CDI 7: VICE AND DRUG EDUCAITON AND CONTROL

MIDTERMS:

• Overview – Terminologies and History

• Drug Trafficking Routes – Golden triangle, products country involved, processes, etc.
• Drug Abuse – Causes and effect of drug abuse
• Dangerous Drugs – different stimulants, different depressants, different hallucinogens and so on
and so forth.
• Other Drugs of Abuse – not included in dangerous drugs but still drugs of abuse.

FINALS:

• Drug Use: Paraphernalia and Administration

• Test to determine presence of Drugs
• Approaches to the Drug Problem – buy bust operations, sell bust, buy bust, instigation, is it legal,
etc.
• Salient Provisions of RA 9165 and relevant jurisprudence

FINAL REQUIREMENT:

RPC – Felony (generally mala in se)

SPL – Offenses (generally mala prohibita)

CRIME – CRIMINAL LAW – Nature of Crime

1. Felony – punishable by the RPC – generally MALA IN SE

2. Offenses – punishable by the SPL – generally MALA PROHIBITA

CDI 7: Week 1

INTRODUCTION TO DRUG EDUCATION AND VICE CONTROL

TERMINOLOGIES

• Education – the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction especially at the

school or university.
o Receiving or giving systematic instruction – information
o school or university – not needed to come from school or university. It can also
happen somewhere else.
• Vice – refers to an immoral or evil habit or practice.
o It is something which is perverted or wrong or deviant according to the society.
o In order for the act or behavior to be considered Vice, there must be repetition of
said behavior or the act.
 o Crime – can be considered as Vice if there is repetition of the crime.
▪ It becomes a habit or repeated
o Taboo – Vices are considered as Taboo
▪ Something frowned by the society or unacceptable by the society.
o Is it required for us to have a law penalizing an act for it to be considered as
a vice?
▪ No, law is not the basis but rather the society.
▪ Ex. Smoking – something which is wrong and bad and perverted
according to society.
• You are repeating it and becomes a habit then it becomes a vice.
• It is not a crime but considered as a vice because it is something
persevered, wrong or immoral.
• Control – the power to influence or direct people’s behavior or the course of event.
o Ex. The Law
▪ Sociology of law – the use of law as a form of social control.
• You use the law to regulate the behavior of the people or to have
control over the people.
• Dos and Don’ts by passing laws.
o Ex. Protocols
▪ Forms of control
• Drug Education – a process by which a person is educated about aspects of drugs
specifically those which are known as dangerous.
o Try to share, impart, educate people about drugs which are dangerous.
o Generally, we focus on dangerous drugs for people to not to use it most
specifically its negative effects on people.
• Vice Control – the regulation of vices. The process of regulating vices.
o Definition in Philippines: A process of preventing, managing and regulating the
use and exploitation of drugs.
▪ Focused on drugs.
▪ We may use it but it is monitored when used.
▪ Not all drugs are bad. Drugs in Nature is not evil. It is only bad when
abused.
• Ex. Medicines prescribed by doctors.
• It is regulated through prescription because it is prone to abuse.
• Drugs – it refers to chemical used for medicine for the treatment of disease or to improve
physical or mental wellbeing. (Closest to the etymology of the word drugs.)
o Etymology – Came from French word “drogue” (pronounced dohog) – pertains to
substance of plants, vegetables, or animals.
▪ It was introduced during 14th century – used for production of medicine.
o A chemical substance used as a medicine or in making medicines, which affects
the body and mind and have potential for abuse.
o Derived from the 14th century French word drogue, meaning a dry substance-
most medicines at that time were prepared from dried herbs.
o Other definitions:
▪ Specific: A habit forming or illegal substance.
• Drugs is the illegal substance itself.
 ▪ General: It pertains to medicine.
• Medicine – it is a science and art dealing with the prevention, cure, and alleviation of
disease.
o 2nd definition: substance used to treat diseases.
• Drug Interaction – it is the modification of action of one drug by the concurrent or prior
administration of another drug.
o Simultaneous taking of drug which its effect is modified.
o It is possible to have an increase or decrease in the beneficial or adverse effect of
the drugs taken.
▪ Could be positive or negative effects as long as there is modification in its
effects.
o Ex. Ibuprofen and Aspirin
▪ Different drugs but similar side effects.
▪ When both taken simultaneously, there would be increase in its adverse
effect or side effect or negative effect.
▪ Can cause stomach bleeding.
o Ex. Warfarin – anti coagulant (Blood thinner), and Fluconazole – an anti-fungal
medication to treat fungi
▪ When taken simultaneously, there would be increase in bleeding.
▪ Added negative effect of adverse effect
• Drug Abuse – it is the illegal, wrongful, or improper use of any drugs.
o Not needed illegal or dangerous as long as drugs was being abused
o Any drugs can be the subject of drugs abuse.
o Ex. Alaxan – not dangerous and illegal
▪ The moment of using it illegal, improper, or wrongful use, it is Drug
Abuse.
o Ex. Carbosistin - not dangerous and illegal but the moment of using it illegal,
improper, or wrongful use, it is Drug Abuse.
o What is the purpose or reason of Drug Abuse?
▪ Purpose: To get high.
• Drug Misuse – the use of a substance for purposes not consistent with legal or medical
guidelines.
o You are using drugs not following guidelines provided by law or medical field.
o Ex. Alaxan
▪ If purpose is getting high – it is drug abuse.
▪ But if it used as a form of pain reliever – it is drug misuse.
o Ex. Sleeping pills
▪ Instead of Drinking one tablet before sleeping you used 5 tablets – it is
drug misuse.
▪ Inconsistent with the medical guideline.
o It happens when a person uses a drug for something other than its intended
medical guidelines.
o Highly possible to produce “drug dependence”.
• Drug dependence – a state of psychic or physical dependence or both on dangerous drug
arising in a person following administration or use of that drugs on a continuous basis.
 ▪ Dependence – pertain to the state of relying on or being controlled by
something or someone.
o Psychologically or physically dependent on the drug.
o It occurs when you need one or more drugs in order to function.
o Ex. Habitual smokers
▪ When not smoked, it is hard for them to think or their arms became shaky
causing them not to function properly.
• Physical Dependence – dependence reveal or shows intense physical symptoms the
moment the use of drugs is stopped.
o Ex. Habitual smokers – when no nicotine intake, there are physical symptoms or
bodily reactions causing tremors or continuous or intense of production of saliva
or there is dryness on their mouth.
• Psychological Dependence – the dependence affects the person emotionally and
mentally.
o The moment there is stoppage in use of drugs, the mental and emotional aspects
will be affected.
o Ex. Habitual drunkard – they act and think normally if they are drunk but if they
are not drunk, they cannot function properly. If they don’t drink, they wouldn’t be
able to function properly.
• Why is there a drug dependence?
o Maybe there was a DRUG MISUSE or DRUG ABUSE.
▪ They are capable of producing drug dependence.
• Drug Addiction – it is the state of periodic intoxication produced by repeated
consumption of drugs.
▪ Intoxication – it is one whereby the persons normal capacity is inhibited
by the drugs.
• not just alcohol but also other drugs
• capacity to act reason or think is diminished or affected by drugs.
• Inhibited by the drugs.
o Because of periodic intoxication, you have drug addiction.
o Different Characteristics of Drug Addiction:
▪ Overpowering desire or need to continue taking the drug.
(COMPULSION)
▪ Tendency to increase the dosage to maintain the same effect.
(TOLERANCE)
▪ Physical or Psychological Dependence on the drug. (DRUG
DEPENDENCE)
▪ An effect detrimental to the individual and society.
• Never produced something negative, bad, detrimental.
• Habituation – it is a condition resulting from administration of drug which includes the ff
characteristics:
o 1. A desire to continue taking the drug for the sense of improved well-being.
▪ Desire – not compulsion but mere desire to improve sense of well-being.
o 2. Little or no tendency to increase the dose.
▪ Unlike addiction, there is no concept of tolerance because there is no
tendency or only small tendency of increasing the dosage.
 ▪ The effect is the same from the First time you use it.
• Administer – it is the act of introducing any dangerous drugs into the body of any person
with or without his knowledge.
o You have a person introducing a drug into the body of another person or you have
person helping another person to introduce a drug into his body.
o You are not putting the drug in your body but rather another person.
• Use – it refers to the act of introducing the drug into your body.
• Pusher –
• Withdrawal Syndrome – combination of physical and psychological effects experienced
by a person after they stopped using or reduce their intake of drugs.
o There are physical and mental effects to the person after stopping or decreasing
the use of drugs.
o Sometimes called, “Discontinuation syndrome” – the person discontinues the use
of drugs.
▪ Sometimes also called “cold turkey”
o Chronic somatic complaints – severe headache, abdominal cramps, very tense
feelings, very irritable, depression (common), etc.
o Ex. Drug dependent users when sudden stopping using drugs – they become
violent or they feel they have headache.
• Depression – a mental illness characterized by agitation or inactivity and sad remorseful
brooding mood.
o Agitation – Sense of inner tension and restlessness.
▪ You feel uncomfortable
▪ Characteristic of depression – you feel sad, remorseful, and not want to
perform activities.
o Melancholic depression – it is intense to the point that you lose interest in your
life or lose interest in your activities.
o One characteristics of withdrawal syndrome and may become reason of drug use.
• Dangerous Drugs – this refers to drugs which would likely to or capable of causing injury
or harm.
o Ex. LSD – Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, considered as a hallucinogen drug.
o Provided by law or enumerated by law which is not good for the society.
• Prohibited Drugs – are drugs which are not regulated by the government.
o It is something not allowed by the government to be manufactured and use by the
people.
o Generally, prohibited drugs are Dangerous Drugs.
o How to know if it is prohibited drugs? Look at the law.
• Regulated Drugs – pertains to drugs which are researched, manufactured, distributed, and
administered under the supervision of the government.
o Ex. Self-inducing sedatives such as phenobarbital, drugs containing salt or
barbituric acid, hypnotic drugs, amphetamine. Needs to be supervised before
using.
• Stimulants – pertains to any drug which acts in the central nervous system producing
excitation, alertness, and wakefulness.
o ex. Cocaine, shabu.
• Depressants – pertains to drugs that sedates by acting on the central nervous system.
 o It would weaken the central nervous system.
o Opposite of stimulants.
o Ex. Alcohol – depressant
• Hallucination – a false perception of reality.
▪ Hallucinogen – a drug that produces hallucination.
o You see something, hear something which do not exist.
o Human behavior – hallucination would pertain to false sense of perception to
object and experience of sensations which have no external cause and no reality.
• Convulsion – involuntary and violent irregular series
•
• of contraction of the muscles.
o You lose control over your muscles because they are involuntarily and violently
causing contractions.
• Delirium – a condition of mental excitement, confusion, disordered speech, and often
hallucinations.
o Confused Mentality of person because of excessive excitement causing
hallucinations.
• Potentiation – results when one substance that does not normally have a toxic effect is
added to another chemical making the second chemical much more toxic.
o Combines two or more drugs – one substance is not toxic but when mixed to
another drug, the other drug becomes more toxic.
• Drug synergy – it actually occurs when the combined action of two or more drugs is
greater than the sum of the effect of each drug if taken alone.
o Two or more drugs combined causing a greater effect.

GENERAL HISTORY OF DRUGS

How Old?

o Act of drug use was already existing but the word was only later on created

Drug use and abuse is as old as mankind itself. Human beings have always had a desire to eat or
drink substances that make them feel relaxed, stimulated, or euphoric.

o Pre historic – plants – opium, marijuana, and cocaine.

Man’s use of chemical substances, which alter his consciousness and biological functioning, may
be traced back some two million years ago, during the Old Stone Age.

SHEN NUNG

o Father of Chinese medicine and pharmacology

▪ He conducted experiments in order to determine use of plants for purposes of
treating ailments.
 ▪ He tasted hundreds of plants just to determine its effect in the body, what it does,
and how to use it for treatment.
▪ He once tasted a plant not knowing it is poisonous which led him to death.
o Yan Father – literally means divine farmer
▪ Introduced agriculture to ancient china
o Emperor Scholar Shen Nung
o Chang Shan – a medicinal plant discovered by emperor shen nung, very helpful in
treating fevers.
▪ During his time, there was a lot of people dying because of fever caused by
malaria parasytes
▪ Through experiments he discovered chang shan in treating the fever.

PRE-COLUMBIAN MEXICAN

o Psilocybin Mushroom – they call it “Sacred Mushrooms”

▪ Now called “Magic Mushrooms”
▪ For purposes of Religious Ceremonies
▪ Before, during religious ceremonies, they want to induced altered state of mind or
hallucination.
o More of Natural Drugs – derived from plants
o Traditional uses of drugs – use of natural drugs

HIPPOCRATES

o Father of Medicine
o Very interested in Inorganic Salts as a form of medication.
o He deviated from the traditional use of drugs
▪ Instead of focusing on the natural or organic drugs, he diverted his attention into
inorganic salts as form of medication.
▪ This is where the idea of “Synthetic Drugs” came from
o Alchemist – people who studies medieval chemical science
▪ Alchemy – chemical science

SIGMUND FREUD

o The Father of Psychoanalysis

o He treated a lot of disturb cocaine addicts
▪ During his study, he noted that cocaine has a “Numbing Effect”
➢ Numbing Effect – produces insensibilities or the person wouldn’t be able
to feel anything if he would be taking cocaine.
▪ This discovery led him to call the attention of different clinical pharmacologist to
use cocaine as a form of anesthetic during clinical procedures.

How Were These Drugs Discovered?

Home Remedies
These discoveries were to alleviate aches, pains and other ailments. Most of these preparations
were herbs, roots, mushrooms or fungi.

How Are They Administered?

They have to be eaten, drunk, rubbed on the skin, or inhaled to achieve the desired effect.

1. Holy Bible

The Book of Judges of the Old Testament revealed that the mighty Samson was put to sleep by
Delilah by means of a drug-laced wine before cutting his hair, and subsequently gouged his eyes.

Well before the beginning of the Christian era, opium as known to the Greeks and Romans as a
drug on indulgence as well as poison capable of use in acts of suicide and murder. Neither the
Greeks nor the Romans, however, viewed the drugs as an article with potential for international
trade and commerce.

SPECIFIC DRUGS AND THEIR HISTORY

History of Known Drugs

2. Opium

o Scientific name, “Papaver Somniferum”.

o World’s oldest cultivated drug dated way back 5,000 BC
o A flowering plant - Regarded as a source of dangerous drugs
o First Cultivated in “Mesopotamia” by the “Sumerians”
▪ Mesopotamia – South East Asia
▪ Opium – otherwise called “Hul Gil” (Plant of Joy)
▪ As time passes by, they passed it on to the Assyrians, then Assyrians cultivated
their own opium and passed unto the Egyptians and the use and cultivation of
opium is spread.
▪ From SEA it traveled to Mediterranean Region and came back to China.
o Mediterranean Region – Greece, Portugal, Spain
o China – leads to opium wars
o opium wars – Main reason of war was “Opium”

MECONIC ACID

o otherwise known as “Acidum Meconicum” or “Poppy Acid”

▪ opium belongs to poppy family of plants and it has many species
▪ accordingly, most of the plants coming from poppy family has Meconic Acid
▪ Meconic Acid – found in opium which is a specie coming from poppy family of
plants
▪ Opium or opium poppy – they are the same
LATEX

o Milky substance produced when an incision is made in the epidermal wall of the opium’s
capsule.
▪ Make incision 1 – 2 mm deep in the capsule
▪ A milky substance will come out which is called “Latex”
▪ It is first white but when exposed to air it would turn into brown
o Used for the production of drug itself
o Contains the different chemicals composing Opium
o Chemical Composition:
▪ 1. Morphine – the main chemical component of opium.
➢ About 10-12 % of opium is made of morphine
▪ 2. Codeine
▪ 3. Noscapine – considered as Non-Narcotic Alkaloids
➢ they do not produce narcotic effect or not produce or cause sleep
▪ 4. Papaverine – considered as Non-Narcotic Alkaloids
➢ they do not produce narcotic effect or not produce or cause sleep
▪ 5. Thebaine – considered as Non-Narcotic Alkaloids
➢ they do not produce narcotic effect or not produce or cause sleep

SILK ROAD BLACK MARKET

o Silk Road – Network of trade routes connecting the east and the west for purposes of
economic, cultural, political, and religious interactions.
▪ It was introduced 2nd Century BC
▪ Used by Greece and China – for purposes of interaction
▪ Greece called china as “Seres” which means silk and the Greece considered china
as the “land of the silk” which is why they called it “silk road”.
▪ As time passes by, it was used by other nations and it expanded.
▪ Land and Water Transportation.
▪ People maximized silk road for purposes of trading drugs which is called “SILK
ROAD BLACK MARKET”.
o One of prominent drugs being transported in this route is “OPIUM”

EMPEROR YUNG CHEN

o China citizens become addicted to Opium

o He prohibited smoking of opium in china and tried to close ports for the importation of
opium which triggered the “Opium War”
▪ British is not happy because of what emperor Yung Chen is doing.
o The Chinese lost during the Opium War which led them to accept the “British Sponsored
Opium Trade”.

OPIUM: AN ANCIENT MEDICINE

 o According to Ancient Documentation, Opium was regarded as an ancient medicine –
Greece and Rome physicians has documented that opium was a very powerful pain
reliever.
▪ Opium is a kind of depressant – it is something that slows the messages travelling
between the body and brain.
▪ It produces sleep and numbs the body.
o According to Ancient Documentation, the effect of opium is:
▪ 1. Induces sleep
▪ 2. Relieves bowel
▪ 3. Protects users from being poisoned

LAUDANUM and PAREGORIC

o LAUDANUM – a mixture of alcohol and opium

▪ Between 1800’s and 1900’s
▪ Have a tincture of Opium in the alcohol
▪ It is very prominent during that time because it is Used as treatment for insomnia,
headaches, menstrual crumps, stomach ache.
▪ It treats pain – a kind of depressant, an analgesic that relieves pain.
▪ Otherwise called as “Camphorated opium tincture”
o PAREGORIC – adds or dilute in alcohol with modification such as CAM4 and etc.
▪ Anise oil, Cam4, Glycerin, Benzoic Acid, etc.
▪ Used as a form of pain reliever
▪ Most commonly used for purposes of Diarrhea which relaxes the stomach by
decreasing the movement of stomach and intestinal muscles.

Opium – derives morphine, codeine, heroine, and Oxycodone.

DERIVATIVES OF OPIUM

o MORPHINE – principal reagent of opium (10-12%)

▪ A derivative of opium and was isolated from opium
▪ Frederick Wilhem Serturner – synthesized or isolated morphine from opium
▪ Extracted from “opium resin” –
➢ Resin – a solid or viscus substance coming from the opium
➢ Opium has capsule (the seed capsule) – if green it is unripe – the moment
it is ripe – it will change color and produce petals.
➢ Morphine was obtained from the green or unripe seed capsule, then make
incision, and get latex, they will get or isolate the morphine in the latex.
▪ 10x more powerful than processed opium – more concentrated
➢ It is regarded as the most effective pain reliever
➢ From 1800’s until now it is still the most effective pain reliever
▪ Morphine served as the standard of different pain reliever due to its effectivity.
▪ Where did it Originate?
➢ Morpheus – Morphium – Morphine
 ➢ Morpheus – God of sleep and the morphine causes sleep where serturner
derived the word Morphium and as time passed by we called it Morphine
▪ Otherwise called “Miracle Drug”
▪ Otherwise called, “Soldiers Disease” – soldiers were addicted in morphine
➢ Morphine was very prominent during the American Civil War
➢ During that time there was many soldiers injured but the hospital is full
and far
➢ They were given pain reliever which “Morphine”.
➢ Even if they no longer feeling pain, they still used morphine thus called
soldiers disease.
▪ Morphine has become addictive and they find alternatives which introduced the
heroine.
o HEROINE (otherwise known as Diacetylmorphine)
▪ Alder Wright – first person to isolate or synthesize heroine from morphine
▪ They thought it is not addicting and used to resolve addiction to the Morphine
▪ From the term “hero” and called heroine because it is very powerful as they
thought it would treat morphine
▪ Bayer company of Germany – they commercialized “Heroine” by introducing it
into the medical use and sold it into different hospitals for purposes of uses in the
medical field.
➢ Crescent with the name “Dolophine” – was given to heroine in honor of
Adolf Hitler
• Dolor – means “pain”
• Fin – “end
• Means end of pain
▪ Diacetylmorphine – means more potent than morphine
▪ Heroine was heavily promoted for purposes of bronchitis, tuberculosis, and other
cough inducing illnesses. Then used for treating insomnia and other purposes for
medical and recreational.
▪ But later on, they realized that heroine is also addictive
o CODEINE
▪ Derivatives of opium
▪ Isolated by Pierre Jean Robiquet, France
▪ Less pain killing ability than morphine and taken orally
▪ According to WHO – most widely and commonly used opiate in the world.
▪ They started commercializing and marketed opium and called it “Pain Suders”
➢ Used for cough suppressant
▪ It has addicting effect
o OXYCODONE
▪ Synthesized or Isolated from Thebaine
▪ Used as a form of pain reliever and taken orally
▪ Drug abusers use it by crushing it and use it through smell or injecting it into body
▪ First synthesized in Germany just like Heroine
Knowledge on the opium poppy plant (Papaver Somniferum) goes back about 7000 years BC
(4000-3000 years BC) cultivated and prepared by the Sumerians.

• Hippocrates (Father of medicine)

Prescribed juice of the white poppy plant as early as 5,000 BC in the belief that it can
cure many illnesses.

• Spread of Opium

First harvested in Mesopotamia and its used spread throughout the neighboring
Mediterranean areas, then to Asia. From there, it was introduced to Persia, India and China by
the Arab caravans.

It was an ideal item of merchandise: valuable, compact and easily preserved, that it could
be carried many thousands of miles without difficulty.

It was during this period that the Arab was generally thought to have introduced opium into
China. Chinese literatures of the tenth century refer to the drug both in medical terms and as a
drug indulgence.

As early as the 18th century opium was known and used in the American colonies by a
number of physicians as part of their medical treatment in connection with disease, cancer
gallstone and dysentery. Although opium had by this time gained widespread medical approval,
it appeared that the addictive qualities thesis originating from the University of Pennsylvania in
1791 compared the effect of opium to that of certain intoxicating liquors.

The British took over the trade from the Portuguese and established the Opium Trade
Monopoly through the British East Indies Company.

• Opium War (1839-42)

In an attempt to stop the extremely high rate of opium addiction in China, Emperor Yung
Chen prohibited the smoking of opium and attempted to close ports for its importation. This
triggered the opium war which induced China to accept the British sponsored opium trade and
forced to sign a treaty permitting the importation of opium into China after her defeat.

By this time, a number of prominent Englishmen were voicing a certain degree of

concern over the moral implication of the trade, so much so that on 3 Dec 1842; London Times
took the position in a strong editorial: “We think it of the highest moment that the Gov. of Great
Britain should wash its hands once and for all. Not only of all diplomatic, but of all moral and
practical responsibility for this traffic that we may ceases to be mixed up with it, to foster it, or to
make it a source of Indian revenue. *** We owe some moral compensation to China for
pillaging the towns and slaughtering her citizens in a quarrel which never could have arisen if we
had not been guilty of this national crime.”

• Second Opium War (1856)

The British, with the help from the French, extend their powers to distribute
opium in China.

o Opium Cure (Morphine)

It was in 1806 that a German pharmacist Friedrich W. Serturner discovered Morphine,

the first derivative of opium. He called this new drug as “Morphium” and later changed to
Morphine after the Greek god of dream, Morpheus. First attempt to cure opium addiction.

Morphine addictive properties came to prominence during the American Civil War vast
numbers of American Soldiers became addicted to the drug-so much so that morphine addiction
became known as “soldiers’ disease”.

o Heroin

The second attempt of treating opium and morphine addiction started in 1896 when
Heroin (Diacetylmorphine), synthesized from the drug morphine, was discovered by a British
chemist in the name of Alder Wright.

It was called the “miracle drug” because it is believed that it can cure both opium and
morphine addiction. It was named after the word “hero” due to its impressive power.

Physicians began to use heroin but it became a substitution of one addiction to another. It
turns out later that heroin is the most addictive of all drugs.

o Codeine

Meanwhile, codeine, the third derivative of opium was discovered in France while in the
process of discovering other drugs that could cure opium, morphine and heroin addiction but it
also ended in the same tragic result.

