VIVEKANANDA

RESIDENTIAL
SCHOOL
INDEX:
.Transportation in plants and Animals

.Reproduction in plants

.Ecology
 Page 3

Transportation in plants and animals

Why plants and animals need a transportation system?
We know that all living organisms like plants and animals need food, oxygen and water so that
they can survive.

These elements need to be delivered to their body parts so that they can function properly.
Hence, all living organisms need a transport system in their bodies.

Human Circulatory System

 Page 4

Figure 1 Human Circulatory System

The circulatory system is a transport system of the human body which consists of a network that
supplies food, water, oxygen and other substances throughout the body.

● The main parts of the circulatory system are:

Blood

Blood Vessels

Heart

Blood
Blood is a red colour fluid that flows in our body through the blood vessels.

Functions of blood:
The blood acts as the medium of transportation of essential substances throughout our bodies
such as oxygen and nutrients. Blood carries oxygen from the lungs and transports it to different cells of
the body.

The blood also carries waste material to the kidneys which then filters the blood. The small
intestine digests the food and absorbs its nutrients. These nutrients are provided to all the parts of the
body through blood.

The blood also protects the body from losing blood by forming a blood clot at the place of injury.

The blood contains a special substance that helps in regulating the temperature of the body.

Components of blood - Blood can perform several functions because of different substances
present in it.

Blood plasma – the liquid substance present in the blood is called blood plasma. Almost 55% of
the blood is blood plasma. The plasma facilitates the transportation of different substances
throughout the body. The blood plasma is made up of water, salt, fats, proteins and sugar.

Red blood cells (Erythrocytes) – They are present in ample amount in the blood (40% to 45%).
They are red in colour because they contain a special pigment called haemoglobin. The oxygen we take
in binds itself with the haemoglobin and hence reaches every cell of the body through the blood.

White blood cells (Leukocytes) – They are present in fewer amounts (almost 1%) but perform
a vital function in the body. These cells fight against the germs present in the body.

Blood platelets – These are the cells that help in the formation of a blood clot and prevent the
blood from flowing out of the body due to an injury.
 Page 6

Figure 2 Components of blood

Blood Vessels
Our body contains tube-like structures called the blood vessels that help in the transportation of
blood throughout our body. Our body contains two types of blood vessels based on the function that
they perform:

Arteries Veins

These blood vessels carry blood from the heart that contains oxygen into different These
blood vessels carry blood that is rich in Carbon parts of the body. dioxide from the body organs to
the heart.

Arteries have thick walls as the blood pressure is quite high in these blood Veins do not have thick
walls as the blood pressure is quite vessels. low in them.

They are narrow so that the blood can They are slightly wider than the arteries.
flow quickly through them.

They do not contain valves as the blood in arteries always flows in the right They
contain valves that prevent blood from flowing in direction due to the pumping of the
opposite direction. heart.
Pulse
We know that the heart pumps the blood in the arteries. This continuous pumping of blood in
the arteries results in their rhythmic throbbing which is called Pulse.
 Page 7

Pulse rate

Pulse rate is defined as the number of pulse beats per minute. The normal pulse rate of human
beings is 70 to 80 beats per minute.

Figure 3 Checking the Pulse Rate

Pulmonary Artery
The pulmonary artery is a special blood vessel that connects the heart to the lungs. It takes blood
that contains less oxygen (deoxygenated blood) from the heart to the lungs. Hence, it is unlike all other
arteries that carry oxygen-rich blood.
Pulmonary Vein
The Pulmonary vein is a special blood vessel that connects the lungs and the heart. It carries
oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart. Hence, it is unlike all other veins that carry oxygenless
blood.
 Page 8

Capillaries
Small blood vessels are called capillaries. The arteries divide themselves into capillaries which
then deliver oxygenated blood to the tissues in the body. Then these capillaries take up the
deoxygenated blood from the tissues to the veins.

Figure 4 How Blood Circulates

The Heart
The heart is an organ present in our body that pumps the blood in the blood vessels.

It is located in the chest cavity.

Its lower part is a little tilted towards the left.

The heart is divided into four chambers with prevents the oxygen-rich blood from mixing with
carbon dioxide-rich blood.

The Atria or upper chambers contain the blood with no oxygen.

The Ventricles or the lower chamber of the heart contains oxygen-rich blood.

The Atria and Ventricles both are individually divided within themselves into two chambers with the
help up of valves.
 Page 9

From the left ventricle, the biggest artery of our body called aorta begins.
The right Atrium of the body receives deoxygenated blood from the body through a vein called Vena
cava. Vena cava is the largest vein of our body.

