Computer Networks CS301

Introduction to Computer
Module 2 Networks

Dr. Sunandita Debnath, IIIT Vadodara

Ethernet
➢ Ethernet is the most widely used wired LAN technologies.

➢ Ethernet protocol operates in data link layer and physical layer.

➢ Ethernet is in the family of networking technologies that are IEEE 802.2 and 802.3.

➢ Supports data bandwidth of 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1000 Mbps, 40, 000 Mbps and 1 Gbps.

➢ In this protocol only the required frame is retransmitted and not the entire window.

➢ Ethernet standards define Layer 2 protocol and Layer 1 technologies.

➢ Ethernet operates in two separate sublayer of data link layer logical link layer and MAC
sublayer.
Evolution of Ethernet

Ethernet

Gigabit Ethernet Ten-Gigabit

Standard Ethernet Fast Ethernet Ethernet
Speed upto 10 Speed upto 100 Speed upto 1 Speed upto 10
Mbps Mbps Gbps Gbps
Ethernet Frame Format
➢ Preamble: 56 bits of alternating ‘1’s and ‘0’s. It is needed for synchronization purpose.
➢ SDF (Start Frame Delimiter): Flag 10101011. This also needed for synchronization
purpose. The last two bits of the Flag indicates the next field of the Ethernet frame is the
destination address.
➢ Padding is required to make the received data from the upper layer (i.e network layer) a
fixed size length.
Minimum and Maximum Length of the Ethernet Frame

Payload from the network layer

Min payload = 46 bytes
Max. payload =1500 bytes

Min size of the Ethernet frame = 64bytes

Max. size of the Ethernet frame =1518bytes
Ethernet Address

Example: 06:01:02:01:2C:4B

➢ The least significant bit of the first byte defines the type of the address
➢ Last bit 0 defines Unicast, otherwise multicast
➢ If all bits in the frame is ‘1’ then this is Broadcast.
IPV4 Address
➢ IPV4 addresses are 32 bits long that uniquely and universally defines the
connection of a device on the internet.
➢ IPV6 addresses are 128 bits long.
➢ Two devices on the internet can never have the same addresses at the same
time.
➢ The addresses range of IPV4 addresses are 232 i.e. more than 4 billions
➢ But we have more devices, the NAT (network address translation) technology
will resolve this.
IPV4 Address
➢ IPV4 addresses have two notations
❑ Binary notations.
❑ Dotted Decimal notations.

Binary notations: 01110101 10010101 00011101 00000010

Dotted Decimal notations: 117.149.29.2

➢ IPV4 addresses consist of four octets each octet consists of 8 binary bits.
➢ Each octet ranges from 0 to 28 − 1 = 255
IPV4 Address Conversion
❑ Binary to Dotted Decimal conversion
❑ Dotted Decimal to Binary Conversion

𝟐𝟕 𝟐𝟔 𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟑 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟎

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1