1. Marijuana

• Scientific Name: “Cannabis Sativa”

• Chemical Component: THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol)
o Marijuana has 400 chemicals - It has the ability to affect the brain of the person
and its main component is THC
• Pistillate (or pistillate cannabis) – pertains to female marijuana
 o It has pistils – reproductive organ which produces female reproductive cells
needed for reproduction of marijuana plants
o According to botanists – it has greater economic value than the staminate because
it could reproduce but needed staminate in order for it to reproduce.
• Staminate (or Staminate Cannabis) – male marijuana
o Stamen – reproductive organ of male cannabis
o Needed in order for pistillate to reproduce

HISTORY

o Dated back 5000 years ago

o Its existence has been tied to a lot of iconic period in history.
• EXODUS (Hebrew Version)
o Being used as an ingredient in holy anointing oil
• EGYPTIANS (ancient Egyptians)
o They have documentation about marijuana – they use it for treatment for
Glaucoma and other inflammations.
• CHINESE “Emperor Fu Hsui”
o They have identified more than 100 uses of Marijuana
o Marijuana use is very common due to its 100 uses.
o Emperor Fu Hsui – called Cannabis as popular medicine
• INDIANS (Hindu)
o Created a drink called as “Bhang” – a mixture of marijuana, milk, honey and
other ingredients.
▪ Bhang is considered as anti flammatic and anesthetic – for cough and pain
reliever
o According to their documentation, they were using marijuana for treating leprosy
and for curing fever, insomnia.
• GREEKS (earliest civilizations)
o They used marijuana for inflammation, ear aches, and swelling.
o Herodotus – Greek historian that described marijuana which is smoked for
spiritual, emotional, and recreational purposes.
▪ Religion, calm themselves, or lifestyle.
• ROMANS
o They used marijuana to suppress sexual desire
o Also, for their gout, arthritis, and for other pains.
o They use it as a form reliever.
• INCAS OF PERU
o They call marijuana as “Sacred Tree” – incas of peru use said tree during religious
rituals because this tree is a source of happiness and laughter.
• HASHISH (MIDDLE EAST)
o Hashish – very common term is “hash”
▪ Compressed and processed marijuana
o Derived from the name Hassan/hashashin – a Muslim cult leader who fed his
disciples with marijuana resins as a reward for their success in assassination.
▪ Also, where assassin was derived from.
 ▪First terrorism was in the form of assassination which derived from hassan
or hashashin.
• UNITED STATES
o President George Washington – was able to see potential of marijuana not for
medication but for source of ropes, canvas, and linen
▪ Marijuana is strong material for ropes, canvas, and linen
▪ allowed for medication but still doubts its effectiveness in medication
o There is Law passed in Virginia mandating all formers to plant marijuana or used
the term Hemp
▪ If not, they will pay fines and penalties
• SINSEMILLA INDICA OR SATIVA
o This is the unfertilized female marijuana

The world’s oldest cultivated plant which was started by the Inca’s of Peru. The
Assyrians regard Marijuana as a “sacred tree” used in religious rituals some 9,000 BC.

• Spread of Marijuana

The first reference of introduction was in Northern Iran as an Intoxicant. From there it
spread throughout India by Hindus used for religious rituals in the belief that it is a source of
happiness and “laughter provoker”. The so-called “drug sub-culture” is not at all a new
phenomenon. It has been said that primitive people used a variety of drugs to induce states of
intoxication during religious rites, or as in the case of the hashish, to prepare warriors for battle.
As early as 2700 (2737) B. C., MJ was known to the Chinese Emperor Cheng Neng, and it
appeared to have been recommended for a number of ailments, including gout, constipation and
“absent-mindedness.”

• “Hashis” (resin)

Derived from the name Hasan or Hashasin, the Muslim cult leader who fed his disciples a
preparation made from the resin of the female hemp plant as a reward for their successful
activities in assassinations.

3. COCAINE (Albert Nieman)

• Derived from coca plant or “Erythroxylon Coca”

• Indigenous people form amazon rain forest and undes mountains have been chewing coca
leaves for purposes of getting an energetic hype. They enjoy becoming fully elated.
o They called cocaine a “wonder drug”
• COCA PLANT – one of the oldest cultivated drugs in South America
• Albert Nieman – German chemist who isolated cocaine from the coca leaves and
introduced in the medical field
o He isolated cocaine and noticed that cocaine numbs his tongue and uses as form
of anesthetic and because of that many companies exploited cocaine and begun
marketing cocaine around the world which causes accidental overdoses causing
death of the patients.
 • Sigmund Freud – studied cocaine and studied beauty of cocaine and started using
cocaine.
o Created paper “uber coca” – cocaine being described as a magical substance.
o He was addicted in it for a period of 12 years.
• COCA PLANT
o Coca cola was mixed with cocaine in the past
▪ Introduced by John Pemberton
▪ Originally concoction of cocaine and sugary syrup which is why its called
coca cola.
▪ Cocaine was removed in the coke because the company removed it since
1903 because of racial bias not for health reasons.

4. SHABU (Methamphetamine hydrochloride)

• Shabu is a Japanese term, in Germany they call it “Phebitin”

• Derived from Ephedra Plant – a very common medicinal plant in china for herbal
medicine but according to studies it actually contains ephedrine which is the main
component of Shabu.
• Lazar Edeleanu – German chemist who isolated ephedrine in Ephedra plant
o Originally used for decongestant – for declogging the nose
o Also used for narcolepsy – chronic sleep disorder characterized by overwhelming
daytime drowsiness and sudden attack of sleep.
▪ Sudden sleeping and waking up and sudden sleeping.
o Also for treating asthma and weight loss
▪ It causes weight loss – you do not feel hungry.
• Shabu - It is a stimulant providing an energetic hype.
• During WWII – allies and axis used shabu to keep their troupes awake due to tiredness
and exhaustion in the ongoing war.
o They used Shabu in order to keep awake.
• Ethedra plants – very old
o According to Chinese medical records or documentation
o For over 5000 years it is used for medicinal plant
• What medication was introduced in the US that contains shabu used to treat
asthma?
o Benzedrine – inhaler that has shabu

5. ECSTACY (derived from SASSAFRAS TREE) also called as, MDMA

(Methylenedioxymethamphetamine)

• Its bark and routes or leaves – they are going to boil and it will produce Sassafras oil
where “safrole” was extracted which is used for the making of “ecstasy”.
• MDMA (Methylenedioxymethamphetamine) – later on classified as dangerous because it
contains safrole which is considered as carcinogenic or it is cancerous.
o Which considered ecstasy as dangerous drugs.
• They look cute and appealing to the eye leading to buying of ecstacy.
• German Chemist, first one to isolate or synthesize ecstacy way back 1912.
 • Merck – They patented MDMA or rights over ecstasy.
o Cold war – during US army and CIA war, they conducted experiment with
MDMA as a psychological weapon due to its hallucinogenic characteristics.
▪ They wanted to use it as a psychological weapon.
• MDMA was called “adam” – adam allows patients to more willingly communicate and
participate in the psychotherapy process.
• Years passed and they want to use it in psychotherapy as a psychotherapeutic tool.
o But now it is widespread use of ecstasy leading to abuse of ecstasy.
• Later on, called as “Party Drug”
o Used mostly by teenagers and in used in parties.
• ALEXANDER SHULGIN – given the title “Godfather of Ecstasy”
o A chemist that introduced ecstasy to psychotherapists.
o He tried to do a lot of modification in ecstasy and these combinations were tried
by him to himself and wife.
o He super loved ecstasy. It was his favorite drug

6. KETAMINE (otherwise known as “Chlorophenyl”)

• Originally ketamine was used as a veterinary anesthetic then tried to improved it and used
it for human beings.
• Also administered to soldiers during the Vietnam War.
• Park Davis and Company Laboratories – all about Ketamine started from them.
o Park Davis want to have a drug which has anesthetic (lose sensitivity) with
analgesic (relieve or lessen the pain) properties but no loss of consciousness.
o Maddox – he discovered the process who was able to produce Phencyclidine
(PCP) and used it first on animals.
▪ When they tested it on animals, they came to find out that the PCP
produces catalepsy
• Catalepsy – a medical condition where a person undergoes trans
or seizures with loss of sensation and consciousness accompanied
by rigidity of body.
• Even if PCP wears off in the body it is still possible to undergo
catalepsy or trans (Half-conscious)
• Or the body will become rigid or the body would stiff
▪ It causes catalepsy which is not good and decided to drop PCP and Calvin
stevens synthesized a drug which is structurally similar to PCP
o Calvin Stevens – synthesized a drug which is structurally similar to PCP
▪ Good for Human Beings due to it having no negative effects of PCP

See also https://www.addictioncenter.com/opiates/codeine/

PHILIPPINE SETTING

Very little is known about drugs in the Philippines during the pre-Spanish era.
Fermented alcoholic beverages and “nga-nga” were the preferred drugs. Narcotics, including
marijuana, were not in the list of vices in the country at that time.

• Spanish Era, 1780 - The use of opium by the Filipinos is prohibited except for the
Chinese who are allowed to use opium to sustain their vice.

• American Regime
o 1901 - Americans took over the Philippine Government and established Civil
Government. A systematic survey on drug abuse was conducted and found out
that there were 190 joints (users of drugs) but the habit had not yet gained
foothold among Filipinos.
o 1906 - Partial legislation allowed Chinese addicts to obtain a license to use opium
in their homes for a fee of P5.00.
o 1908 - Total ban of opium was affected.

• Japanese Stay
o 1946 - All suppliers of opium were cut and during this period, the number of drug
addicts was probably the lowest in Asia.
o 1947 - Syndicates/Gangs in the Philippines
▪ The first is the Binondo Based Chinese Gang known as the Bamboo Gang
which is based in Taiwan.
▪ The second is the 14K Gang which is also based in Hong Kong are
operating in the Philippines.
▪ The third is the Filipino-Chinese Syndicate that is responsible in
smuggling shabu in the country using Taiwan and Hong Kong as
embarkation point to the Philippines

• In 1953 – R.A. 953 (Narcotics Law of 1953) was enacted which provided for the
registration of collection, and the imposition of fixed and special taxes upon all persons
who produce, import, manufacture, compound, etc. marijuana, opium poppies, or coca
leaves or any synthetic drugs which are declared as habit forming.

The law also declared as a matter of national policy, the prohibition of the cultivation of
marijuana and opium poppy.

The Philippines has been relatively drug heroin-free until the early 60’s when small heroin
laboratories opened in Manila. In 1963, new trends appeared. There was a waning of opium
addiction among the Chinese but a concurrent increase among the Filipinos, just the latter
contributed 63% (Chinese) of the total arrests from drug offenses.

• 1960s - The Philippines through its government restrictions ban of opium trade and
creation of RA 953, was declared as Heroin Free but for a short time. However, a small
heroin laboratory was raided in Manila.
 • 1972, Promulgation of RA No. 6425 – This law is otherwise known as the Dangerous
Drugs Act of 1972 was signed into law by then President Ferdinand E. Marcos on March
30, 1972. This law strengthens the prohibition of cultivation, possession and use of
Marijuana as well as other dangerous drugs and essential precursors and chemicals.

• PD No. 44, A Drug Law - is one of the decrees issued by President Ferdinand E. Marcos
in 1970s that amends certain provisions of RA No. 6425.

• Dangerous Drug Board (DDB) - On November 14, 1972, the DDB was organized to
provide leadership, direction and coordination in the effective implementation of R.A.
6425.

• 1975-1980, The increase of Marijuana Cultivation - The cultivation of Marijuana

increased and became geographically widespread in the Philippines.

• May 1984, Coca plant cultivation – Coca plant was cultivated in San Rafael, Ilo-Ilo,
Philippines which was later on discovered by authorities (Martinez, 2011).

• 1990s, Marijuana is No. 1 Drug Choice - According to the DDB’s report, Marijuana is
number 1 drug choice of drug abusers in the country due to its cheap price and
accessibility. The production of Marijuana increased but with inflation in the illicit
market, making the demand slows down.

• September 4, 1996, Promulgation of RA No. 8203 - It is hereby the policy of the State to
protect and promote the right to health of the people and instils health consciousness
among them as provided in Section 15 Article 11 of the Constitution, thereby creating
this law that prohibits counterfeit drugs and penalizes violations thereof.

• 20th Century, Methamphetamine Hydrocholoride (Shabu) - Based on latest statistics of

report and arrests, Shabu replaced marijuana as the number one drug choice.

• June 7, 2002, Signing of RA No. 9165 – otherwise known as the Comprehensive

Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 was signed into law by President Gloria M. Arroyo and
took effect on July 1, 2002. This new and existing law on drugs in the country made the
penalties higher as well as the quantities of dangerous drugs. The highest penalty under
this law is Death (now it is life imprisonment because of RA 9346 of 2006).

CDI7: Week 2

DRUG TRAFFICKING ROUTES

INTRODUCTION
Today, traffic in illegal drugs at the highest wholesale levels is controlled by international
organized crime syndicates from Colombia, Mexico, and other countries. From their
headquarters overseas, foreign drug lords produce and distribute unprecedented volumes of
cocaine, methamphetamine, and heroin. The international nature of the drug business is
highlighted by the 2006 seizure by Colombian authorities of tons of potassium permanganate, a
chemical that is necessary for producing cocaine that was being smuggled from the Republic of
Korea to Colombia by Korean nationals.

These traffickers maintain tight control of their workers through highly

compartmentalized cell structures that separate production, shipment, distribution, money
laundering, communications, security, and recruitment. Traffickers have at their disposal the
most technologically advanced aircraft, boats, vehicles, radar, communications equipment, and
weapons that money can buy. They have also established vast counterintelligence capabilities
and transportation networks. There is also the connection between drug trafficking and terrorism.

What is DRUG TRAFFICKING?

o It is a transnational crime, goes beyond boundaries of state or country.

▪ Due to trafficking
o Traffic or Trafficking – Trading or dealing in something illegal
o Drug Trafficking – Trading or dealing in drugs
• Criminology definition: It is a global illicit trade involving the cultivation, manufacture,
distribution and sale of substances which are subject to drug prohibition laws.
o Global Illicit Trade –
▪ Global – the trade or interaction happens between or maybe among
different countries. 2 or more countries
▪ Illicit – something in violation of the law, a crime, or illegal.
▪ Trade – covers different activities
➢ Cultivation
➢ Manufacture
➢ Distribution and Sale of substances which are subject to drug
prohibition laws.
o Cultivation – planting, growing, raising, or permitting the planting, growing,
raising of any plant which is the source of a prohibited drug.
▪ Its either you or you let others to do it.
▪ Ex. I plant Ephedra Plant – source of ephedrine which is the primary
chemical component of the drug shabu.
➢ It is considered as cultivation
▪ Ex. If you are not the one who planted it but you let others to plant
Ephedra plant in your own lot and you know it is source of prohibited
drug, it is still considered as cultivation.
o Manufacture – the production, preparation, compounding, or processing a
dangerous drug either directly or indirectly or by extraction from substances of
natural origin or chemical synthesis.
▪ You process a dangerous drug.
▪ Ex. Opium – has a lot of derivatives
 ➢ You synthesize the latex from the opium poppy in order to produce
morphine, that is a form of manufacturing.
▪ Ex. Marijuana Leaves – you compress it to produce hash or hashish, it is
still considered as manufacturing
o Distribution and Sale– sharing drugs in exchange of money
▪ Distribute – you actually share something.
▪ Sale – in exchange of money

Visit also https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/drug-trafficking/index.html

2 GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF DRUG TRAFFICKING

There are two primary means of distribution:

a) hierarchy; and

b) hub-and-spoke layout.

2 GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF DRUG TRAFFICKING

1. A HIERARCHICAL ARRANGEMENT – includes the manufacturer who uses his own

men to smuggle, wholesale and store, and distributes the drugs.
• Everything with regard to the activities concerning the drug distribution would be
done within the organization.
o All transactions would be done by the members of the organization.
• The members of the organization will be the one to manufacture, smuggle, distribute
the drugs.
• Ex. Alpha Chupuppet Gang – a drug syndicate who manufactures the drug
o Once they manufactured the drug the members of the gang will smuggle it
and distribute and sale.
• Orders would be going down from the top to bottom.
2. A HUB-AND-SPOKE LAYOUT – the central organization takes advantage of local gangs
and other localized criminal organizations. The cartel is at the center, with satellite
manufacturer, and then there is plurality of distinct groups, each with its own chain.
• Not limited within the organization but rather outsource drug transaction to other
smaller gangs or criminal organization
o Outsourcing – delegate the function to someone or group which is outside
your organization.
• Ex. Alpha Chupuppet Gang – instead of the members of the gang to sell the drugs
but they are going to delegate said functions to another group or criminal
organization.
o There is outsourcing.
• Very common for cartels – the cartels are the central organization and they will
outsource smuggling to other smaller criminal organizations.
DRUG SYNDICATE

o The very reason why drug trafficking is worse as they are the one who do it.
o It is synonymous to drug cartel, cartel evaluator, drug gang, drug ring, narcotics
cartel.
o Syndicate – A self-organizing group of individuals or entities formed to transact
some specific business to pursue or promote a shared interest.
o Business is something related to drugs.
• Criminology definition: It is a network of illegal drug operations operated and manned
carefully by groups of criminals who knowingly traffic through nefarious trade for
personal profit.
o Illegal drug operations
o nefarious trade – evil transaction
• It is a network of evil. It is operated and manned by willful criminals who knowingly
traffic in human lives for the money. Large sum of money, they can make in their illegal
and nefarious trade. The set results of their commerce are physical and mental cripples,
ruined lives, and even agonizing death.

DRUG MULES OR “DRUG COURIERS”

• A person who transports dangerous drugs in exchange of money.

• They are individuals who transport dangerous drugs in exchange for a huge amount of
money, depending on the amount of drugs to be delivered and the route/distance to be
traveled.

Visit also http://www.pnp.gov.ph/index.php/operations/483-drug-courier-or-drug-mule

WHAT IS NARCO-TERRORISM?

• Peruvian President Belaunde Terry – coined Narco-terrorism

o They have problem on drugs or they also have War on Drugs.
o Drug cartels have many attacks to narcotics police
• According to Peruvian Pres. Belaunde Terry: It is a terrorist type attacks against his
nation’s Anti-Narcotics Police.
o Terrorist type attacks – something that involves violence and produces
widespread panic and fear to the public.
• At present, it is a terrorism associated with trade in illicit drugs.
o Ex. Alpha Cupuppets Gang – they are amenable with “tokhang” and because of
that they want the government to change or nullify said orders by using terrorist
activities to stop it.
• Medillin Cartel – most famous Narco-terrorism document
 • In its simplest sense, narco-terrorism can be defined as terrorism financed by profits from
illegal drug trafficking (Merriam-Webster Dictionary).

DRUG TRAFFICKING ROUTES

o The locations or places where the cultivation, manufacture, distribution or sale of

illegal drugs are happening.
o UNODC – United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
▪ Continuously monitoring and conducting researches to the drug trafficking
routes
▪ In order to prevent proliferation or worsen of drug trafficking.

• Primary Illegal Drug Route (First important Drug Traffic Route)

▪ Bulk of drug transactions is happening here
o Middle East – discovery, plantation, cultivation and harvest of the sources of
dangerous drugs
▪ Opium and Marijuana
▪ According to research, it is an ideal location for said activities because
there is a problem of peace in order and said location.
➢ Due to the problem, they are having hard time with the drug fields
or farms.
o Turkey – where preparation of dangerous drug distribution usually happens
▪ You still have raw materials to be distributed and still needed to be
processed in Europe.
▪ They bring them to Europe
o Europe – manufacturing of the Dangerous or Illegal Drugs
▪ Synthesis and refining of Dangerous Drugs or Illegal Drugs.
▪ After processed ready for sale and distribution to the US
o United States (US) – where the distribution and sale happen

The first important drug traffic route as illustrated above shows how illicit drugs are
distributed from its discovery, preparation up to marketing in the illicit market. It is noted that
plants such as the opium poppy as sources of dangerous drugs are cultivated and harvested
mostly in the areas of Middle East while Europe became center for drug manufacture and
synthesis. United States became the overall center for drug marketing.

• Secondary Drug Traffic Route

o Golden Triangle
▪ The Golden Triangle refers to the border
region between Thailand, Myanmar
(Burma) and Laos.
➢ World Production – In SEA,
approximately, 60% of the opium in
 the world is produced in the Golden Triangle
➢ Eastern Part of Asia – Golden Triangle covers 90% of Opium
▪ Is officially acknowledged as a source of South East Asian Heroine.
▪ Historically, the area was famous for its opium production and drug trade
including drug trafficking, violence and people smuggling.

o Golden Crescent
▪ Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan
➢ The mountainous area is home of Opium Poppy
▪ Much larger market
➢ 64% more than Golden Triangle

It is the name given to one of Asia’s principal areas of illicit opium production located at
the crossroads of Central, South, and Western Asia. This space overlaps three nations –
Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan whose mountainous peripheries define the crescent.

WORLD’S DRUG SCENE

1. Southeast Asia – the “Golden Triangle” approximately produces 60% of opium in the
world. 90% of opium in the eastern part of Asia. It is also the officially acknowledge
source of Southeast Asian Heroin.
2. Southwest Asia – the “Golden Crescent” is the major supplier of opium poppy, MJ and
Heroin products in the western part of Asia. It produces at least 85% to 90% of all illicit
heroin channeled in the drug underworld market.
3. Middle East – the Becka Valley of Lebanon is the biggest producer of cannabis in the
Middle East, Lebanon is also considered as the transit country for cocaine from South
America to European markets.
• Becka Valley of Lebanon – biggest producer of cannabis in the Middle East.
o Transit Point for cocaine from South America to Europe
o Transit Point – pulling point or place where the Drugs are consolidated
before they would be shipped overseas.
4. Spain – major transshipment point for international drug traffickers in Europe known as
“the paradise of the drug users in Europe”.
• Transshipment Point – just like Transit point where they consolidate before
shipped.
• paradise of the drug users in Europe
5. South America – Columbia, Peru, Uruguay, and panama are the sources of all cocaine
supply in the world.
• Columbia, Peru, Uruguay and Chile -they are regarded as the principal source of
all cocaine supply in the world because of their Robust production of Coca Plant
• Erythroxylon Coca – where cocaine was from
6. Mexico – the number one producer of Marijuana in the world.
• Number 1 Producer of Cannabis in the world.
• The Transit point of Cocaine to the United States.
7. Philippines – the major transshipment point for the worldwide distribution of illegal
drugs such as shabu and cocaine from Taiwan and South America. The second world’s
supplier of MJ and the drug paradise of drug abusers in Asia.
• Number 2 world Producer of Cannabis or Marijuana.
• Major Transshipment point of Illegal Drugs particularly Shabu and Cocaine from
Taiwan and South America.
• “Drug Paradise of Drug Abusers in Asia”
8. India – center of the world’s drug map, leading to rapid addiction among its people.
• There are a lot of people in India who are becoming Addicts. Rapid Addiction
among its people.
9. Indonesia – Northern Sumatra has traditionally been the main cannabis growing area in
Indonesia. Bali Indonesia is an important transit point for drugs en route to Australia and
New Zealand.
10. Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand – the most favorable sites of drug distribution from
the “Golden Triangle” and other parts of Asia.
11. China – the transit route for heroin from “Golden Triangle” to H.K.
• Transit point of Heroine from the Golden Triangle to Hong Kong.
• Source of Ephedra Plant – source of ephedrine which is the main chemical
component of Shabu because china produces it for medicinal plant.
12. Hong Kong – the world’s transshipment point of all forms of heroin.
• For world distribution
13. Japan – the major consumer of cocaine and shabu from U.S. and Europe.