Figure 5 Heart

Flow of Blood in Human Body

Heartbeat
The muscles of the heart relax and contract continuously as it pumps the blood in the arteries. This
rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart is called a heartbeat.
 Page 10

The stethoscope is an instrument that is used to listen to the Heartbeat of a person. It amplifies the
Heartbeat so that the doctors can monitor it and find out about the patient's condition.

It contains two earpieces, a tube that connects them to a chest piece comprising of a sensitive
diaphragm.

Figure 6 Stethoscope Do

all animals possess a circulatory system?

No, animals like Hydra and Sponges do not possess a circulatory system.
These animals live in water and hence get food and oxygen from the water as it enters their
bodies.

As the water comes out of their bodies, it takes away the carbon dioxide and waste materials out of
it.

Excretion in Animals

The cells in animals release some waste products as they perform different functions.
These waste products are toxic and hence they must be removed from the bodies of the living
organisms.

The process of removal of waste products produced in the cells of the living organisms is called
Excretion.
 Page 11

The Excretory System in Human Beings

Figure 7 The Excretory System

The excretory system is a system of organs in living organisms that undergo excretion. The
excretory system consists of different organs:

1. Kidneys – there are two organs called Kidneys present in our body. These Kidneys contain blood
capillaries that filter out the unwanted substances from the blood in the form of urine.

2. Urinary bladder – The urine produced by the Kidneys is stored in a bladder called urinary bladder.

3. Ureters – There are two tube-like structures which connect the Kidneys and the urinary bladder
together. They allow passage of urine from the kidney to the bladder.

4. Urethra – There is a muscular tube through which the urine moves out of the body.

Different organisms excrete different wastes:

The major excretory product in humans is urea. The urine consists of toxic wastes (2.5%), urea (2.5%)
and water (95%).

The way in which waste chemicals are removed from the body of the animal depends on the
availability of water. Fishes and aquatic animals excrete ammonia in the water.

Birds, Snakes and lizards excrete semi-solid, white coloured uric acid.
Dialysis – Sometimes people use artificial Kidneys, that is, they get the blood purified artificially
periodically. It is called dialysis. They have to do so in a case of Kidney failure in which the Kidneys of a
person are unable to perform their function due to an infection or an injury.

How is sweat useful to us?

Sweat contains water and some salts and hence help in getting rid of toxic wastes from the body.

Also, as the sweat evaporates from our skin, it takes up our body heat and this makes us feel
cool, especially during the summer days.
 Page 12

Transportation in Plants Transportation of Water and Minerals

● The roots of the plants absorb the essential minerals and water from the soil.

● The roots have hair like structures present on them.

● These hairs increase the surface area of the roots and hence allow more amount of absorption
.

Figure 8 Absorption by Roots

From the roots, the water and minerals are transported to other parts of the plant through special
kind of tissues called vascular tissues. There are two vascular tissues present in the plants:

Xylem – It is a vascular tissue that is responsible for transporting nutrients and water in the plants.
The root cells absorb water and minerals and transport it to xylem. Xylem carries it to other parts
unidirectionally without usage of ener Phloem – It is a vascular tissue that transports the food
produced by the leaves (source) to all parts of the plant (sink) . This flow is bidirectional and utilizes
energy. This is known as translocations
 Page 13

Figure 9 Transportation by Xylem and Phloem

Transpiration
Sometimes not all the water that plants absorb is used by them.

Hence they need to get rid of the excess water in them.

This loss of water in plants takes place through the process of transpiration in which the water
evaporates in the atmosphere through the stomata present on the leaves.
 Page 14

Stomata are tiny pores present on the leaves that allow the movement of gases and water through
them.

Transpiration results in absorption of water: As the water from the leaves evaporates, it

generates a suction pull in the plants that bring the water from tLIVE COURSES he roots upwards.

Transpiration helps in cooling down the plants: As the water evaporates, it utilizes the heat of
the pant and results in cooling of the internal temperature of the plant.

