Revision Notes

Class 8 Maths

Chapter - 5 - Data Handling

• Data Handling:
It is concerned with the process of gathering data, presenting it, and
obtaining a result.
• Raw data is data that is primarily available to us in an unorganised state.
• Grouped data can be shown using a histogram. The class intervals are
shown on the horizontal axis, and the heights of the bars represent the
frequency of the class interval. There is also no space between the bars,
just as there is no space between the class intervals.
• To make useful judgments from any data, we must first organise it
systematically.
• Frequency refers to the number of times an entry appears.
• Using a 'grouped frequency distribution,' raw data can be 'grouped' and
presented methodically.
• Statistics: A branch of mathematics concerned with the gathering,
presentation, analysis, and interpretation of numerical data.
• Observation: Each raw data entry (number).
• Range: The difference between a data set's lowest and highest observation.
• Array: Sorting raw data by magnitude in ascending or descending order.
• A circle graph or a pie chart can also be used to present data. The link
between a whole and its parts is depicted in a circle graph.
• There are some experiments whose results have an equal chance of
happening.
• A random experiment is one in which the outcome cannot be predicted
precisely.
• If each outcome of an experiment has the same chance of occurring, they
are equally likely.
• Frequency: The number of times a specific observation appears in a set of
data.
• Class Interval: A set of raw data that has been compacted.

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 I. Continuous: A class interval's upper limit coincides with the next class's
lower limit.
II. Discontinuous: A class interval's upper limit does not overlap with the next
class's lower limit.
• Class Limits: Each class in a graph is defined by two figures known as
class limits.
I. Upper Class Limit: The upper value of a class interval.
II. Lower Class Limit: The lower value of a class interval.
• Class size or width is the difference between a class's top and lower class
limits.
• Class Mark: The mid-value of a class-interval.

Upper limit+ Lower limit

Class mark =
2
• Data visualisation in graph form:
I. Pictograph: A symbol-based pictorial depiction of data.
II. A bar graph is a visual representation of data that uses bars of uniform
width with heights proportionate to the values.
III. Double Bar Graph: A bar graph that displays two sets of data at the same
time. It comes quite handy when comparing data.
IV. Histogram: a graphical depiction of frequency distribution in the form of
rectangles with class intervals as bases and heights proportionate to
corresponding frequencies, with no gaps between rectangles.
V. Circle Graph or Pie Chart: A pictorial representation of numerical data
in the form of sectors of a circle, with each sector's area proportionate to
the magnitude of the data it represents.
• Probability: When a likelihood of anything happening is quantified, it's
called a probability.
Number of outcomes that makes an event
Probability of an event =
Total number of outcomes of the expenmen
I. Experiment: A procedure that can provide a set of well-defined results.
II. Trial: The performance of an experiment.
III. An experiment in which all possible outcomes are known but the specific
outcome cannot be anticipated in advance is known as a random
experiment.

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IV. Equally Likely Outcomes: Experiments whose results have an equal
chance of happening.
V. Event: An event is a result of an experiment or a collection of results.
• Chances and probability have a real-life application.

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