DIFFERENT CRIME SYNDICATES:

o Drug Syndicates – the organized crime groups behind the global drug scene.
Colombian Drug Cartel

o Cartel – an association of Business First

o Generic term referring to the 3 rival cartels or organization involved in narco
trafficking

▪ 1. Columbian Medellin Cartel

▪ 2. Cali Cartel
▪ 3. Norte Del Valle Cartel

• Colombian Medellin Cartel

o First Major Drug Cartel in Columbia
o Founders:
▪ Leader: Pablo Escobar – one of the most wanted persons in the world.
▪ Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha, Juan David and the Ochoa Brothers.
o Operation: Bolivia, Colombia, Panama, Central America, Peru and the United
States
o Los Pepes – a vigilante group composed of enemies of Pablo Escobar
▪ Was financed by Cali Cartel
▪ To take down Pablo Escobar and was supported by the Columbian
Government.
▪ They waged a small-scale war against Medellin Cartel during 1990’s and
ended 1993
▪ In 1993, Pablo Escobar was killed by Law Enforcers not Los Pepes.
▪ Los Pepes conducted violent attacks against to medillin cartel to the point
that the supporters and hitman of Pablo Escobar was hanged in the streets
of Columbian.
o HAMPONES – the title given to the Medellin Cartel
▪ Means Hoodlums or Criminals
▪ Medellin cartel conducted Narco-Terrorism against the Colombian
government
▪ They executed almost 50 judges, 12 assistant Judges, more than 300
Colombian officers, and assassinated Presidential Aspirants.
o Organized network of Drug Suppliers and Smugglers of mainly Cocaine and other
drugs
o Very notorious cartel.

Founded during the 1980’s by Columbian drug lords in the name of Pablo
Escobar Gaviria and drug bosses Jose Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha and the top and cocaine barons
Juan David and the Ochoa Brothers.

Medellin Cartel was a highly organized and much-feared Colombian drug cartel
originating in Medellin, Colombia that operated throughout the 1970s and the 1980s in Bolivia,
Colombia, Panama, Central America, Peru and the United States, as well as in Canada and
Europe.

• Cali Cartel
o Leader: founder of Cali Cartela
▪ Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuala, Miguel Rodriguez Orejuala, Santacruz
Londono, Helmer Herrera.
▪ Orejuela Broders and Santacruz Londono – splinters of the Medillin Cartel
➢ They are former members of the Medillin Cartel but they broke
away from it because they are no longer happy with how Pablo
Escobar Manages the Medillin Cartel.
➢ Helmer Herrera – wanted to join the group Orejuela Brothers and
Santacruz Londono they wanted to create and finally decided to
break away from Medillin Cartel.
➢ They created Cali Cartel
➢ Helmer Herrera is a big factor in the separation of the Orojuela
Brothers and Londono from the Medillina Cartel.
▪ Operation: South America, Central America, Miami, New York City,
Spain.
▪ Cali Cartel was not strong and still the dominant during that time was the
Medillin Cartel.
➢ Cali Cartel is more sattle, more sophisticated than the Medillin
Cartle.
➢ They are very low profile compared with medillin cartel.
▪ They Deliberately undermined the Medillin Cartel as it became
increasingly popular and violent.
➢ They grabbed the opportunity to overpower medillin cartel through
started helping the Columbian police and US drug enforcement
agency to track down Pablo Escobar.
➢ Cali Cartel has also formed and financed Los Pepes.
▪ Originally their purpose is Kidnapping called “Las Chemas”.
o Los Caballeros – title of Cali Cartel
▪ Considered as Gentlemen unlike medillin cartel, cali cartel is very sattle
o Jorge Salsedo – member of Cali Cartel with high position and trusted by leaders
of Cali Cartel
▪ Betrayed the Cali Cartel causing the downfall of Cali Cartel

The downfall of the Columbian Medellin Cartel is the rise of the Cali Cartel. The
newly emerged cocaine monopoly. Its founders were the Rodríguez Orejuela brothers, Gilberto
and Miguel, and José Santacruz Londoño, also known as "Don Chepe".

The Cali cartel was considered the most powerful criminal organization in the
world.

The cartel produces over 90% of cocaine in the world. Due to this, it was called
the best and the brightest of the modern underworld. “They are professionals of the highest
order, intelligent, efficient, imaginative, and nearly impenetrable” – US Drug Enforcement
Agency

• Norte Del Valle Cartel

o Leader: Diego Leon Montoya Sanchez
o Operation: Valle del Cauca Department of Columbia, most notably the coastal
city of Buenaventura.
o Rose to prominence after the fall Medellin and Cali Cartel
o Was originally under the Cali Cartel but Norte Del Valle is not happy with the
decisions of Cali Cartel
o They released tips to Law Enforcement to leaders of Cali Cartel.
o One of the most powerful Organization in the Illegal Drug Trade.
o There are still others cartels in Columbia but not that prominent.

Mexican Drug Cartels

o 1960’s and early 70’s they are known as primarily supplier of Marijuana
o Because of USDEA, after cooperating with Columbian Government for the fall of
the Cartels, they were blocked and weakened in Drug Trafficking or flow of drugs
from South America.
▪ Due to that, Mexico emerged as source of Cocaine.
o Drug transaction rose in Mexico after the decrease of Drug Transaction in
Columbia.
• Cartel De Tijuana or Arellano Felix Cartel
o Leader: Founder of Tijuana
▪ Ramon and Benjamin Arellano Felix (Brothers)
o Operation: Mexico: Tijuana, Baja California, Baja California Sur; United States;
San Diego, Los Angeles
o Responsible for shipping 100s of millions of Dollars’ worth of Cocaine, heroin,
and methamphetamine in the United States.
o High profits results to Rivals
• Sinaloa Cartel
o CDS, the Guzman-Loera Organization, the Pacific Cartel, the Federation and the
Blood Alliance
o It came from “Guadalajara Cartel” – one of Mexico’s Largest crime organizations
in the early 1980’s
▪ They tortured and murdered a drug agent leading the government to truck
them down and they were disbanded.
▪ after they got disbanded, one fragment was Sinaloa Cartel.
o Leader: Joaquin “El Chapo” Guzman
▪ At present Sinaloa Cartel is the most powerful drug trafficking syndicate
in the world.
o Operation: Mexican states of Baja California, Durango, Sonora, and Chihuahua.
▪ At present they are already operating in 50 States primarily US.
o They are primarily involved in the distribution of Cocaine, heroin,
Methamphetamine, Cannabis, and MDMA
 • Chinese Triad (Also called the Chinese Mafia)

A criminal organization based in China, but with branches in North America

cities with a high Chinese immigrant population.

INFLUENCE OF DRUG ABUSE

• Drug addicts are physically and psychologically unable to stop themselves from
stop consuming drugs.

SOCIALLY SPEAKING,

TIP OF THE ICEBERG

A drug addict is a tip of the iceberg. He is an indicator of a dysfunctional family or

broken home. Drug abuse and the evils that go with it can never thrive in homes where
family members live together happily and in harmony.
• tip of the iceberg – it is something or someone which is only a small part of a much
bigger situation.
o a drug addict is only a small part of a bigger situation.
o It is a part of a bigger situation.
• Addiction affects his family, neighborhood, and society as a whole.
o The addicts indirectly affect his community, locality, society or they feel
danger against the drug addict.
• Affects physically and psychologically
o Physically – They might cause violence not just to themselves but rather to
others as well

CONCEPT OF DRUG ABUSE

• Drug abuse – it is the illegal or maybe wrongful or improper use of any narcotic
substance or dangerous drug or illegal drug or possession or transfer of drugs.
o Purpose of Drug abuse is for the person to get high.
o Drug abuse become somewhat related to Drug addiction.
• Based on concept, the use of a drug with such frequency that it causes physical or mental
harm to the user or impairs social functioning.
o Frequency – frequent manner or nauulit sya.
▪ Causes mental and physical harm to the drug abuser
▪ Repetition of use.
o Always have negative effect
o Also affects social activities of the person involved in drug abuse
• Traditional Definition: drug abuse refers to the use of any drug prohibited by law
regardless whether it is harmful or not.
 o Focuses on what drugs was used.
o Ex. Marijuana – prohibit drug
▪ Even when you use it once still considered drug abuse, you are still liable
because it is prohibited by law.
o Ex. Liquor – also considered as a drug but it is not prohibited
▪ King of all drugs – most popular
▪ You consumed alcohol and you drink it too much and frequently; it would
not constitute drug abuse under traditional definition because it is not
prohibited by law.
o Ex. Cigarettes – a drug
▪ You use it frequently; you are still not liable because it is not prohibited by
law.
• Modern Definition: Drug abuse is the illegal or maybe wrongful or improper use of any
narcotic substance or dangerous drug or illegal drug or possession or transfer of drugs.
o Does not look into the drug used but rather the manner of using said drug.
o Regardless if it is prohibited or not, the manner of using said drugs is what we
look at.
o Ex. improper use of alaxan
▪ You use it improper
▪ It is illegal
o Ex. Alcohol and tobato
▪ They are not prohibited by law but if improperly used they are still called
drug abuse.
▪ Also look at the frequency.
• It is themselves or others they abuse not the drugs.
o At the end of the day, it is actually the person using the drugs who is abusing
themselves.
o It is victimless crime; the only victim is yourself.
o It produces physical and psychological effect to the person who is using the drugs
o It also affects others who surrounds him.

Where there is a drug addict at home, the family is in turmoil. All members of the
family are badly affected by the presence of a drug addict.

What is experienced at home or the community when a drug addict lives amongst them?

Fear, resentments, mental distress, feeling of betrayal, suspicions, uncertainties,

even criminality. There is deterioration in relationships.
Newspapers reported parents who massacred their children, fathers raping their own
daughters, young men raping their own mothers, sisters, even grandmothers because
they were all under the heavy influence of drugs of all sorts.
DRUG DEPENDENCE
• Otherwise called, “Substance Use Disorder”
• Can be Psychological Dependence and Physical Dependence
• State of psychic or physical dependence or both on dangerous drug arising in a person
following administration or use of that drug in a continuous basis.
 o Drug user used drugs happened in a continuous basis which causes physical and
psychological reliance on the drug he is using.
o He feels that without this drug he cannot function properly
• Basic Characteristics of Drug Dependence:
o 1. The user continues to take the drugs over an extended period of time.
▪ Taking the drugs for a long period of time.
o 2. The user finds it difficult to stop using the drugs.
▪ You feel powerless to quit the drug use.
▪ You can’t stop yourself to use the drugs.
▪ You take extraordinary measure just to continue using drugs such as
dropping out of school, stealing, joining gangs, or absenting themselves
from work just to use drugs.
o 3. The user undergoes withdrawal syndrome if his drug supply is cut off.
▪ Withdrawal Syndrome – Painful physical or mental distress.
➢ Otherwise called as “Discontinuation Syndrome”
➢ It is like Sepancts – separation anxiety because he is separated
from drugs
DRUG ADDICTION
• It is the state of periodic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of drugs.
o Periodically you are intoxicated.
o The normal capacity of user is actually inhibited by drugs.
▪ Normal capacity is inhibited by drugs.
▪ Capacity is below normal
• Characteristic of drug addiction:
o 1. Compulsion – overpowering desire or need to continue taking the drugs.
▪ You feel very uncomfortable when you do not satisfy it
o 2. Tolerance – Tendency to increase the dosage to maintain the same effect
▪ You can no longer feel the original feeling you felt the first time you used
the drug that’s why you increased the dosage.
▪ There is a pulling out, you missed the effect of the first use, then you
increase the dosage
o 3. Drug Dependence – exhibit drug dependence
▪ The person feel that you would not be functional without the drugs.
o 4. Effect Detrimental to the individual and society
▪ Endangers the person and the society as a whole.
• It is a state of mind in which the person has lost the power of self-control in respect of a
drug.
o Drug addiction is mental in nature.
o The person thinks he has no power to control himself.
• Drug addiction is a mental disease
o You cannot stop yourself to the use of drugs.
• Drug addict continuously consumes the drug setting aside his values in life just to make
sure he satisfies his use of drugs
o Some do crimes
▪ Stealing, killing, etc. just to get drugs.
o Schizers – these are prostitutes who would be exchanging sex for drugs
• Its Main Effect or Primary Effect is
o Deteriorative Personality Change
 ▪ Change for the worse
▪ Behavioral changes of the person
▪ Insomnia, lack of self-confidence, they avoid social contacts, slowly
physically, mentally, and morally they become bad from worse and
become burden to the society.
▪ Very slow process.
▪ Can be treated but when not treated, they can be a burden to others.

DRUG ADDICTION, ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE

Drug Abuse – simply means that the substance is used in a manner that does not conform to
social norms; the motivation to use the substance may or may not be particularly strong
compared with other motivators. The causes of drug abuse and drug addiction can be the same,
but they are very often much different. Specifically, drug addiction involves the biological action
of a drug on brain reward and motivation systems, while drug abuse often involves other
psychosocial factors with only modest direct effects on brain reward systems.

• Look at the “MANNER OF USE”.

• Improper, illegal, or wrongful use of drug.

Drug Addiction – a state of periodic or chronic (continuous) intoxication (drunk) detrimental to

individual and to the society produced by the repeated consumption of drugs (WHO)

• Considered as a disease – the person already lost control of his willpower

o Cannot stop himself from using drugs
• There is imprint of drug dependence but the emphasis is the “LOST OF SELF-CONTROL”.
o He lost his self-control in respect to drugs.
o Ex. he faked prescription to get drugs – it is drug abuse (manner of use)
▪ His purpose is he cannot sleep without it and relies to it – it is drug
dependence.
➢ He wants to function properly
▪ But if he uses it because he keeps on thinking about it and compelled to
use it to satisfy his cravings – It is Drug Addiction
➢ Obsessed in the drugs
• WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME or “Discontinuation Syndrome” – for addiction and
dependence
o Combination of physical and psychological effects occurring the moment the
person stops using the drugs or decreasing or lessening the dosage of drugs.
o Usually happens when the person is addicted or dependent to the drug.
o The addict become nervous and restless.
▪ After 12 hours he is sweating and the sweat is very cold
➢ Runny nose and watery eyes.
▪ It would be worsen after 12 hours
➢ Starts vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, not able to sleep, and his
breathing will change, body temperature will rise, BP will spike,
heartbeat will beat fast, respiration is irregular.
▪ It would continue for 3 days
▪ After 3 days, it would subside
 ▪In a week, you would be okay, symptoms are gone.
▪Still, it is case to case disease.
▪Complete recovery is expected to take place 3-6 months.
▪Prolonged use – the longer the period the harder it is to resolve the
withdraw
o The dependent must first develop physical dependence.
▪ withdrawal syndrome – first hits the biological aspect of the person.
➢ Physical symptoms
▪ Without physical dependence, don’t expect withdrawal syndrome.
• DELIRIUM TREMENS – shaking frenzy
o Giving an invisible man a handshake
o Sometimes called horrors
o Acute episode of delirium usually caused by withdrawal from alcohol.

Drug dependence, in contrast to the two terms described above, refers to a state where the
individual is dependent upon the drug for normal physiological functioning. Abstinence from the
drug produces withdrawal reactions which constitute the only evidence for dependence.

• State of the person

• State whereby the person depends or relies on the drug in order to have normal
physiological functioning.
o Ex. relies on sleeping pills in order to sleep.

▪ Can physical dependence occur without addiction?

Physical dependence often occurs without addiction (e.g., therapeutic use

of steroids), and addiction can occur without appreciable physical dependence (e.g.,
cocaine).

▪ Can psychological dependence occur without addiction?

Similarly, psychological dependence can occur without addiction

(e.g., morning coffee for millions of regular users), but it’s not clear whether addiction
ever occurs without psychological dependence. And of course, drug abuse may or may
not be accompanied by drug dependence and addiction.
In summary, drug addiction describes the motivational strength of substance
use; drug abuse describes the misuse of a substance without explicit reference to
motivational strength; and drug dependence describes the necessity of using a substance
to maintain normal psychological and/or somatic functioning without reference to the
motivational strength of the substance use or to whether the substance use violates
cultural norms.
These three terms have distinctively different meanings although there are
obvious and numerous cases where all three apply to the same drug-use situation (i.e.,
the individual may be dependent upon a drug which they abuse because they are
addicted).
Withdrawal (Discontinuation Syndrome)

What is withdrawal?

Withdrawal can refer to any sort of separation, but is most commonly used to
describe the group of symptoms that occurs upon the abrupt discontinuation/separation
or a decrease in dosage of the intake of medications, recreational drugs and/or alcohol.

What is the factor why people tend to experience withdrawal?

In order to experience the symptoms of withdrawal, one must have first

developed a physical dependence (often referred to as chemical dependency). This
happens after consuming one or more of these substances for a certain period of time,
which is both dose dependent and varies based upon the drug consumed.

What are the factors that contribute to withdrawal?

Prolonged use of an anti-depressant is most likely to cause a much different

reaction when discontinued than the repeated use of an opioid, such as heroin. In fact,
the route of administration, whether intravenous, intramuscular, oral or otherwise, can
also play a role in determining the severity of withdrawal symptoms.
Withdrawal from certain drugs (alcohol) can be fatal and therefore the abrupt
discontinuation of any type of drug is not recommended.

Have you ever heard of the term “cold turkey”?

The term "cold turkey" is used to describe the sudden cessation use of a
substance and the ensuing physiologic manifestations.

Signs & Symptoms of Alcohol Withdrawal

The severity of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome can vary from mild symptoms
such as mild sleep disturbances and mild anxiety to very severe and life-threatening
including delirium, particularly visual hallucinations in severe cases and convulsions
(which may result in death). These symptoms appear characteristically on waking, due to
the fall in the blood alcohol concentration during sleep. The severity of alcohol
withdrawal depends on various factors including age, genetics, and, most importantly,
degree of alcohol intake and length of time the individual has been misusing alcohol and
number of previous detoxifications.

Ever heard of Delirium Tremens?

Delirium tremens (Latin for "shaking frenzy", also referred to as The DTs, "the
horrors," "jazz hands," "giving the invisible man a handshake" or "the shakes.") is an acute
episode of delirium that is usually caused by withdrawal from alcohol, first described in
1813.
Cannabis withdrawal is a form of withdrawal associated with the substance
cannabis. At one time cannabis was considered a drug that had no withdrawal symptoms
because users did not display symptoms similar to those withdrawing from alcohol or
opiates. Contrary to this, experimental research supports reports of users who relate
evidence of heavy cannabis use producing comparatively mild psychological and physical
withdrawal symptoms.

THE UNDERLYING CAUSES OF DRUG ABUSE

The drug addict or abuser is generally an emotionally unstable person before he
acquires the habit. He cannot face painful situations without help; he has less will power
and self-control. He has not adjusted himself to his emotional reaction. Due to this, drug
addicts have low capacities for dealing with frustrations, anxieties and stress.
Drug abuse is multi-faceted problem that exist in our locality and countryside,
there is usually more than one reason why this problem occurs. Any of the following
factors may influence people to abuse drugs.

Biological factors

There are some reasons or pre-existing induced biological abnormalities of

chemicals, physiological or structural in nature that induced a person to take drugs. The
following are some to consider:

1. Individual’s general health – there are several diseases that easily make a person
become a drug abuser. Examples are fatigue, chronic cough, insomnia.
2. It is believed that drug has the special power to prevent and increase sexual capacity.
3. One specific genetic theory proposes that there is an inherited defect in the
production of endorphin, similar to morphine. A deficiency of the substance leads to
bodily discomfort. With the use of morphine, this feeling is induced or disappeared.
According to the theory, a person who uses morphine has the physiological
abnormality where endorphin production is less. The drugs when we use, the body
cells work actively.

Factors in youthful drug abuse

Psychologically speaking, in terms of motives and function of drug use, some of
which may not be recognized by users themselves. The more a drug is used, the more it
tends to satisfy more than one motive or need.
Try to ask a drug dependent on the reason why he or she engaged in drug use
and he or she will reveal about curiosity sake. There is the eagerness to explore what
they have not experienced. Other reasons would be:
 1. “Pakikisama sake” (Peer group pressure)
2. To feel more courageous
3. To find out more about oneself
4. To satisfy a strong craving or compulsion
5. To prove their guts
6. Escape from problems
7. Increase or reduce appetite
8. To feel less dull or sluggish and improve sex
9. Improve intelligence or learning
10. Feel less depressed or sad
11. Relieve tension or nervousness
12. To make good mood last longer
13. Relieve anger or irritation

Personality and pathology

1. Sense of not being taken seriously

2. Narcissism or egocentricity
3. Preoccupation with issues of identity
4. Autonomy
5. Freedom of expression
6. Difficulty in interpersonal relationships

Family background

In high addiction areas, the families of adolescent narcotics users showed the
following characteristics:

1. Absent or weak father

2. Overprotective, overindulgent and domineering mother
3. Inconsistent standards of behaviour, lack of definition of limits
4. Hostility or conflict between parents
5. Unrealistic aspiration for children
6. Modelling

The influence of home/ family

Parents have a strong effect on delinquency and drug abuse. Children who use
drugs come from troubled environments, including low satisfaction with the family, poor
quality of relationships, communication difficulties, and discipline problems.
 Values, which used to unite people together, are replaced by “normlessness.”
Almost always, parents of drug addicts are psychologically devastated. One ranking
police officer confided to me that at one instance he decided to shoot his own addict son
under the guise of resisting arrest after he could no longer stand the shame brought to
the family by his own son’s illegal activities. The timely arrival of the mother saved the
son.
There are studies to show that drug abuse is linked to domestic violence, not to
mention the various crimes drug abusers commit in the community. And what about the
myriads of unimaginable diseases and mental illness that accompany drug abuse.

o Low Self-Esteem

Healthy children are developed from healthy homes. According to studies,

children who are abused tend to be abusive as parents. Although it is possible for
children raised in abusive or neglectful homes to grow up to be healthy and
productive adults, most seriously abused and neglected children face serious problems.
Abused children are robbed of their humanity and because they have
never experienced being loved, they do not know how to show love to others. They
become suspicious of those who show them affection because they were betrayed by
people who were supposed to love them when they were young.

o Modelling

Although different factors are being associated with drug abuse, drug
usage is more accurately an imitation of adult behaviour. Young people repeatedly see
their parents use liquor, tobacco, etc., to change their moods or escape from their
problems. This is known as modelling.
Parents who are seen drinking, smoking, or abusing other kinds of drugs in
order to escape personal problems or have a “good time,” send a clear message to their
children that drugs are appropriate solutions to problems or frustrations.
Absence of role models in the family leads children to rely on their peers
and other people for solving their problems.

• Sociological factors
1. Availability of over-the-counter and prescription drugs available for
different ailments
2. Influence of media-advertisement message that all ailment can be cured
through the use of chemical substances that help create the acceptance of
drugs.
3. Impact of affluent lifestyle
 4. Effect of increased travel and exposure to different culture and social
values.
5. The collapse of religious values
6. Alienation and feeling of powerless
7. Lower value on academic achievement
8. They believe that drug can give deeper insights
9. The belief that medicines can magically solve problems
10. The easy access to drug or various sort in an affluent society
11. The enjoyment of euphoria or excitement induced by drugs
12. The belief that they are just taking it like alcohol
13. The tendency of persons with psychological problems to see easy solution
with chemicals
14. The statement of proselytizers who proclaim goodness of drugs
15. Slum condition – the most critical is that slum dwellers are often deprived
of emotional support

DRUG ADDICT PROFILE

How to Detect Drug Abusers?

• Still depends on the type of drugs they are using and varies to the characteristics of drug
abusers.
• No single way to identify a drug abuser.
• Needs thorough observation and investigation.

Detecting a drug user is not an easy task. The signs and symptoms of drug abuse,
especially in the beginning stages can be identical to those produced by conditions
having nothing whatsoever to do with drugs.
It is always necessary to exercise certain prudence before drawing conclusions.
Some judgments may only hurt the individual; if he is innocent one may lose his love and
trust. Only after observing calmly and patiently his behavior, appearance and
associations, may one pass judgment and act.
It should also be remembered that a person might have a legitimate reason for
possessing a tablet, syringe and needle (may be a diabetic) having capsules (they may be
prescribed by a doctor). Having the sniffled eyes may due to head cold or an allergy.
Unusual or all behavior may not be connected in any way with drug abuse.