Figure 10 Transpiration


View more

TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

 Page 15

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Veins allow blood to flow only

1) Towards the heart

2) Away from the heart

3) Towards lungs

4) Away from the lungs

2. The blood vessels which carry carbon dioxide-rich blood from all parts of the body back to the
heart are called

1) Arteries

2) Veins

3) RBC

4) Platelets

3. The Arteries have thick elastic walls because

1)Rapid blood flows at high pressure

2) Slow blood flows at low pressure

3) Rapid blood flows at low pressure

4) Slow blood flows at high pressure

4. The blood vessels which carry oxygen- rich blood from the heart to all parts of the
body are called

1)Arteries
 Page 16

2) RBC

3) Veins

4) WBC

5. The formation of clot when bleeding is stopped from a wound in a human body is due to

1) RBC

2) WBC

3)Platelets

4) Haemoglobin

6. The cells in the blood which fight against the germs entering the body are

1) RBC

2)WBC

3) Platelets

4) Haemoglobin

7. Red pigment in Red Blood Cells is

1)Haemoglobin

2) Plasma

3) Arteries

4) Veins
 Page 17

8. The fluid part of the blood is called

1)Plasma

2) RBC

3) WBC

4)Blood Platelets

9. Oxygen is carried in human body by which of these?

1) Urine

2) Water

3)Blood

4) Food

10. Largest artery is called

1) Sinus

2) Aorta

3) Pulmonary artery

4) Vena cava

LEVEL - 1 (II)

11. Which of the following human cell do not contain mitochondria?

1)Liver cell

2)Nerve cell
 Page 18

3)White blood cell

4)Red blood cell

12. Pulmonary vein carries 1) Oxygenated blood from heart to lung 2 2)Oxygenated blood from

lung to heart.

3)Deoxygenated blood from lung to heart

4)Deoxygenated blood from heart to lung

13. Arteries are thick walled because

1)It carries blood with low pressure

2)It carries oxygenated blood

3)It carries blood with high pressure

4)It carries deoxygenated blood

14. Largest vein present in human body is called

1) Tricuspid valve

2) Aorta

3) Septum

4)Vena cava

15. Valves are present in

 Page 19

1) Capillaries

2) Aorta

3) Veins

4) Arteries

16. Life span of RBC is

1) 90 days

2) 60 days

3) 30 days

4) 120 days

7. Blood is a

1)Muscular tissue

2)Cardiac tissue

3 Fluid connective tissue

4) Fluid tissue

18. Blood is oxygenated in /

1) Heart

2) Kidney

3) Liver
 Page 20

4)Lungs

19. The metal essential for haemoglobin formation is

1) Magnesium

2) Iron

3)) Sodium

4) Copper

20.Largest artery is called

1) Sinus

2)Pulmonary artery

3)Aorta

4)Vena cava

LEVEL - 2 (1)

1. The device used by the doctor to check up the heart beat

1) Ammeter

2) Thermometer

3) Barometer

4 Stethoscope

2. A resting person usually has a pulse rate between

 Page 21

1) 72 and 80 beats per minute

2) 82 and 90 beats per minute

3) 62 and 70 beats per minute

4) 52 and 60 beats per minute

3. The throbbing movements of the blood flow in the Arteries is called

1) Pulse

2) Crest

3) Peak

4) Nest

4. What is the function of the heart?

1)Carrying oxygen

2)Carrying blood

3)Oxygenation

4)Pumping blood

5. How many chambers are there in the human heart?

1) Two

2) One

3) Four
 Page 22

4) Three

6. The deoxygenated blood conies to 6. which part of the heart from other parts of the
body?

1) Left auricle

2)Right auricle

3) Left ventricle

4) Right ventricle

7. Blood is pumped to other parts of the body from which part of the heart?

1) Left ventricle

2)Right auricle

3) Left auricle

4) Right ventricle

8. Which instrument is used by doctors to hear the heartbeats ?

1)Stethoscope

2)Gyroscope

3)Thermometer

4)CT scan

9. Arteries that carries deoxygenated blood to

 Page 23

1)Pulmonary arteries. 2)Renal arteries. 3) Portal arteries. 4) Pelvis arteries

10. Upper two chambers of heart is called:

1) Septum

2)/Aurcle

3)Rectum

4)Ventricle

LEVEL - 2 (II)

11. The chamber of human heart, which has thickest wall

1) Right ventricle

2) Left ventricle

3) Right auricle

4) Left auricle

12. Which chamber of heart receives oxygenated blood from lungs ?

1) Left atrium

2) Right atrium
 Page 24

3) Right ventricle

4) Left ventricle

13. The relaxation of cardiac chambers called

1) Systole

2)Diastole

3) Pulse

4) Heartbeat

14. Main function of heart is

1)Detoxification of blood

2) Purification of blood

3) Oxygenation of blood

4) Pumping of blood

15. ECG is abbreviated form of

1) Electron cardiac graph

2) Eliminated cell ground 3) Electrical circuit group

4)Electrocardiography

16. In amphibian and reptile heart is

1)Single chambered

2)Three chambered
 Page 25

3)Four chambered

4)fivd chambered

17.S.A node is also called as

1) Bicuspid valve

2) Heartbeat

3) Tricuspid

4) Pacemaker

18. Passing of same blood twice through hear is called

1)Double circulation

2) Single circulation

3) Blood circulation

4) Transportation

19. Rhythmic contraction and relaxation of heart constitute

1) Blood exchange

2) Pulse

3) Heartbeat

4) Blood mixing
 Page 26

20. Which chamber of heart receives oxygenated blood

1)Right atrium

2)Left ventricle

3)Left atrium

4) Right ventricle

LEVEL-3(I)

