Water chemistry and Microbiology

Poonam Baidya (Ph.D.)

Asst. Professor,
Department of Applied Sciences and Chemical Engineering
Poonam Baidya 22/05/2023
 Of all the molecules in the universe, the one
most important to humanity is water
 Improving water quality is an important
aspect of Environmental Engineering

Poonam Baidya 22/05/2023

Water is a chemical compound consisting of two hydrogen atoms and
one oxygen atom covalently bonded
Water typically refers to the liquid state of the compound
The solid phase is known as ice and the gas phase is called steam
Other names for water include:
• Dihydrogen monoxide or DHMO
• Hydrogen hydroxide (HOH)
• Hydrogen monoxide
• Dihydrogen oxide
• Hydric acid
• Hydrohydroxic acid
• Hydrol
• Hydrogen oxide
• The polarized form of water, H+ OH-, is called hydron hyroxide
Water is a Polar Molecule
• The unequal distribution of charges on the water molecule
make it a polar molecule Orbital Representation
One end is more negative, and one end is more positive
Poonam Baidya 22/05/2023
 Hydrogen Bonding
• The positive and negative ends of water molecule
attracts one another
• The partial negative end of the oxygen atom is attracted
to the partial positive end of the H atom on an adjacent
molecule
• Water molecules are joined together in an extensive
three-dimensional network in which each oxygen is
tetrahedrally bonded to four hydrogen atoms
• Hydrogen bonds give water its unique properties
• This H-bond causes water to have its anomalous
properties
• High boiling and melting point
• Only natural substance found in all three states in typical
temperatures of earth
Poonam Baidya 22/05/2023
• Liquid water is a partially structured
• H- bonds are constantly formed and broken
• Each H20 molecule is bonded to approximately 3.4 other water molecules
• Solid water = Ice it is more of a rigid structure
• Each H20 molecule is bonded to approximately 4 other water molecules
• This regular structure holds H2O molecules further apart
• Gas form = Water vapor is least dense
• Water vapor is Earth's most abundant greenhouse gas
• It's responsible for about half of Earth's greenhouse effect

Poonam Baidya 22/05/2023

 Solutions, Concentration and Units of expression
• Water is often described as a universal
solvent
• Water can dissolve polar or ionic substances
• Water cannot dissolve nonpolar substances
• This process of dissolving is known as
solvation

 A solution is a homogeneous mixture of

two or more substances, consisting of ions
or molecules
• Solute is the component present in smaller
amount and solvent is the component in
greater amount
• Concentration refers to the quantity of # Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes
solute in a standard quantity of solution electrically conducting and non conducting

Poonam Baidya 22/05/2023

Concentration Solutions and Units of expression :

MASS/MASS
MASS/VOLUME
1. Molarity (M): The number of moles of solute per liter of solution
2. Molality (m): The number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent
3. Normality (N): The number of equivalents of solute per liter of solution

4. Mass Percentage (% w/w): The mass of solute per 100 grams of solution
5. Volume Percentage (% v/v): The volume of solute per 100 milliliters of solution
6. Mass/Volume Percentage (% w/v): The mass of solute in gm per 100 milliliters of
solution

7. Parts per Million (ppm): The number of parts of solute per one million parts of solution
8. Parts per Billion (ppb): The number of parts of solute per one billion parts of solution

Poonam Baidya 22/05/2023

Molarity is a unit of concentration used most common unit and used for almost all
geochemical calculations
It is expressed in moles of solute per liter of solution (mol/L or M)

For e.g.,
a. 1M NaOH
Molecular Mass of NaOH = 40
So, 250 ml of 0.1 M NaOH
1M NaOH= 40 gm NaOH in 1Liter H20
b. 1M Na2CO3
Molecular Mass of Na2CO3 = 106
So,
1M Na2CO3 = 106 gm Na2CO3 in 1Liter H20
Poonam Baidya 22/05/2023
Equivalents or Normality (N) represents the number of equivalents of the solute per liter of
solution
Equivalents are similar to moles but take into account of the valence of an ion
An equivalent is a measure of the reactive capacity of a substance

1 N HCl : for every liter of the solution, there is 1 equivalent of HCl present
For e.g.,
a. 1N NaOH
Equivalent wt. of NaOH = 40 (same as Molecular Mass)
So,
1N NaOH= 40 gm NaOH in 1Liter H20
b. 1M Na2CO3
Equivalent wt. of Na2CO3 = 106/2
So,
1M Na2CO3 = 53 gm Na2CO3 in 1Liter H20

Poonam Baidya 22/05/2023

How to convert Molarity to Normality?
Knowing the molarity of a solution is key to calculating its normality. The easiest
formula to calculate normality is

What is the Normality of 1M H2SO4? What is the Molarity of 1N H2SO4?

N=1X 2 M=1/ 2
= 2N = 0.5M

Poonam Baidya 22/05/2023

Percent concentration
• Ratio of solute to solution
Percent composition can be expressed as
1. Mass Percentage (w/w%): The mass of solute (gm) per mass of solution (100
gm)
2. Volume Percentage (v/v%): The volume of solute (ml) per Volume of
solution(100 ml)
3. Mass/Volume Percentage (w/v%): The mass of solute (gm) per 100 ml of
solution

Saline water
0.9 gm NaCl in 100ml pure water

Poonam Baidya 22/05/2023

Parts per Million/ Billion (ppm) and (ppb)

Poonam Baidya 22/05/2023

Important Water Facts

• Water is one of the most abundant compound found in

nature
• Is in a constant state of motion as it undergoes the
hydrologic cycle
• Water in nature is most nearly pure only in its
evaporation state followed by precipitation
• Additional impurities are further added as the liquid
water travels through the remainder of the cycle and
comes into contact wit h materials in the air or the
surface of earth or beneath
• Human activities contribute further impurities in the
form of industrial, domestic, agricultural wastes
• Water is uniquely vulnerable for pollution

Poonam Baidya 22/05/2023

Hydrologic Cycle

Poonam Baidya 22/05/2023

Poonam Baidya 22/05/2023
Assignment:
Effect of water on rocks and minerals with examples

Poonam Baidya 22/05/2023