, the internet, and other social media
influenced the character and behavior of children.

KEY CONCEPTS:
1. In the face of scientific and technological change, human rights are essential
variables in one's path towards eudaimonia or the good life. Human flourishing in
science and technology is demonstrated by the exercise of the right to embrace
or deny, minimize or optimize, and assess and decide on the scope and purpose
of science and technology. Continued scientific and technical advancement and
development must be at the heart of the security of the well-being and upholding
of the integrity of the human person. That is the focus of an approach to
research, technology and development centered on human rights.
2. A human rights-based approach to research, technology and development
provides guidelines for determining how well-being is promoted by science,
technology and development. "A postulated by Mukherjee (2012), this approach
"can form the very center of sustainable futures.
3. The path for the ultimate good should be fundamental to human rights. They
can not only direct people to thrive as individual members of society, but also to
help each other collectively flourish as a society. Human rights, as Mukherjee put
it, are rights for sustainability. In particular, by shielding the weak, poor and
vulnerable from scientific and technological shortcomings and excesses, they
may serve as the golden mean. Ultimately, through science and technology, all
these will lead humans to prosper together.
4. Universal declaration of human rights (article 27) - This document affirms
everyone’s righto participate in and benefit in scientific advances, and be
protected from scientific misuses. The right to the benefit to science comes under
the domain of culture, so it is usually examined from a cultural rights perspective.
5. UNESCO Recommendation on the status of scientific Researchers – 1974
(Article 4) - This document affirms that advances in scientific and technological
knowledge should solely be geared towards the welfare of the global citizens,
and calls upon member states to develop necessary protocol and policies to
monitor and secure this objective. Countries are asked to show that science and
technology are integrated into policies that aim to ensure a more humane and
just society.
6. UNESCO Declaration on the use of scientific Knowledge – 1999 (Article 33) -
This documents states “today, more than ever, science and its application are
indispensable for development. All levels of government and the private sector
should provide and enhance support for building up an adequate and evenly
distributed scientific and technological capacity through appropriate education
and research programs as an indispensable foundation for economic, social,
culture and environmentally sound development. This is particularly urgent for
developing countries.” This declaration encompasses issue such as pollution free
production, efficient resource use, biodiversity protection and brain drain.

KEY CONCEPTS:

1. International Covenant on Economics, Social and Cultural Rights (1966) -

ICESCR is an international human rights treaty adopted in 1966. The UK agreed
to follow ICESCR in 1976. It ensures the enjoyment of economic, social and
cultural rights, including the rights to: education, fair and just conditions of work,
an adequate standard of living, the highest attainable standard of health, and
social security. 2. Declaration on Social Progress and Development (1969) - The
United Nations Declaration on Social Progress and Development was proclaimed
by the UN General Assembly on December 11, 1969. This proclamation primarily
aimed at promoting higher standards of living, full employment and conditions of
economic and social progress and development. It states that social
development can be attained only through peaceful coexistence, friendly
relations and cooperation among states with different social, economic or political
systems.
3. Declaration on the Use of Scientific and Technological Progress in the Interest
of Peace and for the Benefit of Mankind (1975) - In 1975, the General Assembly
adopted the Declaration on the Use of Scientific and Technological Progress in
the Interests of Peace and for the Benefit of Mankind. This document
concentrates on the possible abusive use of science contrary to human rights.
4. Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights (2005) - This
Declaration addresses ethical issues related to medicine, life sciences and
associated technologies as applied to human beings, considering their social,
legal and environmental dimensions.
 5. The Declaration of Dakar (2007) - The High-level Dialogue on Financing for
Development took place on 23 and 24 October 2007 in New York. On this
occasion, the Leading Group on Solidarity Levies to Fund Development met and
decided to reaffirm its commitment to new sources of financing for development.
6. The Cairo Declaration (2006) - Reaffirming the civilizing and historical role of
the Islamic Ummah which Allah made as the best community and which gave
humanity a universal and well balanced civilization, in which harmony is
established between hereunder and the hereafter, knowledge is combined with
faith, and to fulfill the expectations from this community to guide all humanity
which is confused because of different and conflicting beliefs and ideologies and
to provide solutions for all chronic problems of this materialistic civilization.