Globalization is the sharing of culture, and money, and products, between countries that are happening because of

international trade, and advances in transportation and communication.

Globalization is also a social process where people become more and more aware of other cultures and peoples, across
geographical, political, and social borders.

The economic interdependence of different countries, as well as advancements in communication technology, and the
progress of technology in general, have all contributed to globalization.

Theories of Globalization
WORLD-SYSTEMS THEORY
focuses on the importance of the world as a unit, rather than looking at individual countries. It divides the world
into core nations, periphery nations, and semi-periphery nations.

Core Nations (developed)

 Includes countries like Russia & United States
 Strong central Government with enough tax to support it
 Economically diversified, industrialized, and relatively independent of outside control.
 They have strong middle and working classes, and focus on higher scope production, of material goods rather than
raw materials.

Periphery Nations (underdeveloped)

 Includes Latin America and Africa.
 Low-income nation that depends on and is exploited by wealthier nations which can harm economic potential.
 Weak and decentralized government
 Low education
 Poor infrastructure
 a small upper class that controls most of the economy and this creates a huge inequality in the population .

Semi-periphery Nations (developing)

 Includes India and Brazil
 make up the middle ground between the Core and Periphery.
 often not dominant in international trade
 have a relatively diversified and developed economy.
 Come either from periphery nations moving up toward the industrialized core nations or from core nations declining
toward Periphery Status.
DEPENDENCE THEORY
Explains global inequality as caused by colonialism and neocolonialism, the dominance of former colonial
powers over low-income nations.

Argues that countries have developed at an uneven rate because wealthy countries have exploited poor countries
in the past through colonialism and today through foreign debt and trade.

Colonialists System

 Low-income nations are viewed as victims of exploitation.

 To gain control over poorer nation’s resources and labor
 Uses intelligence by building relations using settlement.
 claims sovereignty over the colony, and the social structure, government, and economy.

Neocolonialists System

 refers to the unequal economic and power relations that currently exist between former colonies and former
colonizing nations.
 refer to the involvement of powerful countries in the affairs of less powerful countries
 uses economic and political power rather than direct military power to force colonialism.

MODERN THEORY
 Traditional values around kinship/affiliation and tribal systems are often not on the leading edge of embracing
technological change.
 as the country adapts to new technologies, and the political and social changes that occur.