• To detect a drugs abuser, one should observe the following:

1. Neglect of personal appearance

2. Diminished drive, lack of ambition
3. Reduced attention span
 4. Poor quality of school work
5. Impaired communication skills
6. Less care for the feeling of others, lessening of accustomed family warmth
7. Pale face, red eyes, dilation or constricted pupils, wearing sunglasses at
wrong places
8. Change from active to passive and withdrawn behavior
9. Secretive about money, disappearance of money and other valuables at
home
10. Friends refusing to identify themselves or hang up when you answer the
phone
11. Overreaction to mild conditions
12. Smell of marijuana, sweetish odor, like burned rope in the clothes or room
13. Symptoms of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, muscular pains,
insomnia and convulsions
14. Presence of drug paraphernalia
15. Laboratory Examination
16. Admission from the addict
17. Wearing long-sleeved shirt or blouses
18. Blood spots around elbow areas
19. Walk, talk and act as if under alcoholic influence
20. Prolonged period of sleep or lethargy, abnormal sleep pattern, nervous,
jumpy, talkative
21. Loss body weight
22. Develop a defiant or contemptuous attitudes towards authority

Based on the lecture of U.S. expert doctor of medicine, forensic chemist at the
London International Police Academy usually detects drug abusers without too much
trouble by means of the following;

1. Presence of hypodermic needle or tracks on arms and on various parts of

the body. The armed are kept covered.
2. Pinpoint pupils, watery eyes – when addict, is apparently normal they are
contracted when in need of drugs; they are dilated when using synthetics
or cocaine.
3. Urinalysis
4. Pallor – (prison pallor – ashen) sallow complexion
5. Gait – they walk with a stoop
6. Withdrawal Symptoms – they show abstinence syndrome from either
slight – moderate – severe.

Profile or Demographic Character of Drug Addicts in the Country:

1. Age - mostly adolescents ranging 17 to 21 years of age with a mean age

18 years old.
 2. Sex - majority are males but there are also female cases.
3. Civil Status
4. Education Attainment - it showed on the files of DBB rehab centers that 8% have
reached college education and most victims are freshman to second year classes,
they have either dropped out of school and continue drug-taking or have kicked off
the habit upon reaching 3rd or 4th call.
5. Occupation - Most are students, only few are gainfully employed, if they are
employed, they use to stay only in a few months or year due to their habits of taking
drugs or “Madaling Magsawa sa Trabaho”.
6. Residence - most live in cities

SLANG/STREET NAMES OF VARIOUS DRUGS

Visit https://www.drugrehab.com/addiction/drugs/street-names-drugs/

PYSHIOLOGY OF DRUGS
• Studying or knowing how the drugs affects the body functioning.
o How the drug works the moment you take it inside your body.
o Drugs work in variety of ways
▪ It is possible for it to interfere with organism in the body, it can
replace deficient substance in your body, etc.
o Most of the drugs are acting within a cell.
▪ Hits inside of a cell
▪ The moment it enters a cell, this drug would participate in the
normal sequence of the cellular process.
▪ The drug would be able to interfere to the function within the body
of the person.
o It is dependent on the chemical compositions of the drug

DOSE OF DRUGS
o Refers to the amount of drug taken at one time
▪ How many drugs did you take at one time?
▪ Single take
o Dose of drug is extremely important in Drug Abuse.
▪ Base on the dose of drugs if there is possibility of drug abuse or
improper use of drugs.
• MINIMAL DOSE
o Refers to the smallest amount of drug that will produce a desired
therapeutic effect.
▪ Smallest amount that would produce an effect you need.
▪ Lesser or lower than the minimal dose would not cause any effect or
no effect would be produced
➢ Ex. minimal dose is 2 but you use 1
 o Do not expect any effect.
• MAXIMAL DOSE
o The largest or highest amount of drug that will produce a desired
therapeutic effect without any accompanying symptoms of toxicity.
▪ Edge where it is a point of not toxic.
▪ The moment you exceed or go beyond maximal dose, you would
expect to produce toxicity or poisoning to happen.
o Minimal dose or maximal dose is still okay to reach the therapeutic effect
you desire.
▪ Ex. minimal dose is 2 tablets and maximal dose is 5 – above 5 will
cause toxicity or poisoning.
• TOXIC DOSE
o Amount of drugs that produces untoward effect or symptoms of poisoning.
▪ Went beyond the maximal dose
▪ Causes poisoning
o It doesn’t mean you will die but your body would now be harmed.
• ABUSIVE DOSE
o The amount needed to produce side effects and action desired by an
individual who improperly uses it.
▪ Amount that satisfies the person using it
▪ The drug user gets the desired effect not for therapeutic purposes
but rather satisfying the craving or desire who abuses the drug.
o Can be toxic dose if it produces poisoning.
o Increases as time passes by
▪ Tolerance – the drug user would now be increasing the amount of
drug he is using because he doesn’t feel the sensation, he feels the
first time he uses drug.
• LETHAL DOSE
o The amount of drug that will cause death.
▪ Organs shut down because it can’t take the dose anymore
▪ It is always under toxic dose.
▪ The poisoning leads to the death of the person.
▪ Ex. sleeping pills
➢ Overdose can cause death.
➢ Lethal dose under toxic dose.
TOXICOLOGY
• The science of persons their effects and antidotes.
o the study that focuses on understanding the effects of chemicals,
substances, or drugs to living organisms.
o We also try to determine the possible response or solution or antidote if
there are negative effects to the chemical substances or the drugs
• Mathieu Orfila – father of toxicology
o He published first scientific treaties on the “detection of poisons and their
effects on animals”.
 o He documented the test on how to detect existence of poisons and its
effects.
▪ He conducted the test to animals.

DANGEROUS EFFECTS OF DRUGS

• OVERDOSE – Taking too much of a drug
▪ Went beyond to the maximal dose.
▪ Toxic dose, lethal dose, and abusive dose.
▪ Taking too much of a drug.
o What happens in overdoes?
▪ There is high possibility of overextension of the effect of said drugs
to the human body
➢ The longer the use the longer it stays in your body.
➢ The body finds it hard to remove it from your system
• ALLERGY – immune system response to a foreign substance that is typically not
harmful to your body.
o Foreign Substance – allergen
▪ Allergen – response of immune system when there is a foreign
substance introduced to your body.
▪ Ex. food, pollen, drugs
o Not harmful – there are people who have allergies because that is the
response of their immune system.
▪ Case to case basis.
o Some drugs cause the release of histamine giving rise to allergic symptoms
▪ Allergen has histamine which triggers allergic symptoms.
▪ Common allergies:
➢ Dermatitis
➢ Swelling – bloats
➢ Suffocation – namamaga sa loob ng body.
o On the part of throat, there would be blocking of air
causing Asphyxiation.
▪ Common drugs producing allergies: (PH settings)
➢ Antibiotics
o Penicillin – for producing allergic reaction to people
taking
▪ Most probably not allergic to amoxicillin and
Vice versa.
o Amoxicillin
• IDIOSYNCRACY – individual reaction to a drug for unexplained reason
▪ Same drug but people taking same drug has different reaction.
▪ Ex. a and b taking same drugs – expected to have same reaction
➢ But there is different reaction of drugs.
▪ Ex. taking morphine – induces sleep and promote calmness
 ➢ But some people stimulates or become active which is the
counterpart of morphine.
➢ Or some people’s maniacal behavior may increase (or nagging
malibog)
➢ Case to case basis.
• POISONOUS PROPERTY – drugs are chemicals and some of them has property
of being general protoplasmic poisons
▪ Protoplasmic Poison – means that substances or chemicals that
either damages or heal the cells.
➢ Ex. Tylenol – a pain reliever possesses a poisonous property
or regarded as protoplasmic poisons which damages or kills
the cells when exceeds intakes.
o Damages liver and may cause liver failure.
➢ Ex. Alcohol – has protoplasmic poison property which can
damage the liver
o Side Effects – undesirable physical symptom caused by taking a drug.
➢ Allergies
➢ Vomiting
➢ Fatigue
➢ Dizziness
▪ Ex. vaccines – it is drug but causes headache, it is side effect.

MEDICAL USES OF DRUGS

• ANALGESICS – are drugs that relieve pain.
▪ If you feel pain you take analgesics or for physical pain
▪ Remove or lessen the pain you are feeling
▪ Released from the pain you are feeling.
o Side Effects: if you are peptic ulcer or gastric irritation
▪ Instead of relieving the pain it would worsen the pain.
▪ In PH, ALAXAN – most abused analgesic
• ANTIBIOTICS – drugs that combat or controls infections.
o Most famous here in PH is amoxicillin.
▪ Amoxicillin – a prescription drug because antibiotic drugs are
strong.
➢ Also for dentals when there is still swelling in mouth they
prescribe it for 7 days.
▪ Penicillin – strong antibiotics
o Nephritis – they also prescribe antibiotics
• ANTIPYRETICS – drugs that can lower body temperature or fever due to
infection.
o Ex. tempra – for kids fever
o Ex. bioflu- for seniors
• ANTIHISTAMINE – drugs that controls or combats allergic reactions.
o Commonly causes drowsiness
 ▪ Ex. Benadryl – when a person feels itchy because of allergy
▪ Ex. Allerta – for runny nose because of allergy
▪ Ex. Claritin – used for runny nose because of allergy
o There are many histamine over the counter or you need not prescriptions
to buy one.
• CONTRACEPTIVES – drugs that prevent the meeting of the egg and supercell or
prevent ovary form releasing egg cells
▪ For purpose of preventing pregnancy
o IUD – Intra Uterine Device
▪ It contains medicine where it would be put inside the woman which
prevents pregnancy
▪ Some contains hormone progastrin or copper which prevents
pregnancy.
▪ Good for 3 to 12 years.
▪ Inserted into the Uterus which is coated with medicine
o Althea – a pill usually used for acne breakout or hair growth because of
hormonal imbalance
▪ Considered as low dosed oral contraceptive pill
▪ There is a high possibility that you would not get pregnant.
• DECONGESTANT – drugs that relieve congestion of the nasal passages
▪ If you have stuffy nose, you take decongestant
▪ It can be spray and topical or oral
▪ Relieves congestion of nasal passages
o Most common in PH:
▪ Neuzip
▪ Decolgen
▪ Vix – more of a decongestant
o There are also decongestants which is mixed with antihistamine
▪ Ex. allegra, Claritin – decongestant and antihistamine.
• EXPECTORANTS – drugs that ease the expulsion of the mucus and phlegm from
the lungs to the throat.
o Expectorate – means to cuff or spit out the phlegm from your throat or
lungs
o Famous expectorants in PH:
▪ Guaifenesin Robitussin
▪ Carbosistin
• LAXATIVES – pertains to a drug that stimulates defecation and encourages vowel
movement.
▪ Encourages body to poop or defecate.
▪ Otherwise known as “Bowel Softener”.
▪ Softens feces to easily go out of your body.
o Most common laxative in PH:
▪ Dulcolax
o Could be oral or sophisotory
 • SEDATIVES AND TRANQUILIZERS
▪ Sedatives – Barbiturates
▪ Tranquilizer – Benzodiazepine
o They are not exactly the same but they have same effect.
o They are drugs that can calm and quiet the nerves and relieve anxiety.
o It does not cause depression and clouding of the mind.
o Difference:
▪ Sedatives – offer increased analgesia or pain relief
➢ The person would not feel any pain.
➢ Sedate – not feel any pain
➢ Offers pain relief or analgesic effect
➢ Also sleep
▪ Tranquilizer – for reduction of anxiety when you are performing an
activity.
➢ Reduce anxiety you are feeling
➢ Does not offer analgesia – still feels pain but relieves anxiety.
• VITAMINS – drugs or substances necessary for the normal growth and
development and proper functioning of the body.
▪ Can come from different sources and can be considered as a drug
most especially when it is manufactured or produced.
▪ Ex. ascorbic acid – vitamin C
➢ They said it is to combat covid 19
o As a Drug – they come in the form of food supplements

7 CATEGORIES OF DRUGS
• HERBAL MEDICINE or herbal drugs – theses are plant substances that have drug
effects and his use are not generally regulated by law.
▪ The law does not prohibit them and provide procedure for
processing.
o They can be processed but when you process them it requires little
processing
▪ Ex. Lagundi – when boiled – it is herbal medicine
➢ When processed it is already a tablet – it is not already herbal
medicine
▪ Ex. guava – can be used as cleansing
▪ Ex. Tsaang Gubat – used as a form of mouthwash
▪ Ex. Yerbabuena – herbal medicine used as an analgesic or
antipyretic.
➢ For fever or to lower temperature
▪ Ex. Ampalay – lowering blood sugar or anti diabetic
▪ Ex. Garlic – form of anti-cholesterol
• OVER-THE-COUNTER DRUGS – refer to commercially produced drugs that
maybe purchased legally without prescription.
▪ Undergoes a lot of processing
 o You can easily buy it in the pharmacy even without prescription coming
from the doctor.
▪ Ex. Alaxan, Carbosistin, etc.
• PRESCRIPTION DRUGS – these are commercially produced drugs that can be
legally sold or dispensed only by a physician or by a physician’s order.
▪ Manufactured by pharmaceutical companies.
➢ Ex. unilab, Pfizer
▪ It is strict – requires a physician’s order for it to be sold to the buyer
or the physician literally gives it.
o 2 ways to get prescription drugs
▪ 1. Dispensed only by physician
▪ 2. Sold to you on a physician’s order
o Ex. amoxicillin, Prinivil, Lipitor.
▪ Anti-depressants, antibiotics
• UNRECOGNIZED DRUGS – these are commercial products that have a
psychoactive drug effect but are not usually considered as drugs.
o They are commercial products and sold in markets but sold as another item
not as drugs but has psychoactive drug effect.
▪ Ex. Volatile substances – spray paints
➢ They have psychoactive drug effect but not sold as a drug.
➢ Ex. rugby
▪ Ex. Alcohol
▪ Ex. Tobacco
➢ Considered as drug in crim but commercially sold not as a
drug.
• ILLICIT DRUGS or illegal drugs – drugs which are generally prohibited by law.
• TOBACCO – an unrecognized drug, sold at the market, a psychoactive drug effect
but not considered as a drug in the market.
o We still give it a position in 7 categories because it was able to gain its
prominence, thus giving it a specific position in the 7 categories.
▪ It is very popular, dominance brought about by its usage patter,
economic importance, and health consequences.
o Health consequences
▪ Lung disease including to those who smells it.
o Economic importance – has high profit
o Nicotine – highly addictive
▪ Causes cardiovascular diseases
▪ Respiratory diseases.
• ALCOHOL – king of drugs
o The most popular drugs and widely used drug all around the world.
▪ Beer, wine, distilled liquor.
o Most commonly abused drug in the society.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF DRUGS
A. HALLUCINOGENS (Also called psychedelics)

• Drugs capable of provoking sensation thinking, self-awareness, and emotion

o Manipulates senses
o Even what you think and how you see yourself and how you feel.
• The person might suffer from Illusions – A false perception of something
o You see something which is different from reality
▪ Ex. you see a snake instead of cord
• Delusion – false perception of yourself
o False perception of how you see yourself.
o You are not aware of who you are and what you feel.
o Ex. you taught you are superman and jump in the building because you taught you
can fly
o Symptoms of psychosis
• Ex.
o LSD – lysergic acid diethylamide
o Marijuana
o Mescaline

B. STIMULANTS (uppers – increases alertness, reduce hunger, and provides feeling of well-
being)

o ex. Cocaine, shabu

C. DEPRESSANT (downer – a drug which decreases or depressed the body functions and nerve
activity)

• reduces functional or nervous activity of the person.

• They feel sleepy or lazy.
• Ex. sedatives, tranquilizers, hypnotics, sleeping pills.

D. NARCOTICS (Opiate or Pain Killers)

• Opiate or pain killer – refers to drugs which produces insensitivity, stupor, melancholy, or
dullness of the mind with delusions.
o Insensitivity
o Melancholy – pertains to a feeling of extreme sadness, sorrowful, desolate, etc.
o Stupor – a state of mere unconsciousness or insensibility
▪ Principle of excluded middle – you cannot be half asleep and half awake at
the same time
▪ In stupor, you are still conscious but you are almost unconscious until you
become entirely unresponsive because you do not feel it.
▪ It came from Latin term “numbness” or “insensibility”
▪ Produced by narcotics
o It has effect of hallucinogen and depressant
o Famous narcotics – opium (heroin, codeine, morphine, etc.)
 ▪ They maybe considered as depressants as they are originally depressants
but considered as narcotics because it produces similar to those
hallucinogens

DANGEROUS DRUGS
NATURE OF DRUGS
CLASSIFICATIONS OF DRUGS

• ACCORDING TO ORIGIN
1. Natural - anything that comes from nature.

Ex. Plants (Marijuana)

2. Synthetic - anything that is produced artificially or processed in the

laboratory.

Ex. Shabu

• ACCORDING TO PHARMACOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

o Hallucinogens - Capable of provoking sensation, thinking, self-awareness
and emotion.

- Hallucinogens are a class of drugs that can cause distortions in reality.

Dissociative drugs are a subclass of hallucinogens that can lead to intense trips
and temporary psychosis. Hallucinogens include LSD and DMT, while dissociative drugs
include ketamine and PCP.

•
o Stimulants - Drugs which increase alertness, reduce hunger and provide a
feeling of wellbeing.

- Stimulants are drugs that increase blood pressure, attention,

alertness, heart rate and energy. These substances include illicit drugs such as cocaine
and prescription medications such as amphetamine. Using these drugs can lead to heart
problems, paranoia and infectious diseases.

•
 o Depressants - These are drugs that suppress vital body functions
especially those of the brain or CNS with the resulting impairment of
judgment, hearing speech and muscular coordination.

Any of the natural or synthetic psychoactive drugs that produces marked

distortions of the senses and changes in perception.
Drugs capable of provoking changes in sensation, thinking, self-awareness, and
emotion. Alteration of time and space perception and hallucination.
Psychedelics are mind-altering drugs capable of “provoking changes of sensation,
thinking, self-awareness and emotion”.
The term psychedelic refers to “mind expansion” or mind manifestation” – the
ability of the mind to perceive more than it can tell and to experience more than it can
experience. (Carroll, 1993 cited in Lorenzo, 2008)

1. Marijuana

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active chemical in cannabis and is one of the

oldest hallucinogenic drugs known.

• What do users say about MJ use?

Mild euphoria, heightened perceptual acuity, and pleasant

relaxed condition, accompanied by a floating sensation. Pleasurable experiences,
which include sexual intercourse, are reportedly being enhanced.

• Effects of Marijuana
o Euphoria
o Excitement (but eventually leads to sleepiness)
o Depression
o Hallucination
o Psychosis
o Impairment of complex motor functions
o “Food trip”

• Medical Uses

Apart from the recreational uses and abuses, THC does have some medical
uses. Its anti-emetic properties (inhibits vomiting) are particularly useful in the treatment
of cancer patients on chemotherapy. Also, as THC increases the appetite and reduces
the vomit response, it is starting to be used in the treatment of anorexia and other eating
disorders.
Visit also http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/vchemlib/mim/bristol/thc/thc_text.htm

2. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)

Discovered in 1943 by a Swiss Chemist, Albert Hoffman, who accidentally

ingested a small amount of the drug in the laboratory. Hoffman experienced perceptual
distortions and “fantastic visions.” (Lorenzo)
Hoffman in his experiment wrote:
It was characterized by these symptoms: dizziness, visual distortions,
the faces of those present appeared like grotesque (bizarre) colored masks,
strong agitation alternating with paresis (incomplete paralysis), the head, body,
and extremities sometimes numb; a metallic taste on the tongue; throat dry
and shriveled (shrink); a feeling of suffocation; confusion alternating with
clear appreciation of the situation. (Lorenzo)
Another psychedelic experience commonly reported is synesthesia. It
is the “mixing” of the senses in perceiving a stimulus. The LSD user may
“hear” colors or “see” music. (Lorenzo)
According to some studies, LSD may cause an “abnormal amount
of breakage of chromosomes of the white blood cells.” These cells, in turn, carry
genes that transmit hereditary traits from parent to offspring which may result
in miscarriage or birth defects.

• How is LSD Administered?

Most of the time it is ingested on blotting paper. But it can be injected,

smoke or be taken in pill form.
LSD is commonly prepared as a liquid and sold on small pieces of blotting
paper. These tiny pieces of paper (trips) are usually decorated with small designs which
are often culturally specific to the user groups. LSD is so potent that trips are often torn
into halves or quarters and shared with others. It is usually swallowed, but may be
sniffed or injected.

• Other names for LSD

LSD is also known as acid, trips, blotters, microdots and wedges. The
street name for LSD is often dependent upon the design used on the blotting paper
squares. For example, trips which have a red devil design could be called ‘red devils’.
Visit also https://www.drugs.com/illicit/lsd.html (Links to an external site.)

3. Peyote (Mescaline)

Lophophora williamsii, better known by its common name Peyote (from the
Nahuatl word peyotl), is a small, spineless cactus with psychoactive alkaloids, particularly
mescaline.
Known for its psychoactive properties when ingested, it is used worldwide
as an entheogen and supplement to various transcendence practices including
meditation, psychonautics, and psychedelic psychotherapy. Peyote has a long history of
ritualistic and medicinal use by indigenous Americans.

4. Morning Glory

The black and brown seeds of the wild morning glory that are used to
produce hallucinations.
The first effects can be noticed within 15 – 120 minutes. The effects of
Morning Glory have LSD-like properties, although the trip and the visual effects will be
much milder. The trip is characterized by a stoned and drowsy feeling and a relaxed
mind; with this you will be vaguely aware of your surroundings.
One may also experience feelings of joy, perfection and your surroundings,
conversations and other people, becoming most beautiful and interesting, combined with
a feeling of melting together with the surroundings and a feeling of connectedness with
other persons.

5. Phenyclidine (PCP) (“Angel dust”, “Zombie”, “Rocket Fuel”, “Embalming Fluid”, or

“Whack”)

Developed in 1959 as an anesthetic for humans but was later used to

sedate large animals during surgery. It was banned in 1965 for human use when it was
discovered that patients experienced confusion and delirium. It is a “reality-distorting
hallucinogenic that can kill by paralyzing the respiratory system”.
Ingesting large amounts of PCP can cause nausea, vomiting, hallucinations,
delusions, and loss of short-term memory.

6. Psilocybin
 The hallucinogenic alkaloid from small Mexican mushrooms, still used by
Mexican Indians today.

7. Ketamine Hydrochloride (Special K)

“Special K” was introduced in the 1960’s as an anesthesia principally to

treat wounded soldiers in Vietnam. It was later abused in the 1970’s as a “recreational
drug” and came to be known as “Vitamin K” in the 1980’s. Some abusers call it
“psychedelic heroin” and “new ecstasy” because its effects were similar to PCP
and LSD.

8. STP – it is a take-off on the motor oil additive. It is a chemical derivative of mescaline

claimed to produce more violent and longer effects than mescaline dose.

• STIMULANTS (UPPERS)

1. Amphetamines - Most commonly used of the stimulants.

Initially considered “wonder pills” because they helped people stay alert
and awake and engage in activities beyond their normal functions.

• Effects

Loss of appetite
Sleeplessness
Heightened blood pressure
Profuse sweating
Confusion and tremors

• Chronic Use Effect

Brain damage
 Psychosis
Brain paralysis and death
Suicidal tendency

For enhancement visit https://americanaddictioncenters.org/amphetamine (Links to an

external site.)

2. Cocaine

Cocaine (benzoylmethylecgonine) (INN (Links to an external site.)) is

a crystalline (Links to an external site.) tropane (Links to an external site.) alkaloid (Links
to an external site.) that is obtained from the leaves of the coca (Links to an external
site.) plant. The name comes from "coca" in addition to the alkaloid suffix –ine, forming
cocaine. It is a stimulant (Links to an external site.) of the central nervous system (Links
to an external site.), an appetite suppressant (Links to an external site.), and a topical
anesthetic (Links to an external site.).

• Medical effects

Cocaine is a powerful nervous system stimulant. Its effects can last from
15–30 minutes to an hour, depending on the route of administration.
Cocaine increases alertness, feelings of well-being and euphoria, energy and
motor activity, feelings of competence and sexuality. Athletic performance may be
enhanced in sports where sustained attention and endurance is required. Anxiety,
paranoia and restlessness are also frequent. With excessive dosage, tremors, convulsions
and increased body temperature are observed.

• Addiction

Cocaine dependence (or addiction) is psychological dependency on the

regular use of cocaine. Cocaine dependency may result in physiological damage,
lethargy, psychosis, depression, akathisia (Links to an external site.), and fatal overdose.