1. In plants water is transported by

1)Xylem

2) Phloem

3) Stomata

4) Root hair

2. Find the excretory organ from the following

1)Kidney

2) Hand

3) Fingers

4) Head

3. The processes of removal of waste materials from the body is

called

1) Digestion
 Page 27

2) Excretion

3) Respiration

4) Inhalation

4.Which is the main excretory product human beings?

1)Ammonia

2)Urea

3) Carbon dioxide

4)Uric acid

5. What is the function of urinary bladder

1) Blood filtration

2) Urine formation

3) Urine expulsion

4)Urine collection

6. Which tissue is responsible for transportation of food in plants ?

1)Phloem

2) Parenchyma

3) Sclerenchyma

4) Xylem

7. The excess of water absorbed plants by their roots gets evaporated through the process of
 Page 28

1) Absorption

2) Excretion

3) Transpiration

4) Elimination

8. The urine from kidneys passes to urinary bladder through

1)Urethra

2)Urinary tubules

3) Ureter

4) Fallopian tube

9. In plants xylem and phloem comprise the

1) Protective tissue

2)Vascular tissue

3) Reproductive tissue

4)Food storing tissue

10. Functional unit of kidney is

1) Neuron

2)) Nephron

3) Glomerulus
 Page 29

4) Bowman's capsule

LEVEL - 3 (II)

11. Loss of water in form of water vapour from the aerial parts of plant through stomata is
called

1) Transpiration

2) Transporation

3) Exudation

4) Respiration

12. Most of aquatic animals and body fish excrete nitrogenous wastes in form of

1) Keratin

2) Uric acid

3)Ammonia

4) Urea

13. Birds,lizards and snakes excrete wastes in form of white semi-solid compound called

1)Uric acid

2) Lactic acid

3) Urea

4) Citric acid

14. Transport of water and minerals from roots to leaves through xylem vessels is called
 Page 30

1) Evaporation

2) Ascent of sap

3) Translocation

4) Exudation

15. The process that regulate the body's salt and water concentration is called

1) Osmoregulation

2) Sweating

3) Ingestion

4) Egestion

16. Removal of nitrogenous waste from the blood using machine is called

1) Filtration

2)Dialysis

3) Absorption

4)Transportation
Page 36
 Page 32

17. Osmoregulation is the process

1)Removal of nitrogenous waste

2) Filtration of blood

3) Maintaining correct levels of blood in heart

4) Maintaining correct amount of water in the body

18. Micturition is

1) Removal of uric acid

2) Removal of urea from blood

3) Passing of urine

4) Removal of faeces

19. Sweat contain

1)Salt and water

2) Lymph and water

3) Sugar and water

4) Salt and plasma

20. Birds and insects excrete

1) Citric acid

2)Uric acid
 Page 33
ASSERTION AND REASON
3) Urea

4) Ammonia

21. Why it is necessary to excrete?

1) Because nitrogenous wastes are colourless

2)Because nitrogenous wastes are useless

3)Because nitrogenous wastes are heavy

4)Because nitrogenous wastes are toxic

22. Excretory organ of insects are called

1) Nephridium

2) Skin

3) Kidney

4)Malpighian tubules

23. Amoeba excretes by the process of

1) Osmoregulation

2) Simple diffusion

3) Food vacuole 4) Binary fission

17. Osmoregulation is the process

24. Human beings sweats to 1)

 Page 34
Clean the skin

2) Remove nitrogenous wastes

3) Make us uncomfortable

4) Maintain body temperature

25. Movement of water molecules from high concentration to low concentration is called

1)Diffusion

2)Transpiration

3) Osmosis

4)Osmoregulation

26 Urinary system of human beings consiste of

1) A pair of kidney, a pair of Ureter and urinary bladder

2) A kidney, a pair of Ureter and a urinary bladder

3) A pair of kidney, a pair of Ureter and a urinary bladder

4) A pair of kidney, a Ureter and a urinary bladder

ASSERTION AND REASON Directions:

The question below consists of an assertion and a Reason. Use the

following key to choose the appropriate answer.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of Assertion

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of

Assertion
 Page 35
c).A is true but R is false.

d) A is false but R is true.