• Crack cocaine
 Crack is a lower purity form of free-base cocaine that is usually produced
by neutralization of cocaine hydrochloride with a solution of baking soda (sodium
bicarbonate, NaHCO3) and water, producing a very hard/brittle, off-white-to-brown
colored, amorphous material that contains sodium carbonate, entrapped water, and
other by-products as the main impurities.
The "freebase" and "crack" forms of cocaine are usually administered by
vaporization of the powdered substance into smoke, which is then inhaled. The origin of
the name "crack" comes from the "crackling" sound.

Enhancement for cocaine visit - https://www.webmd.com/mental-

health/addiction/cocaine-use-and-its-effects#1 (Links to an external site.)

3. Shabu (methamphetamine hydrochloride)

Shabu/” Poor man’s Cocaine” – chemically known as

methamphetamine hydrochloride. It is a CNS stimulant and sometimes called “upper” or
“speed”. It is white, colorless crystal or crystalline powder with a bitter numbing taste. It
can be taken orally, inhaled (Snorted), sniffed (chasing the dragon) or injected.
Shabu, a powerful addictive meth stimulant, is the drug of choice of over
90% of Filipino drug users.

• How meth works?

Methamphetamine stimulates release of excessive dopamine
(dopamine is produced in the nerve cells of the ventral tegmental area and is
concerned with pleasure regulation in the brain). Upon entering the nerve cell, meth
causes stimulates the release of dopamine which then binds to specialized receptors
of other nerve cells creating the typical "rush."

• Short-term effects

1. Heightened attention and energy

2. Excessive talking
3. Euphoria, decreased fatigue
4. Increased activity, increased sexuality
5. Decreased appetite
6. Increased respiration
 7. Hyperthermia, occasionally leading to convulsions and
lethal levels.

• Long-term effects
1. Dependence
2. Anxiety, confusion, and insomnia
3. Addiction psychosis
4. Paranoia
5. Hallucinations, visual and auditory
6. Mood disturbances
7. Repetitive motor activity
8. Stroke
9. Weight loss
10. Violent behavior, homicidal or suicidal thoughts
11. 'Crank bugs' - Formication (sensation of insects creeping on the skin)
causing users to pick at themselves causing ulcerations on the hand and arms.
12. Disturbed sleep patterns; decreased sleep needs
13. Disinterest in usual social interactions, sex, food
14. Cardiovascular: Inflammation of the heart lining

• Meth Mouth
An oral-dental problem unique to meth abusers wherein normal white
teeth can change in a few months into twisted grayish-brown stubs that eventually
fall out.

• Toxicity
Signs and symptoms of toxicity include excessive sweating,
hypertension, hyperthermia, insomnia, irritability, mydriasis (dilation of pupils),
psychosis, seizure, rapid heart rate and tremors.

The stimulant effects from methamphetamine can last for hours, instead of
the minutes from 'crack' cocaine. Often, the meth user stays awake for days. After
injecting or smoking, the immediate rush or high is called a "swap,' short-lived, minutes
long. Snorting (within 3 to 5 minutes) and ingestion (within 15-20 minutes) causes
euphoria, a 'high' rather than an intense 'rush" within 15-20 minutes. As the high wears
off, the user enters a stage called "tweaking" where he or she becomes prone to
violence, delusions and paranoia. Some try to buffer through this stage by the use of
cocaine or heroin. Like heroin and cocaine, methamphetamine can be snorted, smoked or
injected. Tweaking may be mistaken as a cocky and noisy drunkenness.
 • Hypersexual Behavior and AIDS Concerns
Meth induces hypersexual behavior and especially with anal
intercourse, HIV/viral transmission concerns are raised and unprotected receptive
users are put in greater risk. Adding to the risk is the anal insertion of meth and
consequent damage to the rectal lining that increases the likelihood of HIV
transmission.

• Sources / Suppliers
China-based syndicates overseeing drug-trafficking operations.
Production materials smuggled from mainland China by drug syndicates using Hong
Kong and Taiwan as transshipment points. In the Philippines, there have been reports
of increasing Muslim-based operations.

In its 2011 annual report, the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB)
noted an increase in drug trafficking through Southeast Asia and East Asia by West
African and Iranian organized criminal groups, according to the Department of Foreign
Affairs. (PDI, March 5, 2012)
The INCB specifically noted that China (including Hong Kong), Indonesia,
Japan, Malaysia, South Korea, Singapore, Thailand and the Philippines reported increased
trafficking in heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine by groups with connections to
organized trafficking gangs in West Africa and Iran. (PDI, March 5, 2012)
According to the report, the criminal groups had established trafficking
networks in Asia and usually hired drug couriers from Ghana, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand
and the Philippines, the DFA said. (PDI, March 5, 2012)

For enhancement visit https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-

reports/methamphetamine/what-are-immediate-short-term-effects-methamphetamine-
misuse (Links to an external site.)

For history of shabu visit https://www.history.com/topics/crime/history-of-meth (Links

to an external site.)

• DEPRESSANTS (Downers)

1. Opium (Scientific Name: Papaver Somniferum)

Street / Slang Names: Big O, Black stuff, Block, etc.
 Opium (poppy tears, lachryma papaveris) is the dried latex obtained
from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). The traditional method of obtaining the
latex is to scratch ("score") the immature seed pods (fruits) by hand; the latex leaks out
and dries to a sticky yellowish residue that is later scraped off the fruit. The modern
method is to harvest and process mature plants by machine.

• Effects of Opium

Euphoria
Sense of emotional detachment
Absence of pain and stress
Altered mood and mental processes
Sleepiness
Vomiting
Loss of appetite
Reduced sex drive
Itchy skin
Increased urination
Sweating
Inability to concentrate
Impaired vision
Death

For enhancement Visit also https://www.deamuseum.org/ccp/opium/effects.html (Links

to an external site.)

•
o Morphine

Most commonly used and best used opiate. Effective as a painkiller six
times potent than opium, with a high dependence – producing potential.
 It was first isolated in 1804 by Friedrich Sertürner, first distributed by
same in 1817, and first commercially sold by Merck in 1827, which at the time was a
single small chemists' shop. It was more widely used after the invention of the
hypodermic needle in 1857. It took its name from the Greek god of dreams Morpheus.
Visit also https://americanaddictioncenters.org/morphine-treatment/mental-and-
physical-effects (Links to an external site.)

•
o Heroin

Under the chemical name diamorphine, diacetylmorphine is prescribed as a

strong analgesic in the United Kingdom, where it is given via subcutaneous,
intramuscular, intrathecal or intravenous route. Its use includes treatment for acute pain,
such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic
pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses. In other countries, it is
more common to use morphine or other strong opioids in these situations.
Visit also the ff:
https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/heroin/what-are-immediate-
short-term-effects-heroin-use (Links to an external site.)
https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/heroin/what-are-long-term-
effects-heroin-use (Links to an external site.)

2. Barbiturates
These are group of drugs that depress the central nervous system.
Available in pills or tablets, these drugs can relieve anxiety and cause sleepiness.
However, barbiturates can impair memory, judgment and coordination.

3. Tranquilizers
These are drugs that calm and relax and diminish anxiety. They are used in
the treatment of nervous states and some mental disorders without producing sleep.
Visit https://www.narconon.org/drug-abuse/effects-of-tranquilizers.html (Links to
an external site.)

4. Volatile Solvents – gaseous substance popularly known to abusers as “gas”

and “teardrops”.
Visit https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S014976340580003X (Lin
ks to an external site.)

5. Alcohol – Most widely used, socially accepted and most extensively legalized drug
throughout the world.

OTHER DRUGS OF ABUSE

Aside from the different drugs mentioned from the previous module, this
module will identify other drugs that can be potentially abused.

• Sleeping pills (read https://www.addictioncenter.com/sleeping-pills/ (Links to an

external site.))

• What are Bangkok pills?

Bangkok Pills has classifications for its users. The strong Bangkok Pills
(blue/yellow capsule) and the mega strong Bangkok Pills (maroon/ gray capsule)
The amazing results are popularized by those stake holders having positive
results but the other side which posed a risk and danger to human life has never been
discussed for public awareness.
Bangkok Pills are a combination drug marketed for weight reduction which
had gained notoriety a few years ago, for the various serious complications reported
attendant to their use. According to the weight control c ompany's Dr. Wanit T, who
responded to my email, the program is known as “Bangkok Pills” or St Carlos Medislim. I
noted with great suspicion that, while he was quite eager for me to order from Medislim
and give my credit card number via the internet, he did not want me (and I suppose, the
public) to know his surname. I wonder why?

• What drugs are in these pills?

Among the substances in these pills are bisacodyl, furosemide,

phenteramine, and fenfluramine (a drug banned in the Philippines, Thailand and the
United States).

• How do appetite suppressants work?

 Appetite suppressants curb appetite by causing a feeling of satiety (being
full) by increasing the blood level of serotonin and cathecholamine, two
brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite.

• How do Bangkok Pills work?

These are also appetite suppressants, but at the same time they act as a
diuretic (induces urination to remove water from the body) because of the furosemide
(Lasix, a well-known diuretic) in the Bangkok pills.

• Who should not take Bangkok Pills?

No one in his/her right mind should take Bangkok Pills because of the
many serious complications that have been reported from their use, the very reason why
these pills are banned. Manufacturers of appetite suppressants in general list the
following as contraindications for taking them: pregnancy and breast-feeding, eating
disorders, migraine, diabetes, thyroid diseases, glaucoma, high blood pressure, heart
conditions, those on MAO (Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor) antidepressant pills.

• Do Bangkok Pills contain Shabu?

Some Bangkok Pills have been marketed to contain Shabu. This is another
reason why no one should take these pills, except perhaps by masochist, and only for
purposes of self-destruction or suicide.

• Is it true Bangkok Pills improve sex drive?

On the contrary, these pills have led to severely diminished libido and
sexual performance among men and women. The electrolyte imbalance and altered body
chemistry as a result of taking these pills rob the body of its normal healthy harmony.
This leads to poor general constitution and bodily functions, including sex. Weight loss
might be achieved, but at the severe expense of health and the sense of well-being.
Weight reduction for better health is a goal worth achieving, so it does not make any
sense at all to risk health itself (or even life) in the process of reaching that goal.

• Inhalants

An inhalant is basically a depressant of the central nervous system. When it

suppresses the speech center, talking becomes slurred. Depressing the co-ordination
center results in loss of balance and control and the effect on the vision center leads to
distorted vision.

o Inhalants include:

1. household solvents
2. aerosols
 3. gases such as paint thinner, dry-cleaning fluid, gasoline, glue,
felt-tip marker fluid, deodorant and hair sprays, spray paint, air
fresheners, butane lighters, and propane tanks

o Volatile chemical substances that contain psycho-active (mind/mood

altering) vapors to produce a state of intoxication.

Ex: Glue and Adhesive Cement / Rugby / Super Glue / Thinner

• Volatile Substances

Any liquid, solid, or mixed substances having the property of releasing

toxic vapors or fumes containing one or more of the following chemical compounds:
Methanol, ethanol, iso-propanol, ethyl acetate, etc.

What Inhalation Leads To...

The side effects of inhalants, when they're abused as drugs, vary
enormously. What may give one person a short lived high may give another person a
very quick death.
Despite having different uses and ingredients, the majority of inhalants
have the same effect of slowing down the function of the body rather like an anaesthetic
or alcohol. Depending on how much has been inhaled, most users immediately feel a bit
of a high and they become less anxious or self-conscious.
High doses, however, can lead to on unconsciousness or Sudden Sniffing
Death Syndrome.

▪ Prescription Drug Abuse

Prescription drug abuse can refer to the intentional misuse of a drug without a
written prescription from a doctor. Because certain prescription drugs induce a state of
euphoria in addition to relieving pain, they are popular street drugs for intentional
prescription drug abuse.

▪ Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products

You may not think of these as drugs. But tobacco has chemical called nicotine
that gives you a little rush of pleasure and energy. The effect can wear off fast and leave
you wanting more. You can abuse and get addicted to the nicotine in cigarettes, just like
other drugs.

• Gateway Drugs and Designer Drugs

 o Gateway Drug - A drug whose use is thought to lead to the use of and
dependence on a harder drug.

o Designer Drugs - refers to drugs that are created in a laboratory (typically,

an “underground,” or secret, illegal lab). A designer drug is created by
changing the properties of a drug that comes from a plant—such as
cocaine, morphine, or marijuana—using the tools of chemistry. The
resulting “designer” drugs typically have a new, different effect on the
brain or behavior.

Ex. MDMA (Ecstasy), ketamine, GHB, Rohypnol, LSD (acid), and methamphetamine are
some examples of designer drugs. These drugs may also be referred to as “club drugs”
because of their use in night clubs.
Visit https://www.drugrehab.com/guides/gateway-drugs/

DRUG ABUSE
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUG ABUSERS
A. SPECIFIC OR SITUATIONAL – drug abusers who use drugs in situational basis.

• Based on situation or occasion, not every day.

• Ex. birthday party – used drugs only when attending one

B. SPREE USERS – these are abusers who use drugs for a kick or just an experience.

• Kick – the drug is starting to work or taking an effect.

• You only want the experience or effect of the experience.
• Shows “Defiance of Convention” – the use of drugs is something that will give them an
adventure.
o They just want to get high, experience, or kick.

C. HARD CORE – these are drug abusers whose activities revolved around almost entirely in
drug experience and securing supplies.

• You live for drugs – secures supplies

• They formally exhibit strong psychological dependence on the drug

D. HIPPIES – you are a drug abuser who are new and uses drugs because you believe by taking
it you go with the modern trend of fashion.

• They believe that using drugs is a modern fashion or think it is cool.

TYPES OF DRUG USERS AND SELLERS

A. TOP LEVEL DEALERS – out worldly respectably adults who trade large quantities of drugs
to support their high-class lifestyles

• In Drug chain, they are the highest.

• They have clean façade, respectable and righteous, but is actually involved in drug trade
to finance their lifestyle.

B. SMUGGLERS – people importing drugs or its precursors to a territory with strong organized
skills with capital and established connections

• – from outside they will deliver it to other countries

• They have connections with LEA, politicians, or rich people in the society.
• They are part of an “Organized Crime Group”.
• Transnational crime – you go beyond the boundary of a country or state.

C. STASH DEALERS – these are people who sell drugs to maintain a constant access to drugs
for their own consumption.

• They sell drugs for them to have drugs to use.

o Their profit from selling drugs will end up them buying drugs for them to use.
o They sell drugs and the compensation is drugs.

D. PUSHERS – people who sell drugs to multiple users.

• They use front to acquire drugs and others to distribute the same.
o They use cover to get drugs or precursor at the same time to sell and distribute
drugs.
o Ex. they are selling ballut but it has drugs.
o Ex. selling fish – the fish has drugs.

E. STREET LEVEL DRUG RUNNERS – teenage drug dealers who commit other delinquent
acts.

• Minors or teenagers involved in delinquent acts and also sell drugs.

o They are considered as CICL in the Philippines
• They obtain drugs by consignment and sell them in the street and operates with the crew
who acts as lookout, recruiters, and sellers.
o Consignment – it come from one person then delivered to street level drug
runners for purposes of selling or delivery.
• Commonly, they are part of the Gangs – when they operate, they have crew and members
which acts as lookout, seller, recruiter, etc.

F. DRUG INVOLVED LOSERS – adolescence who cycle in and out of the Criminal Justice
System or Juvenile Justice System. They do not join gangs but commit unplanned crimes
considered as heavy users who guide costumers and first-time users to a seller.
 • They are not members of a gang; they still commit crime but it is unplanned or only do it
when confronted to a situation.
o Situational crimes – crimes committed when taking advantage of a situation
• If someone ask them, they direct the users to the sellers.

G. DRUG USING PERSISTENT – these are drug users who have social and developmental
problems.

• They have low non-verbal IQ’s and poor physical condition.

o They have problem with regard to their personality.
o They think like a child because of developmental problem and social problem.
o Low non-verbal IQ – not good with actions, expressing how they feel through
actions.
o Poor physical condition – lampa, sakitin, etc.
• Majority of our drug users belong to this type.
o Most of them are very skinny, lampa, they cannot express themselves through
actions.

H. ADULT PREDATORY DRUG USERS – mostly school poor performers with limited skills
and they are filtered in and out from CJS looking for a big score.

• When they were still minor, they were not doing good in school and limited skills and
because of that they are in and out in the CJS because they want to improve their lives
through drugs and they are also using drugs.

I. STABILIZED JUNKIES – adult predatory drug users with skills and living a normal lifestyle.

• They are also poor performers at school but they have skills and living normal lifestyle.
• They are adults who are rarely arrested because they are very calculated and they plan
their crimes and violence.
• Premeditation – they plan before committing crime.
• More organized than Adult Predatory Drug Users

J. WOMEN USERS – women who uses drugs.

• Prostitutes – women users who mostly used drugs on women users.

o They are very prone to rape and violence.
• Skeezers – prostitutes who exchange sex for drugs.

ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

• Pertain to the path by which a drug is taken into the body.

o Way through which a drug enters into the body.
o Manner of how the drug is administered into the body.
A. ORAL INGESTION – the drug is taken into the mouth
o Ex. Alcohol, marijuana, ecstacy, ketamine, codeine, etc.
 o The drug takes longer to take effect.
B. INHALATION – breathing in drugs through the nose or mouth into the lunges.
o The drugs will go straight to the lunges.
▪ It is faster to take effect than oral ingestion.
o The drug is in form of vapor or water form but highly atomized
➢ Ex. inhalant, fume of crack cocaine, marijuana, heroin -when
burned they release fume or vapor which will be inhaled.
▪ Highly atomized – like vaporized which is easy to breath in
➢ ex. sprays for asthma
▪ vapor – nose, liquid form (highly atomized) – mouth.
C. SNORTING – a kind of inhalation but it is inhaling through the nose drugs in powdered
form.
o Ex. cocaine, heroin, mescaline – powdered form.
D. INJECTION – it is the act of administering a drug into the person’s body using a needle
and syringe.
o The drug is in liquid form and we use needle and syringe to administer it to the
body.
▪ Ex. morphine, heroin, cocaine, etc.
o It is the most common healthcare procedure throughout the world.
o Trypanophobia – extreme fear of medical procedure involving injection.
o Different kinds of Injection:
▪ 1. Intradermal – very rare used
➢ Superficial injection or very shallow – the injection will be
delivered into the dermis.
➢ Common drugs – rabies vaccines
▪ 2. Subcutaneous – the drug is injected into the fatty tissue just under the
skin.
➢ Injected in subcutaneous tissue
➢ Affects subcutaneous
➢ “Skin Popping” – subcutaneous injection
▪ 3. Intramuscular – the drug is administered to the so-called muscles.
➢ The deeper the faster the effect and depends on what part of the
body is intended to have effect.
➢ Affects muscle
➢ Gluteus Maximus – the largest muscle in the body, it is located in
the buttocks.
▪ 4. Intravenous – the drug is injected into the vein.
➢ The fastest way to administer the drug into the body.
➢ Carried by blood and go into circulation.
➢ Most common used in the administer of drugs and fastest to take
effect.
o Hypodermic Needle – very thin hallow tube with one sharp tooth compared with a
regular needle.
▪ Sharps – hypodermic needle
▪ Used for purposes of injecting drug under the skin and goes beyond the
skin layer.
 ▪ Also used for diabetic person.
▪ Come together with hypodermic syringe.
E. BUCCAL or BUCCAL ADMINISTRATION – a typical route of administration by
which drugs are applied in the Buccal area.
▪ Typical Route – the application of the drug on a body surface.
➢ Ex. skin, mucus membrane, etc.
➢ Ex. vix applied on skin in side your nose.
▪ Buccal – we are pertaining to the area in the cheek area
o Applied in the oral mucosa – the soft part inside the mouth.
▪ Ex. LSD – blotter paper would be sticked to oral mucosa
▪ Ex. ecstacy- they will put in buccal area and wait till drug will dissolve.
F. SUPPOSITORIES – rectal administration or vaginal administration – the drug is
administered trough the anus into the rectum or it is administered trough the vagina.
▪ Ex. people who find it hard to defecate then doctors give them
suppositories and inject it to anus and push it into the rectum and it will be
dissolved which would mobilize the defecate.
▪ Ex. administered in vaginal of woman – sometimes vaginal fluid is smelly
and doctor gives suppositories which would be inserted in the vagina of
the girl to address vaginal ease.
G. IONTHOPORESIS – most unique, application of electrical current to promote a drug
delivery.
▪ Transdermal – administer the drug into the deeper layer of the skin
o We soak a part of the body which we want to be affected and subject it to mild
electrical currents.
o For mild electrical current to deliver the drugs across the biological membranes.
o Very common for “Hyperhidrosis Disorder” – persistent and excessive sweating.
o The administration of drug in the deep layer of the skin through electric current.

CLASSIFICATION OF DANGEROUS DRUGS

• They are considered as dangerous drugs; they are harmful to the people.
• The government enacted laws penalizing the use, manufacturing, cultivation, the sale or
penalized any transaction related to said dangerous drugs by enacting laws.
o They are considered dangerous because they are classified by the law as
dangerous.

A. ACCORDING TO ORIGIN – NATURAL and SYNTHETIC

1. Natural – the drug is anything that comes from nature.

o Ex. marijuana, opium, peoty, etc.

2. Synthetic – these drugs are anything produced artificially or processed in the laboratory.

o It is possible that they still came from plants but requires processing
 o Ex. shabu, ecstasy, morphine, heroin, LSD, PCP – they originated from
plant but was processed in laboratory.

B. ACCORDING TO PHARMACOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

• Pharmacology - deals on the study of drugs and their actions on living systems.
• Effects of the drugs to the human beings.
• Pharmaceutical companies (Drug companies) – companies that produces and
manufactures drugs.
o Commercial businesses licensed to develop market or distribute drugs in context
of healthcare.
• Biggest Pharmaceutical Companies – at present
o 1. Johnson and Johnson – Brunswick, New Jersey
o 2. Pfizer – Manhattan, New York
o 3. Roche – Basel, Switzerland
o 4. Novartis – Basel, Switzerland
o 5. Merck and Co – Kenilworth, New Jersey
• Local (Philippines):
o 1. Unilab – biggest pharmaceutical company in the Philippines.

1. HALLUCINOGENS – otherwise called as “psychedelic”

o Psychedelic – mind expansion or mind manifestation.

o mind expansion or mind manifestation – it means producing intensified or
distorted perceptions.
• These group of drugs consists of a variety of mind-altering drugs
o mind-altering drugs – they distort reality, thinking and perception (time, sound,
space, and sensation).
o They produce hallucinations.
o Distortion of senses, distortion of perception.
• Sub-classification:
o 1. Dissociative drugs – these hallucinogens can lead to intense trips and
temporary psychosis
▪ Trips – hallucinations
▪ Psychosis – mental defect or abnormality
▪ Produce visual and auditory distortions and a sense of floating and
detachment from reality.
• Most commonly used in the Philippines:
o Marijuana – also called as “Hemp”
▪ PCC: trans-delta- tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC
▪ MJ PRODUCTS: Fiver, Rope, Twine, Cloth, Hats, Oil, Paints, varnishes,
Fertilizer, Bird Food.
➢ It has more than 400 chemicals
▪ Inhalation – within 2 to 10 minutes
▪ Oral ingestion – slower or will take a while
▪ How long would it stay in your system?
 ➢ Urine Testing – most common testing method
❖ Occasional user (3x a week) – 3 days
❖ Moderate User (4x a week) – 5-7 days
❖ Chronic User (everyday) – 10-15 days
❖ Chronic Heavy User (multiple times a day) – more than 30
days.
➢ Blood Testing – 1 to 2 days from the time of use
❖ Chronic Heavy User – it can be detected even after 25 days.
➢ Saliva Testing
❖ Occasional user – about 1-3 days
❖ Chronic User (everyday) – 1-29 days
➢ Hair Testing – tests hair follicle for marijuana and detects
marijuana even after 90 days.
▪ Hemp Preparation:
➢ 1. Reefer – marijuana joint, resin or dried marijuana will be put in
a rolling paper and smoke it.
❖ Resin – processed marijuana
➢ 2. Chira – raw resin from the flowering tops.
❖ Reduced into powder form for easy smoked
❖ Processed and compressed and crush it into powder form
and put it in the rolling paper.
❖ Then the rolling paper can be the reefer.
➢ 3. Charas – resin extracted from the flowering tops of the
marijuana and made into sticks and mixed with some spices which
are either eaten or smoked.
❖ Very common in India and Central Asia.
➢ 4. Hashish – also a resin, at present, resin soaked in butter and
water and is mixed with almonds and honey and eaten in the form
of cakes.
➢ 5. Bhang – an edible mixture composed of marijuana, milk, honey,
and other ingredients
➢ 6. Ganja – flowering tops reduced in powdered form for purposes
of smoking.
▪ Effects:
➢ 1.Euphoria – a feeling or experience of pleasure or excitement.
Intense feeling of wellbeing and happiness.
➢ 2. Depression – state of extreme sadness.
➢ 3. Hallucination – false perception of reality.
➢ 4. Psychosis – an abnormality caused by a brain problem.
➢ 5. Impairment of complex motor functions – motor functions is the
activities or movements utilizing muscles and marijuana impairs or
affects the use of complex motor functions.
➢ 6. “Food Trip” – you feel hungry and want to eat.
▪ Medical Uses of Marijuana:
➢ 1. Alzheimer’s disease – destruction of memory and thinking and
loss of ability to perform simple tasks or activities.
 ➢ 2. Appetite loss – it causes food trip
❖ Anorexia – eating disorder where the person has intense
fear of gaining weight. (Self-starvation)
❖ Bulimia – psychological or eating disorder where they have
episodes of binge eating (consumes large quantity of food
in one seating).
▪ After binge-eating, he would inappropriately lose
weight through fasting or vomiting.
❖ Combats via use of marijuana
➢ 3. Cancer
➢ 4. Crohn’s disease – inflammatory bowel disease where intestine
becomes swollen.
❖ Causes severe pain in stomach, diarrhea, vomiting, etc.
➢ 5. Disease effecting the immune system -e.g., aids
➢ 6. eating disorders
➢ 7. Epilepsy – seizure or involuntary movement of muscles
➢ 8. Glaucoma – intense pressure in the eye
❖ one of the leading causes of blindness around the world.
➢ 9. Mental health conditions like Multiple sclerosis – ex. PTSD
➢ 10. Muscle Spasms
➢ 11. Nausea – sensation of an urge to vomit
➢ 12. Pain
➢ 13. Seizures
➢ 14. Wasting syndrome (cachexia) – its an intense feeling of
weakness because of a chronic illness
▪ Jargons:
➢ 1. Weed
➢ 2. Pot
➢ 3. Grass
➢ 4. Dope
➢ 5. Reefer
➢ 6. Ganja
➢ 7. Hash
➢ 8. Herb
➢ 9. Chronic
➢ 10. Damo – Philippines
▪ Jargons for Smoking Marijuana
➢ Toking
➢ Poking
➢ Blazing
➢ Smoking trees
➢ Mowing the grass
➢ Biting one’s lips
➢ Blasting
➢ Blowing
➢ Burning one down
 ➢ Chasing
➢ Firing one up
➢ Going loco
➢ Hitting the hay
➢ Torching up
➢ Getting the wind
o LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD) by Albert Hoffman
▪ Has chemical structure similar to serotonin
➢ Serotonin (mood stabilizer) – chemical in the brain that regulates
the mood of the person
▪ Perceptual distortions and fantastic visions
➢ Perceptual distortions – what you perceive is different from what it
really is. The way you respond to stimuli is different from how
others respond to the same stimuli.
❖ More of illusion and delusion
➢ Fantastic visions – more on hallucinations.
▪ Origin
➢ Ergot – a fungus that spoils rye or wheat which is processed to
make LCD
▪ Kick
➢ 1 tab – within 20 to 90 minutes of ingesting the drug
➢ Trip – can last about 6 to 15 hours
❖ Generally, it doesn’t go beyond 12 hours
➢ Afterglow – refers to positive physical and mental effects after the
trip have subsided.
❖ Another 6 hours
➢ About 24 hours from the time of afterglow – the body will return
to normal
▪ Detection
➢ Urine Test – 2-4 days from the time of last use
➢ Blood Test – 6-12 hours after last use
➢ Hair Test – up to 90 days
▪ Effects:
➢ Synesthesia – one sense is simultaneously perceived as if by the
other senses
❖ Mixing of senses – ex. when you hear color, taste music,
you see the taste of food.
➢ Paresis – incomplete paralysis or partial paralysis. Certain part of
the body cannot be moved because of muscular weakness.
➢ Dilated Pupils – expands of pupil, when dark and eye adapts to
darks then eyes dilate.
➢ Higher or lower body temperature
➢ Sweating or chills (“goose bumps”
➢ Loss of appetite
➢ Sleeplessness
➢ Dry mouth
 ➢
Tremors
➢
Delusions
➢
Visual hallucinations
➢
An artificial sense of euphoria or certainty
➢
Distortion of one’s sense of time and identity – delusion
➢
Impaired depth perception
➢
Severe, terrifying thoughts and feelings
➢
Panic Attacks
➢
Flashbacks – reexperiencing of the effects of the drugs after the
true effects have worn off.
➢ Severe depression or psychosis.
▪ Jargons
➢ Acid
➢ Trips
➢ Red devils
➢ Microdots
➢ Wedges
➢ Cubes
➢ Pearly gates
➢ Heavenly blues
➢ Blotters
➢ Smilies
➢ Tab
▪ Can be oral smoking, ingestion, injection, or use of blotting paper or
buccal (most common)
o PEYOTE – Lophophora williamsii
▪ A small spineless cactus that produces hallucination
➢ Used for treating fevers, wounds and pain
▪ Considered as Enpiogen – a chemical substance that is ingested to produce
a non-ordinary state of consciousness for spiritual consciousness.
▪ Takes via Oral Ingestion
➢ They take parts of said cactus and chew it or soak first in water to
make tea.
▪ Mescaline – Trimethoxy phenethylamine – chemical component which
makes Peyote an enpiogen.
➢ Psychedelic alcohol derived from the Peyote
➢ 1896 – Arthur Heffer – Introduced
➢ 1919 – Ernst Spat – synthesized
➢ To take effect:
❖ Wait for 1 to 2 hours
❖ Trip – lasts 12 to18 hours
➢ Tests to determine presence of mescaline in the system:
❖ Urine Test – 2 to 3 days from the time of use
❖ Blood Test – up to 24 hours
❖ Saliva – 1 to 10 days
❖ Hair – 90 days
 ❖ The longer the day, lower chances of detection
▪ Effects of Mescaline of Peyote
➢ Psychedelic experience - hallucinations
➢ Open and Closed eye visualizations – your eye is closed but can
still see.
➢ Euphoria
➢ Dream-like state - imagine
➢ Slowed passage of time
➢ Laughter
➢ A mixing of senses of pupil dilation
➢ Anxiety, fear
➢ Tachycardia - racing heartbeat, more than 100 beats per minute
➢ Dizziness
➢ Weakness
➢ Diarrhea
➢ Excessive sweating
➢ Tremors
➢ Nausea
➢ Vomiting
➢ Headache
➢ Psychosis
➢ Paranoia – you feel that all people have evil plans against you
➢ Seizures
➢ Amnesia
➢ Flashbacks
➢ Rarely, suicidal thoughts or actions
▪ Jargons
➢ Black button
➢ Britton
➢ Button
➢ Cactus
➢ Green
➢ Half moon
➢ Hikoru
➢ Hikuli
➢ Hyatari
➢ Nubs
➢ Seni
➢ Shaman
➢ Tops
o MORNING GLORY – obtained from seeds of morning glory
▪ Contains LSA – lysergic acid amide also called “urging”
➢ A psychedelic compound found in the seeds of several common
plants.
➢ Obtained from seeds of morning glory which produces
hallucinogenic or psychedelic effects
 ▪ Time of effects
➢ Take effect at 20-40 minutes from the time of ingestion
➢ Peak or high – 3 to 4 hours after ingestion
➢ Effect – disappears within about 8 hours from the time ingested
▪ Detectable
➢ Detectable in body specifically in urine – 1 to 24 hours after
ingestion
➢ After 48 hours – totally cannot be detected
▪ Effects – similar to LSD
➢ Effects of LSD – like properties
❖ Vague awareness of surroundings
➢ Milder trip and visual effects
➢ Stoned and drowsy feeling – high or intoxicated with the drug and
you feel sleepy.
➢ Relaxed mind
➢ Joy and perfection of surroundings – you feel very comfortable or
at ease to your surroundings to the point of asking nothing more.
▪ Jargons
➢ Heavenly blue
➢ Pearly gates
➢ Flying saucers
➢ Blue star
➢ Summer skies
➢ Wedding bells
▪ administration
➢ Ingestion – oral ingestion (common)
➢ Injection
o KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE
▪ Regarded as veterinary anesthetic – anesthesia for animals
➢ Vietnam war – they used it as anesthetic for wounded soldiers
➢ Then used as horse tranquilizer
➢ Then used as recreational drug – used for leisure or enjoyment
purposes which was abused then the government see it as
dangerous.
▪ Its psychedelic effect is stronger than its depressant effects
▪ Titled as “New Ecstasy” and “Psychedelic Heroin”
▪ Administration
➢ Snorted – 15 minutes to feel effect
➢ Orally Ingested – about 20 minutes to an hour
▪ How long would high last?
➢ High/buzzed(high) – 30 minutes to an hour
➢ Effects – depends on how much you take
▪ Detection
➢ Urine Test – 14 days from the time of use
 ❖ Researchers says it is still possible to appear in urine test
even after 30 days and it happens when the dosage intake is
high
➢ Hair Test – 90 days
➢ Blood Test – 24 hours
▪ A dissociative drug
▪ Effects
➢ Full-body buzz – otherwise known as “body high” where the
person will feel relaxed, calm, and ready to catch up on some
sleep.
➢ K-hole – the person took a high enough dose of ketamine where it
is a condition whereby a person is profoundly impaired in his
awareness of the world and his control over his body.
❖ Hallucination – Losing awareness of the world
❖ Temporarily unable to interact with the world around you
❖ You would be moving into your own world.
➢ Increased heart rate
➢ Elevated blood pressure
➢ Muscle rigidity – muscle is very stiff or it has tensions
➢ Respiratory issues – hyperventilate,
➢ Flashback of hallucinations
➢ Paranoia
➢ Depression
➢ Long-term cognitive difficulties – even if the effect of ketamine is
gone, you are already impaired when it comes to its cognitive
functioning or hard to process information in the brain.
▪ Jargons
➢ Blind squid
➢ Cat valium
➢ Honey oil
➢ Keller
➢ K-ways
➢ Vitamin K
➢ Jet
➢ Kelly’s day
➢ Special K
➢ Green
➢ K
➢ K-hold
➢ Super Acide
o PHENYCLIDIN (PCP)
▪ 1950s - Originally used as an anesthetic for humans
➢ Then used to sedate animals
▪ Why is it banned?
➢ Caused confusion
 ➢ Can actually kill the person by paralyzing the respiratory system of
the person where oxygen will not circulate and leads to death.
▪ Administration – orally, smoke, inject, depends on the form of PCP at that
time.
➢ Smoked or snorted – 2 to 5 minutes
➢ Oral ingestion – 30 to 60 minutes – immediate effects of Ketamine
is 4 to 6 hours and return to normal state after 24 hours
▪ Detection
➢ Urine test – 1 to 2 weeks form the time of taking of PCP
➢ Blood Test – 24 hours form the last administration
➢ Saliva Test – 24 to 48 hours
➢ Hair Test – 90 days
▪ Reality-distorting hallucinogenic
▪ Effects
➢ Nausea
➢ Vomiting
➢ Hallucination
➢ Delusion
➢ Loss of short-term memory
➢ Convulsion
➢ Coma
➢ Decrease fertility
▪ Jargons
➢ Angel Dust
➢ Zombie
➢ Rocket fuel
➢ Embalming fluid
➢ Whack
➢ Hog
o PSYCOLIBIN – derived from a mushroom
▪ Mush room psilocybe Mexicana – a type of mushroom or a fungi
➢ 1960s – first synthesized by Albert Hoffman and Franz Troxler
▪ Could be in powder form, tablet form, liquid form, depends
▪ Administer
➢ Oral ingestion (common) – 20 to 40 minutes
▪ Detection
➢ Urine – up to 24 hours
➢ Blood – less than 24 hours
➢ Hair – up to 90 days
▪ Also called as “Magic Mushroom” – originally called for psilocybe
Mexicana since psylocibin came from it then it is also called as such
▪ Effects:
➢ Euphoria
➢ Peacefulness
 ➢ Quickly changing of emotions – mood swings, directly act to
serotonin which is a chemical in the brain charged with the
stability of the mood.
➢ Derealization – the persistent or recurrent feeling of being
detached of his body and mental processes.
❖ You feel you are detaching from your body
❖ Outside observer of your own life
➢ Depersonalization
➢ Distorted thinking
➢ Visual alteration and distortion – you see hallucinations, illusions,
or delusions
➢ Dilated pupils
➢ Impaired concentration – hard to focus
➢ Muscle weakness
➢ Unusual body sensations – sudden feel without reason to feel it.
➢ Nausea
➢ Paranoia
➢ Confusion
➢ Hallucination
➢ Vomiting
➢ Sligh increase in pulse, blood pressure and body temperature.
▪ Jargons
➢ Magic mushroom
➢ Shrooms
➢ Boomers
➢ Zoomers
➢ Mushies
➢ Simple simon
➢ Little smoke
➢ Sacred mushrooms
➢ Purple passion
➢ Mushroom soup
➢ Cubes
o DOM/STP(serenity, tranquility, and peace) – 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-
methylamphetamine
▪ DOM – chemical derivative of mescaline with stronger effects
➢ 100x more potent than mescaline
➢ It is 1/30 of LSD – 30 parts of LSD is 1 part of DOM – weaker
than LSD but far stronger than mescaline
▪ Alexander Shulgin – first synthesize ecstasy and DOM/STP
➢ While trying to investigate psychedelic amphetamine he
discovered DOM
▪ Bad Trip – (very common) unpleasant experience by the person who took
in Psychedelic Drugs.
▪ Effects:
➢ Nausea
 ➢ Decrease appetite
➢ Increased sweating
➢ Feeling of heat
➢ Numbness
➢ Tension
➢ Tremors
➢ Fatigue
o DMT (Dimethyltryptamine) – when in the form of tea is called
“AYAHUASCA”
▪ Seeds coming from the plants in the west indies that produced DMT
➢ Anadenanthera Peregrina
➢ Anadenanthera Colubrina
▪ COHOBA – Powdered form of the seeds where DMT seeds came from
➢ Used by shamans for healing
➢ Recently discovered for treatment
▪ Administer
➢ Orally ingested (AYAHUASCA) – 30 to 40 minutes for it to take
effect
➢ Smoked or injected – within about 45 minutes
▪ How long would last in the system/detection?
➢ Urine test – about 24 hours to few days after days of use
➢ Hair – 24 hours to few days after use (not sure)
▪ Jargons:
➢ Businessman’s trip
➢ Lunch Trip
▪ Effects:
➢ Confusion
➢ Agitation
➢ Headache
➢ Loss of muscle coordination
➢ High blood pressure
➢ Shivering
➢ Goosebumps
➢ Rapid heart rate
➢ Raised blood pressure
➢ Chest pain or a feeling of tightness
➢ Agitation
➢ Dizziness
➢ Rapid eye movements – intense brain activity, eye muscles keep
on moving.
➢ Dilated pupils
o IBOGAINE
▪ Extracted from the roots of the Tabernantha Iboga Plant – usually from
roots of IBOGA PLANT
▪ Has psychedelic effects (DISSOCIATIVE DRUG)
➢ Like a stimulant with psychedelic effect+
 o BUFOTENINE
▪ Sources: Dried glandular secretion of toads, Amanita Fungus, and Kahobe
Bean.
➢ Kahobe bean – came from the beans
▪ Effects
➢ Amnesia
➢ Anxiety
➢ Delusion
➢ Autonomous voice communication – auditory verbal hallucination,
start to hear things that doesn’t exist.
➢ Emotion enhancement
➢ Memory suppression
➢ Ego death
➢ Mindfulness
➢ Thought connectivity – alteration of the persons stream or
wondering thoughts or tend to imagine or state of imagination
➢ Time distortion
➢ Unity and interconnectedness
➢ wakefulness

2. STIMULANTS

o They increase alertness and energy

o It stimulates their person
o Also called as “uppers”
o Prescription stimulants – stimulants regulated by law.
▪ They come in tablet form or capsule form.
o It hits Central Nervous System – Dopamine is affected
▪ Dopamine – chemical on the brain which creates a feeling of Pleasure and
Reward.
▪ If there is increased dopamine, it would increase the feeling of pleasure
and reward of person.
▪ Responsible for motivation of a person.
▪ If there is low Dopamine – there is decreased motivation.
• AMPHETAMINES – it is a central nervous system stimulant used in treating ADHD,
Narcolepsy, and Obesity.
▪ Narcolepsy – a condition whereby there is an uncontrollable feeling of
sleepiness.
➢ Amphetamine makes you energetic and awake
▪ Obesity – a medical condition whereby there is a presence of excessive fat
in the body.
➢ Appetite Suppression - One effect of amphetamine is that there is
appetite suppression where you do not feel hungry
▪ ADHD – will have motivation to have more focus to attain the reward he
wants to get.
 ➢ Amphetamine would allow the nerves in the brain to coordinate
with other nerves in the body to have coordination.
o Also known as “Wonder Pills” – most commonly used stimulant.
o Administer
▪ Oral ingestion
▪ Injection
▪ Snortting – crush to make powedered form and snort
o Forms of Amphetamines
▪ Crystal form, powdered form, and Capsule Form

▪ Some mix it with sugar or coffee or baking powder.

o Effects
▪ Take Effect – 30 minutes to 1 hour
▪ Kick – 1 to 3 hours after taking
▪ Effects – 7 to 12 hours
o Effects to the body
▪ Occasional
➢ Loss of appetite
➢ Sleeplessness
➢ Heightened blood pressure
➢ Profuse sweating
➢ Confusion and tremors
▪ Chronic
➢ Brain damage
➢ Psychosis
➢ Brain paralysis and death
➢ Suicidal tendency
o Detection
▪ Urine test – up to 5 days
▪ Blood Test – up to 48 hours
▪ Saliva – up to 5 days
▪ Hair – 90 days
o Jargons
▪ Amp
▪ Bennie
▪ Benz
▪ Black
 ▪ White
▪ Black Beuties
▪ Black Birds
▪ Black Bombers
▪ Black Mollies
▪ Bl;acks
▪ Blue Boy
▪ Brain tickler
▪ Brownies
▪ Bumblebee
▪ Cartwheels
▪ Chalk
▪ Chicken powder
▪ Christina
▪ Co-pilot
▪ Coast to coast
▪ Crisscross
▪ Crosstops
▪ Crossroads
▪ Dexies
▪ Diet pills
▪ Dominoes
▪ Double cross
▪ Fives
▪ Footballs
▪ Forwards
▪ French blue
▪ Head drugs
▪ Hearts
▪ Horse heads
▪ Jam cecil
▪ Jelly baby
▪ Jolly bean
▪ Jugs
• COCAINE (Benzoylmethylecgonine) – Coca Plant
o Friedrich Gaedcke – German chemist that synthesized cocaine
▪ Originally called it “Erythroxyline”
▪ Used as an appetite suppressant or topical anesthetic.
▪ Fine White Powder or Crystal powder
▪ Some mix it with cornstarch, flour, etc. – to increase profit
o Speedball – a combination of cocaine (stimulant) and heroin(depressant).
o Freebase Cocaine – the purified solid form of cocaine.
▪ Ex. Crack – crystal form which is subjected to heat and when heated it
started to have crack sound.
➢ Administered via Inhalation – put on foil or spoon then heat then
crack sound and the vapor will be inhaled.
 ➢ Considered of lower purity – cocaine is neutralized by adding
“Baking Powder and Water”
o Administration
▪ Inhalation – within 3 to 5 minutes and persists up to 20 minutes
▪ Smoking – withing 5 to 10 seconds and persists up to 20 minutes
▪ Intravenous (within a vein) – within 5 to 10 seconds and persists up to 20
minutes
▪ Snorting – very common
▪ Oral Ingestion – within 10 to 30 minutes and persists up to 90 minutes
o Detection
▪ Blood – 12 to 48 hours
▪ Saliva – 2 days
▪ Hair – 90 days
▪ Urine – almost non-existent
o Medical Effects
▪ Alertness
▪ Euphoria
▪ Energy and motor activity
▪ Feeling of competenxe and sexuality
▪ Treat anxiety and paranoia
▪ Excessive: tremors, convulsions, increased body temperature.
o Side Effects
▪ Lethargy – a state of sleepiness or deep unresponsiveness and inactivity.
▪ Psychosis
▪ Depression
▪ Akathisia – it is a movement disorder. The person becomes restlessness or
inability to stay steel.
▪ Fatal overdose – may cause death
o Jargons
▪ Blow
▪ Bump
▪ C or big C
▪ Coke
▪ Crack
▪ Dust
▪ Flake
▪ Line
▪ Nose
▪ Candy
▪ Pearl
▪ Rail
▪ Snow
▪ Sneeze
▪ Sniff
▪ Speedball
▪ Toot
 ▪ White rock
▪ Black rock
▪ Candy
▪ Chemical
▪ Cookies
▪ Dice
▪ Gravel
▪ Grit
▪ Hail
▪ Hard rock
▪ Jelly beans
▪ Nuggets
▪ Purple caps
▪ Rocks
▪ Scrabble
▪ Sleet
▪ Snow coke
▪ Tornado
• SHABU (Methamphetamine Hydrochloride) – Ephedrine – derived from Ephedra Plant
▪ Considered as “Poormans Cocaine” – cocaine is more expansive and this
is affordable.
▪ Second most Popular Illegal Drug in the world
▪ White Colorless Crystalline Powder – it has Bitter Numbing Taste
o Administer
▪ Oral ingestion
▪ Snorting
▪ Inhalation – Chasing the Dragon – a slang phrase referring to inhaling the
vapor released by the drug when heated.
▪ Injection
o Japan – started in Japan and synthesized in japan
▪ Kakuseizai – shabu but original name of shabu when introduced in japan
▪ 1887 – amphetamine
▪ Initial name: Phenylisopropylamine
▪ 1930 – Benzedrine
➢ Used for purposes of Decongestion or Asthma
➢ An over the counter inhaler to treat Nasal Congestion.
▪ Tradename: Desoxyn – narcolepsy, ADHD, Short term memory in
exogenous obesity.
o Effects – similar time for amphetamine but different how long it last to system
▪ Take effect –
o Detection
▪ Urine test – up to 1 week
▪ Hair test - 90 days
▪ Blood test – 3 days
▪ Saliva Test – Up to 4 days
o Effects to body
 ▪ Increase attention
▪ Higher levels of activity and talkativeness
▪ Decreased appetite
▪ Reduced fatihue
▪ A feeling of power and self-control
▪ A pleasurable sense of well-being or euphoria
▪ Faster breathing
▪ A fast or irregular heartbeat
▪ Raised body temperature
o Jargons
▪ Crank
▪ Crystal, crystal glass, crystal meth
▪ Christina, tina, cris, cristy
▪ Chalk, chalck dust
▪ Meth
▪ Ice
▪ Speed
▪ Trash, garbage, wash
▪ White cross, white crunch
▪ Hanyak
▪ Hironpon, hironpon
▪ Hot ice, super ice
▪ Batu
▪ Kaksonjae
▪ Quartz
▪ Chunky love
▪ Cookies
▪ Cotton candy
▪ Dunk
▪ Gak
▪ Go-go juice
▪ Junk
▪ No doze
▪ Pookie
▪ Rocket fuel
▪ Scooby snax
o Meth Mouth – a physical effect of shabu
▪ A dental effect of shabu
▪ Tooth decay, tooth loss, tooth fracture, rotting gums.

3. DEPRESSANTS – downers. Drugs that decrease or depress body functions and nerve
activities.

o Reduce arousal and stimulation – they target the Central Nervous System by
slowing down the messages between the Brain and Body.
▪ Ability to respond to unexpected situation would slow down.
 ▪ Small doses – cause the person more relaxed and less inhibited.
▪ Larger doses – drowsiness, vomiting, Unconsciousness, and even Death.
• OPIUM – oldest cultivated drug
o Dried latex obtained from seed capsules or pod of opium poppy
▪ Papaver Somniferum
o A depressant drug that slows down
o Take effect – Within 15 to 60 minutes
▪ Kick – 4 to 6 hours
o Poppy Tears (Lachryma Papaeveris) – dried latex obtained from the seed capsule
or seed pod of the Opium Poppy.
▪ Incision – scratch or score the seed capsule
▪ Latex – wait for it to come out and exposed in air to dry
▪ Sticky Yellowish Residue – Scrape
o Administered
▪ Orally (chew)
➢ Tea
▪ Smoke
o Effects
▪ Euphoria
▪ Sense of emotional detachment – a condition whereby the person feels that
he is unwilling to have relation with other people.
▪ Absence of pain and stress.
▪ Altered mood and mental processes – mood swings and slowed exchange
of messages.
▪ Sleepiness
▪ Vomiting
▪ Loss of appetite
▪ Reduced sex drive
▪ Itchy skin
▪ Increased urination
▪ Sweating
▪ Inability to concentrate
▪ Impaired vision
▪ Death
o Jargons
▪ Auntie
▪ Aunt emma
▪ Big o
▪ Black
▪ Black Russian(mixed Chandoo with hashish
▪ China
▪ Chinese molasses
▪ Chinese tobacco
▪ Chocolate
▪ Cruz
▪ Dopium
 ▪ Dover’s powder
▪ Dream gum
▪ Dream stick
▪ Dreams
▪ Easing powder
▪ God’s medicine
▪ Goma
▪ Gondola
▪ Goric
▪ Great tobacco
▪ Gum
▪ Hocus
▪ Hops
▪ Incese
▪ Joy plant
▪ Midnight oil
▪ Opio
▪ Pen yan
▪ Pin gon
▪ Pin yen
▪ Pox
▪ Skee
▪ Toxy
▪ Toys
▪ When-shee
▪ Zero
• MORPHINE – a derivative of Opium
o Potent Opiate Analgesic Medication – used as a form of strong pain reliever.
▪ Treat severe pain
➢ ex. serious injury, heart attack, cancer
▪ most commonly used and best used opiate.
▪ high dependence producing potential
➢ prone to drug dependence
o Friedrich serturner – first synthesized and isolated
▪ Merck – first commercially produced and sell
o Mode of administration
▪ Injection
▪ Hypodermic needles – worse and spread use of morphine
o Takes effect – within 30 to 60 minutes
▪ Peak – after 60 minutes
o Detection
▪ Urine test – 2 to 3 days
▪ Blood test – 12 hours
▪ Saliva – 4 days
▪ Hair – 90 days
o Effects
 ▪ Drowsiness
▪ Stomach ppan and crtam,ps
▪ Dry mouth
▪ Headache
▪ Nervousness
▪ Mood changes
▪ Small pupil
▪ Dysuria – painful or uncomfortable urination
▪ Blue or purple skin
▪ Changes in heartbeat
▪ Agitation hallucination
▪ Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, or dizziness.
▪ Inability to get or jeep an erection – erectile insufficiency or impotency
▪ Irregular menstruation
▪ Decreased sexual desire
▪ Seizures
▪ Rash
▪ Itching
▪ Swelling of the eyes, face, mouth, lips or throat
▪ Hoarseness
▪ Difficulty breathing or swallowing
• HEROIN – derivative of opium
▪ A drug made from morphine
▪ A white or brown powder, or black sticky substance.
➢ Black Sticky Substance – called black tar heroin
▪ Used as a pain killer – treatment for acute pain
➢ Ex. terminal illnesses, stage cancer, etc.
▪ Used to solve morphine addiction but produced heroin addiction.
o Administration
▪ Injected
▪ Inhaled
▪ Snorted
▪ Buccal
o Speedballing – manner of mixing heroin and cocaine
o Takes effect – felt swiftly and depends on dose and manner of administration
▪ Wave of intense euphoria – 45 seconds to a few minutes
▪ Peak – 1 to 2 hours
▪ Lasts – 3 to 5 hours
o Detection
▪ Urine test – 2 to 7 days
▪ Blood test – 6 hours after use
▪ Saliva – 5 hours
▪ Hair – 90 days
o United Kingdom
▪ Diamorphine/diacetylmorphine – prescribed as a strong analgesic in UK.
▪ Methadone – a drug used to address Heroin Addiction.
• CODEINE – a derivative of Opium
▪ Less potent compared to heroin and morphine
▪ Treatment for Pain, Coughing, and Diahrrhea.
▪ Pain – addresses mild to moderate degrees of Pain
▪ Cough syrup – very common for codeine
o Administration
▪ Orally and other administration – wait for about 30 to 60 minutes
▪ Injection – provide quick effect
o Detection
▪ Urine test – 1 to 2 days
▪ Blood test – 1 day
▪ Saliva- 1 to 4 days
▪ Hair – 90 days
o Effects
▪ Sever hypotension – low blood pressure
▪ Life-threatening respiratory depression – slows down respiration
▪ Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome – a pregnant woman takes in opium
as if the fetus is also taking opium, when the child is born, first 28 days the
opium is cut off, then baby will have syndrome by crying or others.
▪ Death
▪ Adrenal insufficiency – Addison’s disease – body no longer produce
enough hormones causing, Low BP, weight loss, etc.
▪ Seizures
▪ Euphoria
▪ Dysphoria – a feeling of dissatisfaction with your life.
▪ Abdominal pain
▪ Pruritus – itch, unpleasant sensation of the skin that urges you to scratch.
▪ Sweating
▪ Serotonin syndrome – overactive reflexes – muscle spasms or mannerism.
▪ Anaphylaxis – a severe allergic reaction to medication such as rushes, etc.
▪ Androgen deficiency – lower levels of male sex hormone or testosterone.
o Jargons
▪ Schoolboy
▪ Cough syrup
▪ T-three’s (Tylenol #3 with Codeine) – peels or tablets
• OXYCODONE – a derivative of Opium
o Opioid medication used for treating moderate to severe pain
▪ Very addictive and very common drug of abuse
o Administration
▪ Oral ingestion
▪ Injection – Powdered and mixed with water
o Take effect – 20 to 30 minutes
▪ Kick – 1 to 2 hours after ingestion
o Detection
▪ Urine test – 3 to 4 days
▪ Saliva – 1 to 4 days
 ▪ Blood Test – 24 hours
▪ Hair – 90 days
o Effects
▪ Drowsiness
▪ Headache
▪ Tiredness
▪ Constipation – hard to poop
▪ Stomach pain
▪ Nausea
▪ Vomitings
o Jargons
▪ 30s
▪ As
▪ Berries
▪ Blues
▪ Blueberries
▪ Hillbilly heroin
▪ Ms
▪ O.C.
▪ Oxy
▪ Oxycet
▪ Oxycotton
▪ Ozone
▪ Roxy
• TRANQUILIZERS
o Fall under general category of depressant
▪ Designed for treating anxiety, fear, tension, agitation, and disturbances of
them mind.
➢ To calm – reduce state of anxiety and tension
▪ Has calming effect and eliminates physical and psychological effects of
anxiety.
o Are considered as Sedative Hypnotic Drugs
▪ Sedative Hypnotic – drugs cause a Dose Dependent Depression of the
Central Nervous System Functioning.
o Takes effect – depends on dose
o 2 kinds
▪ 1. Minor Tranquilizers (Anxiolytic) – anti anxiety agents
➢ Used to treat anxiety, tension, Panic attacks, and insomnia.
▪ 2. Major Tranquilizers (Neuroleptics) – treat severe mental illness in
People
• SEDATIVES – Barbiturates
o Considered as Prescription Medication – issue via prescription of doctor
▪ Slows down brain activity.
➢ Typically used to make you feel more relaxed.
➢ Doctors prescribe it to treat sleep disorders or anxiety.
▪ Generally used as a form of Anesthetics – not to feel pain
OTHER DRUGS

1. BANGKOK PILLS – regarded as diet pills because they are used to lose weight or lose fats.

• Suppress one’s appetite and Diuretic Effect

o Diuretic Effect – promotes urination
o Allows to flush out excess water in the body through urination water and
sweating.
• Composition and quantity – different and depend on producer
• Active Ingredients – common on Bangkok Pills
o Phentermine – a chemical used for dieting
▪ Cause to lose appetite – prescribed by doctors but with diet and exercise.
o Furosemide – produces diuretic effect
o Bisacodyl – a laxative or for poop
o Diazepam – marketed as valium. An anxiolytic or form of tranquilizer that
addressed anxiety.
o Pseudoephedrine – stimulant that make the person alert
o Fenfluramine – appetite suppressant
o Ephedrine – primary chemical component of shabu
o Dexfenfluramine – appetite suppressant and increases serotonin in brain.
• Effects
o Hallucinations
o Paranoia
o Insomnia
o Respiratory problems
o Hypertension
o Development of heart valve abnormalities
o Kidney failure
o Death

2. INHALANTS – unrecognized drugs

• Volatile substances that produce chemical vapors that can be inhaled to induce
psychoactive or mind-altering effects
o Psychedelic or hallucinogenic effect
o Volatile Solvents – liquids that vaporizes at room temperature
▪ Inexpensive and easily available products used for household and
industrial activities
▪ Ex. rugby, paint removers, degreasers, gasoline, glue, correction fluid, felt
tip markers, etc.

3. ALCOHOL – king of drugs

• An unrecognized drug – sold for other purposes

o A central nervous system depressant – decrease or slows down central nervous
functioning or brain functioning.
 o Somewhat temporary relieves emotional pain
• Used in the past as depressant
o They use slaves such as black induce in alcohol and experiment on them.
• Effects
o Causes delayed reaction time
o Cognitive impairments – slows down processing of information
o Slurred speech
o Unsteady gate – manner of walking
o Poor coordination or lack of motor skills
o Distorted perception – irrational thinking
o Lessened inhibitions – fearless
o Effect of sedation – you feel very relaxed and drowsy.
• Percentage of alcohol in Body (mg%) and effect
o 10 mg% – Person feels light
o 20 mg% – senses of physical well-being
o 50 mg% – talkativeness (wiseman)
o 100 mg% – irritable, mild loss of memory
o 150 mg% – fully intoxicated, physical performance deteriorates
o 300 mg% – loss of consciousness, LBM
o 400 mg% – Coma

4. TOBACCO – an unrecognized drug

• Focus on the leaves of the plant and dry it and ferment it and convert it into Tobacco
products.
o Nicotine – chemical which is highly addictive ingredient.
• Dangerous – possible complications because of contained Nicotine
o Increase Blood Pressure
o Increase Heart Rate
o Narrow Arteries – pwedeng pumutok
o Hardening of arterial walls – can cause heart attack
• Administration
o Smoking
o Chew
o Sniff
• Different Products
o Cigarettes
o Bidis – mini cigars, thin and small and wrap in a tendu leaves.
o Kretek – Indonesian cigarette with flavors when lighted produces crack sound
o Pipe
o Hookah – water pipe

5. GATEWAY DRUGS – habit forming drugs that can lead to the use of other more addictive
drugs.

• Here are the 3 Most Common

 o 1. Alcohol
o 2. Marijuana
o 3. Prescription Medicines
o 4. Tobacco
• The factors those at risk include:
o An environment where drugs are normalized or accepted
o A family history of addiction
o A history of drug abuse
o Mental disorders (like depression, anxiety or bipolar disorder)
o A social life with frequent drug use.

6. DESIGNER DRUGS – synthetic drugs which are sold illegally as a way to get high.

• Designed in a way for High such as synthetic marijuana, synthetic hallucinogen

o Type A Drugs – imitates the original
o Desired Effect – mimics effect of the original drug
▪ synthetic marijuana – not original marijuana obtained from cannabis sativa
but purely manmade with chemicals combined to produce same effects of
Marijuana.
▪ High possibility of not mimicking the drug it wants to mimic.
▪ Some suffer and die because of it.
➢ Real and lasting

DRUG PARAPHERNALIA AND DRUG TESTS

DRUG PARAPHERNALIA

• Any equipment used to produce, conceal, and consume or use illicit drugs
o Anything we use to make drugs, hide drugs, or use drugs.
• Forms Drug Paraphernalia
o Tin Foil – put the drug, heat it up, and inhale the vapors or fumes.
o Belt and injection – to control blood flow and see the vein you want to inject
drugs.
▪ Tornike
▪ Alternatives: Rope, shoelace
o Grinder –break up marijuana for it to be easier to put it in rolling paper.
o Injection – needle and Syringe
▪ Syringe – holds the liquid and measurement of said liquid.
▪ Most common – heroin and other drugs in liquid form
o Spoon – heat the drug and inhale the fumes or vapors
▪ Also used for snorting
o Light stick or Glow Sticks – they allow it to be lighted and enhancing the sense
while on high.
▪ External factor for purposes of enhancing the high.
o Balloon – fill it with gasses and inhale it
o E-cigarette – utilized for purposes of smoking
 o Pacifier – prevent the grinding of the teeth and jaw.
▪ Involuntary grinding of teeth and jaw when used drugs.
▪ Can use lollipop
▪ Commonly used when a person is high on ecstasy
o Aerosol Cans – used for purposes of inhalation
o Straw – for purposes of snorting
▪ Some uses paper bills, roll it, and serves as straw.
o roach clip or Tube tong or metal clip – they are preventing to be burned and used
to hold the drug to prevent the burning of the fingers.
o Rolling Paper – used to hold the tobacco or marijuana and to make them into joint
o Towel or rug – soak it into the drugs and inhale it
o Bong – used for purposes of filtration, put marijuana, boil, produces vapor and
inhale it.
o Pipe – used for purposes of inhalation, crush tobacco or marijuana.
DRUG TESTS
• Any tests conducted to look for the presence of one or more illicit or prescription drugs.
• Otherwise known as drug screen, drugs of abuse testing, toxicology screen or tox’s
screen, sports doping test.
• Criminology:
o Used for investigation or forensic purposes - Evidence
o Employment screening
o Sports Competitions
• Kinds:
o Presumptive Test (Preliminary) – A test that will indicate that the suspected
substance is present or not present
▪ Preliminary – requires further examinations or laboratory testing
▪ Not absolute – can produce false negative
o Confirmatory Test – final test
▪ The test utilizing instrumental analysis to positively identify the contents
of the submitted material
➢ Multiple step processes to separate the component of the material
▪ Solid evidence of findings
o Quantitative test and Qualitative Test – Generally under presumptive test and can
fall confirmatory test
o Quantitative Test - The amount of the drug present in the drug
➢ Ex. Alcohol Breath Analyzer
o Qualitative Test – focuses on the description of the drug found in the material
➢ What drug is consists in that material
▪ Color Test – regarded as a presumptive test. It is a presumptive
identification technique indicating the presence or absence of a particular
drug class using rapid and uncomplicated chemical methods.
➢ Specific colors would indicate presence of a particular drug.
▪ Marquis Test – utilized generally for testing the presence of opiates,
amphetamines, and methamphetamine.
➢ Composition – methanal solution in water with sulfuric acid
 ➢ If not, methanal find formaldehyde solution.
➢ Colors
❖ Morphine (opiate)/ Opium Alkaloids – Violet
❖ Codeine – purple
❖ Amphetamines – red orange
❖ Methamphetamine (shabu) – orange
➢ Mescaline – also produces orange color
➢ Simon test – conducted to distinguish amphetamines from
methamphetamines.

➢
▪ Dillie-Koppanyi Test – presumptive test used to identify barbiturates
➢ 2 stages – adds different solutions
❖ 1. Cobalt acetate dissolved in methanol
❖ 2. Isoprophilamine – 2nd chemical to add
➢ Positive – reddish violet
➢ Modification of Zwicker test

➢
▪ Duquesnoy Levene Test – identifying the presence of tetrahydro
cannabinol (Marijuana)
➢ 1st solution – vaneline and ethanal
➢ Then add hydrochloric acid
➢ Then add chloroform
➢ Positive: purple color

➢ s
▪ Ehrlich Test (Van Urk Test) – identify the presence of LSD and related
ergot alkaloids
➢ LSD comes from ergot
➢ Para-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (PDMAD) – added with
sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid.
➢ Positive – Blue Purple Color
 ➢
▪ Ruybal Test (Cobalt Thiocyanate Test) – Presumptive test for identifying
cocaine
➢ It also reacts with other drugs
➢ Positive: Silvery Turquoise Blue

➢
▪ Scott Test – identify presence of cocaine
➢ Positive: Blue

➢
▪ Zwikker Reagent Test – identifying the present of barbiturates
➢ Common Barbiturates
❖ Phenobarbital
❖ Pentobarbital
❖ Secobarbital
➢ Positive: Purple Color
➢ Also used for identifying tea and tobacco
❖ Positive: Yellow Green
➢ Solutions
❖ Solution A – Copper sulfate in distilled water
❖ Solution B – Gyridine orPyridine in chloroform

➢
o Microcrystalline Tests – add chemical or reagent in the substance which forms
crystals on drugs.
▪ Identifies a specific substance based on the color and the shape of crystals
formed when the substance is mixed with specific reagents.

▪ Cocaine , Amphetamine

CDI7: Week 5
DRUG PROBLEM APPROACHES
1. LAW ENFORCEMENT APPROACH – utilized by different Law Enforcers
• Pertain to activities or tactics directed against producers, traffickers, and consumers.
o Producers – Manufacturers
o Traffickers – Transportation, delivery, etc.
• Approaches:
o Focus on physically restricting the supply of drugs to consumers.
o Actions against consumers focused on the conduct of arrests.
▪ The threat of arrest serves as a General Deterrence.
➢ Strike fear in the heart and mind of the would be criminal.
o Buy-Bust Operation – allowed by law
▪ Form of entrapment
▪ In here, the violator is caught inflagrante delicto
➢ Not needed Warrant of Arrest
▪ Law enforcers conducting the operation are authorized and duty bound to
arrest the violator and to search him -search incidental to lawful arrest.
▪ Poseur Buyer – the person who pretends to be the buyer.
▪ Sell bust – opposite of Buy Bust Operation where LE would pose as
sellers in order to capture Buyers (Illegal).
▪ Instigation (Illegal) – the criminal purpose originates at the mind of the
LE.
➢ LE would convince a person to commit a crime and the moment
the crime is committed he will arrest the person.
➢ Not caught inflagrante delicto but would commit crime because LE
convinced him to do it.
➢ Absolutory cause – violator here is not criminal liable
o Test Buy – a valid operation, a preparatory operation before conducting operation,
not prohibited by law.
▪ In here the poseur buy would be soliciting drugs from seller for purposes
of obtaining evidence.
➢ To support a buy bust operation or secure a Search Warrant.
▪ Not tantamount to instigation, valid and preparatory.
o Hot Pursuit – Revised Rules on Criminal Procedure (Rule 113 Section 5 of
Paragraph b)
▪ a person maybe arrests even without warrant when an offense has just
been committed and the person making the arrest has probable cause to
believe based on personal knowledge of facts or circumstances that the
person to be arrested has committed it.
▪ Elements:
➢ a. an offense has just been committed.
➢ b. the arresting officer has probable cause to believe based on
personal knowledge of facts or circumstances that the person to be
arrest has committed it.
❖ probable cause – reasonable ground of LE
 ▪ It is not necessary that LE actually witnessed the crime, but has direct
knowledge or a view of the crime right after its commission.
o Drug Eradication – activities aimed at destroying or alleviating breeding grounds
in the social melu that were send or abet the drug problem.
➢ Destroying – put an end to it
➢ Alleviating – make it less severe
➢ Breeding grounds – areas, places, or facilities that develops the
situation.
➢ social melu – social environment
▪ common:
➢ conduct of arrest – the moment this person who is a seller, user,
manufacturer is already under custody of Law, he would not be
able to continue drug transactions.
➢ Raid – facilities producing drugs, confiscate drugs and
paraphernalia and use it as evidence and destroy it.
❖ Collect Plants of Marijuana and burned it
o Interdiction operations
▪ Drug interdiction – the prevention of illicit drugs from reaching their
destination.
➢ Targets transportation of drugs
▪ Common: airport security – x-ray machine detects suspicious things
➢ Checkpoints
➢ Sea ports
o Controlled Delivery – exact counterpart of interdiction operations
▪ Technique of allowing the illicit or suspected concinement to enter a state
or territory but with the knowledge and under supervision of LE.
➢ Concinement – goods destined for or delivered to someone
▪ Primary purpose: to identify the persons involved in the crime
commission.
o Police Raid – a sudden and unexpected visit by LE often involving force entry
with the aim of finding any Illegal Drugs
▪ Search and seizure operation – needs search warrant and needs to monitor
protocol.
▪ Needs surveillance for support of Search Warrant.
o Surveillance – considered as a mode of intelligence operation.
▪ Gather information and converted as intelligence
▪ It is conducting a close observation of an individual or group.
➢ Continuous and long
▪ Covert operation – conducted in secrecy
▪ Casing – focused on the place and activities happening in the place.
o Intelligence – pertains to a processed information
▪ Verified information – true and reliable considered as intelligence.
▪ As a form of operation – a process of systematically collecting and
evaluating information.
➢ Can be surveillance, casing, solicitation, and any other undercover
activities.
 ➢ Can be covert and overt
▪ Human sources – people who are able to provide information
➢ Classical intelligence – information is derived from a person.
▪ Elicitation – a casual conversation with the subject with the purpose of
getting information.
➢ Covert activity – not know your purpose.
▪ Informant – you give information voluntarily and for free.
➢ Confidential informant – any person who either furnishes
information regarding illegal drug trafficking or performer an
activity under the specific direction of the Law Enforcers for free.
▪ Informer – you give information in exchange of something such as money.
o Police Line-up (US) or Identity Parade (British) – the eyewitness would be
identifying the suspect during a live line-up.
▪ Purpose: identification
o Interview – the questioning of a subject who is willing to give information or
questioning of the victim.
▪ Interrogation – the aggressive or skillful questioning of a subject who is
not willing information or hostile subject.
➢ Does not mean to use force but manner of questioning or rather
skillful/techniques for them to give them information.
➢ Silent technique – skillful manner of getting information, the
interrogator will not say anything to put pressure on the subject.
➢ Question barraged technique – an aggressive manner of
questioning the subject for not to give time to create lie though
bombarding them questions
• Activities:
o RA 6425 – Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972 – March 30, 1972
▪ Created Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB)
▪ November 14, 1972 – put the DDB under office of the President
▪ DDB Primary Functions
➢ 1. Policy Making and coordinating agency as well as the national
clearing house on all matters pertaining to Law Enforcement and
control of Dangerous Drugs.
➢ 2. Treatment and Rehabilitation of Drug Dependence.
➢ 3. Drug Abuse Prevention
➢ 4. Training and Information – Drug Education and Trainings
➢ 5. Research and Statistics on the Drug Problem
➢ 6. Training of Personnel engaged in these activities.
▪ DDB 7 National Agencies:
➢ 1. DOH
➢ 2. DSWD
➢ 3. DepEd
➢ 4. DOJ
➢ 5. DND – Dep’t of Nat’l Defense
➢ 6. DOF – Department of Defense
➢ 7. NBI
 ▪Additional members under RA 9165 (present):
➢ DILG
➢ DOLE
➢ DFA
➢ CHED
➢ NYC
➢ PDEA
▪ Presidential Proclamation 1192 – This law declared every 2nd week of
November as Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Week.
▪ LOI No.1 Series of 2001 – Mandate:
➢ All NGAs, LGUs. GOCCs and participating NGOs shall
implement the National Anti-Drug Program of Action (NADPA)
➢ NADPA – blueprint that describes the strategies and programs to
be undertaken by the government in achieving a drug resistant and
eventually a drug free Philippines.
❖ Product of the planning workshops and consultation
makings conducted by members of DDB, partner agencies,
and different Stakeholders.
➢ Primary Responsible Officers:
❖ 1. Dangerous Drugs Board
❖ 2. National Drug Law Enforcement and Prevention
Coordinating Center (2002 – absorbed by PDEA)
▪ Main coordination
❖ 3. Philippine National Police – premier and overall drug
prevention and operation arm of the Government
Nationwide.
o RA 9165 – comprehensive Drugs Act of 2002
▪ June 7, 2002 – Pres. Arroyo signed into law
➢ July 4, 2002 – effective
▪ Created PDEA – absorbed National Drug Law Enforcement and
Prevention Coordinating Center
➢ The primary agency responsible for the efficient and effective Law
Enforcement of all the provision of RA 9165
➢ Implementing arm of the DDB
➢ PNP – assists PDEA
▪ Organizational Structure
➢ Head: Director General – under Secretary
❖ Appointing officer (President)
➢ Public Information Office
➢ Deputy Director General for Administration– appointed by
President upon recommendation of the DDB: Rank:Assistant
Secretary
❖ Administrative and Human Resources Service
❖ Financial Management Service
❖ Logistics Management Service
❖ Internal Affair Service
 ❖ Internal Affairs Service
❖ PDEA Academy
➢ Deputy Director General for Operation – appointed by President
upon recommendation of the DDB
❖ Intelligence and investigation Service
❖ Plans and Operations Service
❖ Legal and Prosecution Service
❖ Compliance Service
❖ International Cooperation and Foreign Affairs Service
❖ Preventive Education and Community Involvement Serve
❖ Laboratory Service
❖ Special Law Enforcement Service
➢ 17 Regional Offices
2. TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION APPROACH
• Treatment and Rehabilitation
▪ Treatment – provision of medical care
▪ Rehabilitation – changing bad behavior into good behavior.
➢ First time drug user – 6 months drug rehabilitation program.
o Referral and other requirements for Drug Dependency Examination – to DDB
▪ For voluntary confinement
▪ DOG Accredited Physician: DDE – conducts examination.
▪ Submit DDE Results to Legal Division of DDB
▪ DDB Legal Division: Process Petition for Confinement
➢ Happens before RTC releases petition filed by the applicant to the
RTC where his case is pending.
▪ Petition: Released to Applicant/Authorized Representative
➢ Done through applicant himself or Representative
➢ Compulsory confinement – parents, spouse, relative, instead of
DDE, they will execute affidavit providing information as to the
drug taking habit of the alleged drug dependent
➢ Then return to first process except DDE
3. DRUG EDUCATION
• Drug Education – dissemination of information about Dangers of Drugs
• Focus on influencing the people’s values, attitudes, knowledges, and skills for them to
make healthier decisions from alcohol and drugs.
4. INTERNATIONAL APPROACH – different programs done by different countries to address
the drug problem
• Ex. UNODC – United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
o Aimed at contributing to global peace and security, Human Rights, and
development by making the world a safer place from drugs, crime, corruption,
and terrorism.
 • Ex. Conventions – Convention against illicit, traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic
substances
o Serve as guide for laws enacted in different countries.
▪ Adapt it in local laws.
• Ex. Interpol – an organization of different LEA all around the world for purposes of
collating the information and distributing them to different member countries.
RA 9165: COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 2002
o Repealed by RA 6425 – dangerous drugs law of 1972
o RA 7659 – amended some of provision of RA 6425
▪ Law imposing Death Penalty for heinous crimes.
o 2002 – enactment of RA 9165 and signed into law
• Salient Provisions:
o 1. A campaign against drugs and protection of the state.
o 2. Balance pertaining to looking into the medicinal purpose of dangerous drugs.
o 3. Rehabilitation
• State Policy: (sec 2)
o 1. It is a policy of the state to safeguard the integrity of its territory and wellbeing
of citizenry from the harmful effects of dangerous drugs.
▪ A campaign against drugs and protection of the state.
o 2. Provision of effective mechanisms to reintegrate into the society individuals
who have fallen victims to drug abuse or dangerous drugs dependence.
▪ Treatment and rehabilitation.
▪ Balance pertaining to looking into the medicinal purpose and
Rehabilitation.
RA 6425
• Prohibited and Regulated Drugs
o Prohibited – Illegal
o Regulated Drugs – they are allowed to be used but closely monitored and
controlled.
RA 9165:
A. DANGEROUS DRUGS
• No exact definition in RA 9165 but pertains to those enumerated to the list of schedules
prepared and adopted by International Convention
• list of schedules is found provided in 1961 single convention on Narcotic Drugs
o Amended by 1972 Protocol and 1971 Single Convention on Psychotropic
Substances
• Basis is International Conventions
B. CONTROLLED PRECURSORS AND ESSENTIAL CHEMICALS (CPECS)
• Pertains to those listed tables 1 and 2 1988 UN convention against illicit traffic in
narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.
 o Ex. Ephedrine, safrole, lysergic acid, asystole, hydrochloric acid, phenylacetic
acid, etc.
o The chemicals that are essential to the production of controlled substances.
FACTORS AFFECTING CRIMINAL LIABILITY – affects the penalty to be imposed
• 1. Kinds of Substance involved
o Dangerous Drugs – penalty is always higher than the CPECs
• 2. Act Performed
o Possession of dangerous drugs – higher penalty than use dangerous drugs
o Use of Dangerous Drugs
▪ 1st time offender – given rehabilitation of 6 months
PUNISHABLE ACTS
• IMPORTATION OF DD and/or CPECs
o The act of importing these dangerous substances is considered as punishable
under RA 9165
o Importation – bring into Philippines these Dangerous Substances.
o Protector or Cuddler – also Liable
▪ A person who knowingly and willingly consents to the unlawful act and
who uses influence or power in harboring or facilitating the escape of the
offender.
▪ Accessory
▪ Still liable for Importation of DD and/or CPECs
o Financer – a person who pays for or raises or supplies money for the illegal
activity involving dangerous substances.
▪ Qualifying Circumstance – the penalty is heavier for Financer compared to
those who imported it.
• Sale, Administration, Trading, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and Transportation of
Dangerous Drugs and/or CPECs
o Transfer from the source going to the consumers
o Protector or Cuddler – Liable
o Qualifying Circumstances – imposable penalty is maximum
▪ 1. If the punishable act happens within 100 meters from a school.
▪ 2. A minor or mentally incapacitated individual is used as a runner or
courier.
▪ 3. If the victim is a minor or the dangerous substance involved is the
proximate cause of the death of the victim.
▪ 4. Financer
o Consummation of illegal sale of drugs maybe sufficiently established even in the
absence of marked money.
▪ Payment can be preceded or follow before or after the deliver.
▪ Buy bust operation – what’s important is that the poseur buyer received
the drugs from the offender and said drugs is presented as evidence in
court.
▪ There are instances where the poseur buyer did not received drugs – Still
possible to be liable of Attempted Sale of Dangerous Drugs.
 ❖ The accused intended to sell the Dangerous Drugs and he
commenced the sale directly by overt acts showing his intention of
sale, he can now be liable for the crime of Attempted sale of
dangerous drugs.
❖ The seller reached the drugs to poseur buyer but the commenced
and hide it to bag.
• Maintenance of Den, Dive or Resort – a place where the dangerous substances are
administered, delivered, stored for illegal purposes, distributed, sold, or used in any form.
o Location or place devoted for dangerous substances
o Comparable to a storage facility – stock room, warehouse, etc.
▪ Can be administered, delivered, stored for illegal purposes, distributed,
sold, or used
o Maintenance – keep it, check it, monitor, keeper, etc.
o Liable
▪ Keeper, monitor
▪ Protector/Cuddler – if you are the owner of said den, dive, resort the
presumption is that you are the keeper, monitor, etc.
▪ Third Person owning the location of DDR – you know what is happening
in your property but you let it.
❖ you can be added for case
❖ can be confiscated by government and owner is liable for Den,
Dive or Resort.
o Qualifying Circumstances
▪ If in that Den, Dive and resort, you have minor who is someone you
allowed to use drugs or administer the drugs to the minor or sell or deliver
it to the minor, that is qualifying circumstances
▪ If you have a victim who dies in the DDR and the proximate cause of
death is the use of Dangerous Drug.
• Being an Employee/Visitor of the Den, Dive or Resort
▪ Brothel – place or hotel devoted for prostitution.
o Requirements:
▪ Knowledge of the nature of the place – you are aware that the place is
DDR.
▪ If a person who visited another who was using dangerous drugs in the
DDR, that person will not be liable if the place is a DDR.
❖ Mr. A visited Mr. B and MR. B is in Drug Den using dangerous
drugs
❖ Mr. A who only wants to visit Mr. B only with the intention of
visiting Mr. B
❖ He is not Liable of Visitor of DDR
• Manufacturing of DD and/or CPECs
▪ Manufacturing – produce, prepare, or process of DD and/or CPECs
o Clandestine Laboratory – the facility being utilized for illegal manufacture of DD
and/or CPECs
▪ You do not want the public or LE to know it
▪ they use Façade – ex. they make it appear that it is a Call center
 ▪ ex. abandoned Facilities unknown to the people that there is Drug
Manufacture happening inside.
o Aggravating Circumstance
▪ 1. Conducted in the presence or with the help of minors
▪ 2. Undertaken within 100 meters of residential, business, church or school
premises – populated places.
▪ 3. Clandestine Laboratory is protected by booby traps.
▪ 4. Concealed with Legitimate Business operations – Façade or Cover.
▪ 5. Employment of a chemical engineer, a public officer, or foreigner.
o Qualifying Circumstances – set the penalty in its maximum
▪ Prima Facie evidence of manufacture
❖ Prima facie evidence – evidence that could stand on its own which
can sufficiently establish a fact unless it is disproved or rebutted.
❖ Prima Facie evidence – Presence of CPECs or Lab equipment of
Clandestine Laboratory
• Manufacturing or delivery of equipment, instrument, apparatus and other paraphernalia
for DD and/or CPECs
o Things or objects being utilized for DD.
o 3 punishable acts
▪ 1. Delivery
▪ 2. Possession with intent to deliver
▪ 3. Manufacture with intent to deliver the Paraphernalia knowing or under
circumstances where one reasonably should know
o qualified circumstance – if you are using a minor or mentally incapacitated person
to deliver
• Possession of the Dangerous Substance regardless of degree of Purity – regardless of
purity if you possess DS you are considered liable.
o Possession of different substances gives rise to separate charges of possession
even if the drug were seized in the same place and occasion.
▪ Ex. you were caught in possession of Marijuana and Shabu
❖ 2 distinct crimes
❖ Possession of Shabu and Possession of Marijuana
▪ Different kinds of drugs have different respective amounts for graduation
of penalties.
o One may be charged for sale of DD and a separate charge of another gram of
dangerous drugs which was not the subject of the sale.
▪ Separate charge for sale of DD and possession of DD if there are another
gram of DD which is not subject for sale.
▪ Ex. I have sold poseur buyer 5 grams of shabu and they were able to find
in my possession another 2 gram of shabu
❖ Sale of DD and separate case of Possession of DD
o A person charged for sale or delivery maybe convicted of possession if the sale or
delivery was not proven.
▪ Possession – unauthorized – you have full knowledge that what you
possess is under DD and/or CPECs.
▪ Animous posidendi – intent to possess
 ▪ 2 kinds of possession
❖ Actual possession – the drug is in the immediate physical
possession or control of the offender.
❖ Constructive possession (still punishable) – when the drug is under
the dominion or control of the offender or when he has a right to
exercise dominion or control over the place where it is found.
• Possession of drug paraphernalia during parties, social gatherings or meetings or in the
proximity of at least two persons
• Possession of equipment fit for introducing DD into the body
o Prima facie evidence that the possessor used said equipment to introduce DD into
his body.
▪ Liable for use of DD
▪ Can be rebutted and disproved – the evidence cannot be used as evidence
any more for purposes of drug use
▪ When not disproved – use of DD – absorbed possession of equipment
o Presumption – you use it to administer DD into your body.
• Use of DD provided the accused is not charged for possession - Purely use of DD
o He must be found positive after a confirmatory test.
o 1st conviction – a minimum of 6 months of rehabilitation
o 2nd conviction – an imprisonment and fine.
o If the accused is also found to be in possession of DD, possession of DD shall
apply.
• Cultivation or culture of plants classified as DD or sources thereof
o Regardless if it is plantation or not, you are still liable for Cultivation
▪ Even if it is only 1 marijuana in a flower pot, you are still liable of
cultivation of culture.
▪ Regardless of your intention you are still liable – presumption is it is used
for illegal purposes.
o If it happened in a land portion or greenhouse – would be confiscated in favor of
the state unless you as owner would be able to prove that you did not know of
such cultivation.
▪ Prove Due Diligence – you did not notice that someone cultivated their.
GR: ILLEGAL
XPN: Allowed if there is authority/license from the PDEA
• Importation – Allowed if there is authority/license from the PDEA
• Cultivation – Allowed if there is authority/license from the PDEA
• Manufacture – Allowed if there is authority/license from the PDEA
Some are used for purposes of medication such as:
• Morphine – utilized as a form of pain reliever for cancer patients.
o Importing morphine if there is authority/license from the PDEA is Legal.
ATTEMPT/ CONSPIRACY:
 • RPC: stages of crime commission
o Provisions of RPC cannot be applied to SPL unless SPL provided so.
o SPL is superior than the RPC
o RA 9165 – allows the recognition of attempted stage of one offense
• Attempt
o Elements:
▪ 1. The offender initiates the crime directly by over acts
▪ 2. The offender is unable to perform all the acts of execution.
▪ 3. By reason of cause or accident other than his own spontaneous
resistance.
• Conspiracy – 2 or more persons come to an agreement and decide to commit a crime
o GR: not a crime, mere manner of crime commission.
o XPN: there are provisions penalizing those conspiracy and considered as crimes
• Unlawful acts under RA 9165 in Conspiracy Form
o 1. Importation
o 2. Sale, Delivery, Transportation, distribution
o 3. Maintenance of a den, dive, or resort
o 4. Manufacture
o 5. Cultivation
• Whatever penalty provided to its consummation it is the same with conspiracy and
attempt to commit crimes under RA 9165
o Ex. A and B comes to agreement to import cocaine coming from Mexico to
Philippines – mere conspiracy is penalized as importation.
PUNISHABLE ACTS: ABUSES BY LAW ENFORCERS
• 1. Planting of Evidence – LE will be putting evidence in the immediate vicinity of a
person for the purpose of implicating or incriminating him.
o The evidence planted in the scene would be a DS (DD and/or CPECs)
o If not DS, you are not liable for planting of evidence but liable for Incriminatory
machination – incriminating an innocent person.
• 2. Misappropriation of DS, Paraphernalia, proceeds or properties (obtained) from
unlawful acts
o Misappropriation – form of embezzlement. you use the DS in different use.
▪ Ex. use Police Vehicle to transport goods for store
▪ Ex. get money from drug scene and use it as pocket money.
▪ Ex. DD would be stocked and they would use it.
• 3. Failure/refusal to testify – LE who is involved in drug operation and you were notified
as a witness for prosecution but did not appear despite due notice.
• 4. Failure to exert reasonable efforts to present a witness – superior of subordinate who
failed or refused to testify.
• 5. Delay and bungling in the prosecution of drug cases
o Bungling – you clumsily or incompetently handled the prosecution of drug case.
▪ Ex. neglecting case, not handled, no care in the case.
o The court will issue judgement of acquittal or order of dismissal based on fault of
prosecution – you can file a case against prosecutor of Delay and bungling in the
prosecution of drug cases.
 PUNISHABLE ACT PENALTY (If death not
available – life imprisonment
only)
IMPORTATION
Importer Life to Death +500k-10M

Importer using Diplomatic Death + 10M

Passport

Financer, organizer, manager of Death + 10m

importation

Protector/Coddler 12 years 1 day to 20 years +

100k to 500k
SALE, TRADING,
ADMINISTRATION, Note: maximum penalty is Life to Death + 500k to 10M
DISPENSATION, imposed if any of the qualifying
DISTRIBUTION AND circumstances are present
TRANSPORTATION
MAINTENANCE OF
DEN, DIVE OR Keeper Life to Death + 500k to 10M fine
RESORT
Caters to minor Clients Death + 10M (Qualifying
Note: The Den, Dive or circumstance)
resort shall be
confiscated in favor of Financier, Organizer, Manager Death + 10M (Qualifying
government circumstance)

Protector/Coddler 12 years 1 day to 20 years +

100k to 500k

Client Dies Death + 1M to 15M fine Death +

10M (Qualifying circumstance)

Employees/Visitors 12 years 1 day to 20 years +

100k to 500k
MANUFACTURE
DD Life Imprisonment to Death +
500k to 10M fine
 CPECs 12 years 1 day to 20 years +
100k to 500k
POSSESSION Dangerous Drugs:
a. 10 grams or more of opium Life Imprisonment to Death +
b. 10 grams or more of 500k to 10M fine
morphine If lower: lower than Life
c. 10 grams or more of Heroin Imprisonment to Death + 500k to
d. 10 grams or more of coacaine 10M fine
or cocaine hydrochloride
e. 50 grams or more of shabu
f. 10 grams or more of
Marijuana resin or marijuana
resin oil;
g. 500 grams or more of
marijuana
h. 10 grams of other drugs –
ecstasy, LSD, parametoxy
amphetimine, Gamahydroxy
amphetamine, similarly
designed drugs, etc.
POSSESSION Regardless of quantity
(parties…) Life Imprisonment to Death +
500k to 10M Fine
USE 1st conviction
Minimum of 6 months
rehabilitation
2nd Conviction onwards
6 years and 1 day to 12 years +
fine of 50k to 200k
CULTIVATION
Life Imprisonment to Death +
500k to 10M
ATTEMPT OR
CONSPIRACY Same penalty prescribed for the
commission of the same
PLANTING OF
EVIDENCE Death
FAILURE TO
TESTIFY 2 months and 1 day to 20 years +
fine of 500k in addition to the
administrative liability
 FAILURE TO
PRESENT WITNESS 2 months and 1 day to 6 years
plus 10k to 50k fine with
perpetual absolute
disqualification form the public
office.
DELAY AND
BUNGLING IN 12 years and 1 day to 20 years
PROSECUTION

RA 9165: MODIFICATION
Section 23 RA 9165 – non availability of plea bargaining in drug cases
• Plea Bargaining – Process whereby the accused and the prosecution try to arrive at a
satisfactory and mutual resolution of the case.
o Negotiation – accused and prosecution – agreement to easily resolved the case.
o Plea of Guilty to a lesser offense
▪ Ex. A with intent to kill and fired at B but B was only hit by bullet but
only abrasion. Then A was filed with attempted homicide.
▪ Pre-trial – simplification of the issues of the case
➢ Plea bargaining – Defense and Prosecution try to negotiate on how
to resolve the case.
➢ Accuse states “ he is willing to guilty but negotiates to lesser
attempted homicide to slight physical injuries”
o GR: plea bargaining is allowed in all case and can happen in arraignment and pre-
trial
▪ XPC: RA 9165 – not available in drug cases. No questioned it until
Estipona vs. Judge Lobrigo
▪ Is plea bargaining allowed in drug cases?
➢ Refer to Salvador estipona vs. Judge Lobrigo (En Banc), G.R. No.
226679, August 15 2017
➢ Illegal possession of Dangerous drugs – Accused entered plea of
not Guilty during arraignment. After arraignment, he filed a
motion to withdraw his plea attaching with it a request for plea
bargaining. But judge says as much as he wants the plea
bargaining, he can’t do it because it would affect other drug cases
and under sec 23 of ra 9165 plea bargaining is not allowed.
➢ Issue: no problem in ruling but error of law
➢ Accused filed certiorari a remedy available if there is a question of
law. Then case reached Supreme court. Section 23 of RA 9165 is
unconstitutional says Supreme court.
➢ If the supreme court declares a law or its provision as
unconstitutional, said law or provision would cease to exist.
➢ Unconstitutional – it deviates from the constitution.
 ➢ Sec 23 is unconstitutional would violate the separation of powers.
Plea bargaining is a process under the sole authority of the court.
➢ Section 5 of paragraph of Article 8 – promulgation of rules
concerning the protection of rights, pleadings, practices, and
procedures belongs to the supreme court.
o Only the supreme court could promulgate its rules.
➢ Sec 23 of RA 9165 – congress is interfering with the rule making
power of the supreme court in lieu with the separation of powers
▪ Is probation allowed in drug cases?
➢ Refer to Salvador estipona vs. Judge Lobrigo (En Banc), G.R. No.
226679, August 15 2017
➢ Issue: Probation – probation is not available in drug cases
regardless of penalty.
➢ Who grants probation? Court, which means it is a judicial act
solely vested on your courts. At present sec 24 is declared
unconstitutional and probation is available in drug cases except
drug trafficking cases.
➢ DQ of Probation
o 1. Imprisonment of above 6 years
o 2. Not drug trafficking case
Memorize – allowed violations that can be subject of Plea Bargaining.
Violation Allowed PB
S11P3: Possession of DD- 12Y, 1D – S12: possession of Equipment, 6M,1D-4Y
Shabu, Opium, Morphine, 20Y Instrument, Apparatus
Heroin, Cocaine (less than and other paraphernalia for DD
5 grams
S11P3: Possession of DD 12Y, 1D- S12: possession of Equipment, 6M,1D-4Y
– marijuana (less than 300 20Y Instrument, Apparatus
grams) and other paraphernalia for DD
S11P2: possession of DD 20y-LI S11p3: Possession of DD 12Y, 1D – 20Y
– S, O, M, H, C (5-10
grams)
S11p2: Possession of DD 20y-LI S11p3: Possession of DD 12Y, 1D – 20Y
– Marijuana (300-500
grams)
S12: possession of E, I, A 6M, 1D-4Y S15: use of DD 6M rehab and
and other Paraphernalia counseling
for DD
S14: possession of E, I, A Max S15: Use of DD 6M rehab and
and other Paraphernalia Penalty (4 counseling
for DD during parties and Years)
social gatherings
S5: Sale, Trading…. of LI-DP S12: possession of Equipment, 6M, 1D- 4Y
DD (Shabu)…. Less than Instrument, Apparatus
1g and other paraphernalia for DD
 S5: Sale, Trading…. of LI-DP S12: possession of Equipment, 6M, 1D- 4Y
DD (Marijuana)…. Less Instrument, Apparatus
than 10g and other paraphernalia for DD
RA 10640
➢ An act to further strengthen the Anti-Drug Campaign of the Government. Amending for
the Purpose Section 21 of Republic Act. No 9165
➢ Covers on rule on Chain of Custody – the total accounting of evidence from the time of
collection until it is rendered useless of the court.
Final exam: 4PM to 730PM
Including difference of the RA 9165 and 10640
SECTION 21, RA 9165 (amended provisions) RA 10640 (modification introduced)
1. The apprehending team having initial 1. Adds: (a) controlled precursors and
custody and control of the drugs shall, essential chemicals; (b)
immediately after seizure and confiscation, instruments/paraphernalia and/or
physically inventory and photograph the laboratory equipment.
same in the presence of the accused or the
person/s from whom such items were 2. People as witness in the photography
confiscated and/or seized, or his/her of the confiscated items from the
representative or counsel, a representative accused are: (a) accused; (b)
from the media and the Department of elected official; (c) any
Justice (DOJ), and any elected public representative of the National
official who shall be required to sign the Prosecution Service or the media
copies of the inventory and be given a which is required to sign the copies of
copy thereof; the inventory and be given a copy
thereof.

3. The Physical inventory as well as the

photograph shall be conducted at
the place where the search warrant is
served; or at the nearest police
station/nearest office of the
apprehending officer/team and also
practicable in cases of warrantless
seizures.

4. The noncompliance of the

A certification of the forensic laboratory
examination results, which shall be done
under oath by the forensic laboratory
examiner, shall be issued within twenty-four
requirements under justifiable grounds
shall not render them as void and
invalid as long as the evidentiary
value of the seized items are properly
preserved.
1. The certification of the forensic
laboratory examination results which is
done under oath instead of it being
issued within 24 hours was modified to
(24) hours after the receipt of the subject
item/s: Provided, That when the volume of
the dangerous drugs, plant sources of
dangerous drugs, and controlled precursors
and essential chemicals does not allow the
completion of testing within the time frame,
a partial laboratory examination report shall
be provisionally issued stating therein the
quantities of dangerous drugs still to be
examined by the forensic laboratory:
Provided, however, That a final certification
shall be issued on the completed forensic
laboratory examination on the same within
the next twenty-four (24) hours.
2. The final certification was modified
be issued immediately upon receipts
of the subject (not necessary under
oath): provided that the volume of
dangerous drug, plant source of
dangerous drug, and controlled
precursors and essential chemicals
does not allow the completion of
testing within the time frame, a partial
laboratory examination report shall be
provisionally issued stating therein the
quantities of dangerous drugs still to
be examined by the forensic
laboratory.
from within the next 24 hours to be
issued immediately upon completion
of the said examination and
certification.