Q1. Assertion (A): Arteries have a thick elastic wall.

Reason (R): In arteries blood flow is rapid and at high pressure.

 Page 36
Q2. Assertion (A): Pulmonary artery carries impure blood to the lungs.

Reason (R): Pulmonary vein carries impure blood from lungs to the heart.

Q3. Assertion (A): Heart is a tissue which acts as a pump.

Reason (R): Heart is roughly the size of a human fist.

Q4. Assertion (A): Rhythmic beating of various chambers of the heart maintains
circulation of blood.

Reason (R): Pulse rate per minute indicates the rate of heartbeat.

Q5. Assertion (A): The doctor uses the urine test to help diagnose some
diseases in the body.

Reason (R): An examination of urine tells a lot about whether various

organs in the body are functioning normally or not.

(/)

Reproduction in Plants
All living organisms have a characteristic that they can produce their own kind. This production of the
offspring from the parents is called Reproduction.

Modes of Reproduction in Plants

Plants have two kinds of parts:

Vegetative Parts - These are the parts of the plant that plays a major role in the life cycle of a plant such
as preparation of food, transportation of food, water and nutrients etc. For Example, roots, stems and
leaves.

Reproductive Parts - These are the parts of a plant that play a major role in the reproduction process in
plants, For Example, flowers, fruits
 Page 37

Reproduction in plants can be categorized into two types:

Asexual Reproduction – The new plants are produced without using the seeds. In this process, generally,
the leaves, stems and roots participate in reproduction.

Sexual Reproduction – The new plants are produced with the help of the seeds of a plant. In this process,
the flowers of the plants participate in reproduction.

Shoot – A young plant is often termed as a shoot. Generally, a shoot is regarded as a part of the
plant which has stems, leaves and flowers.

Node – It is a part of the stem or branch of a plant from where the leaf arises.

Vegetative Buds – Sometimes buds are present in the leaves that are capable of developing into
shoots. These are called Vegetative Buds.

Figure 1: Roots and Shoot in a Plant

Different types of Asexual Reproduction:

1. Vegetative Propagation
As the name suggests this type of reproduction takes place with the help of the vegetative parts of
the plant. Only one parent can produce the identical offspring in vegetative propagation.

Natural means of Vegetative Propagation:

Vegetative Propagation by Roots

 Page 38

Figure 2: Vegetative propagation by roots in Sweet Potato

● Plants that have tuberous roots, that is, roots which are used as a storage organ in plants participate in
vegetative propagation.
● In order to grow new plants, these tuberous roots are sown in the soil.
● There are buds present on the fruits that grow above the ground and a new plant is formed. Example:
Sweet potato and dahlia

Vegetative Propagation by Stem

Stem Tubers: Just like tuberous roots, some plants have tuberous stems. These stem tubers store the
nutrients and bear nodes. These notes bear buds that form the new plants. Example: Potato

Figure 3: Vegetative propagation by stem in Potato

Runners: Some plants grow along the ground and contain modified stems called Runners. These runners
contain buds that can produce roots and stems. Example: Strawberries

)
 Page 39

Figure 4: Vegetative propagation by runners stems Vegetative

Propagation by Leaves

Some plants have leaves that contain buds that can develop into a new plant. Example:
Bryophyllum

Figure 5: Vegetative propagation by leaves of Bryophyllum

Artificial means of Vegetative Propagation

Cutting - It is a method in which a cutting from a plant is taken and planted. This cutting is a part of the
stem or the branch of the plant. Example: Roses
 Page 40

Figure 6: Cutting

Grafting - Sometimes two plants are joined together so that both of them can provide the desired
characteristics to the new plant. One plant remains rooted in the ground, which is called the Stock, and
provides the essential nutrients and water while the other plants’ stem is attached to it. In this way, a new
plant develops. Example: Apples

Figure 7 Grafting

Advantages of Vegetative Propagation

● The plants that are produced with vegetative propagation grow faster than those that are
produced with sexual reproduction.
● The plants that reproduce with vegetative reproduction have fruits and flowers ahead of
time.
The plants that are produced have exactly the same characteristics as that of their parents.

)
 Page 41

2. Budding
Yeast is an organism that contains a single cell. It is a fungi not a plant.

It can propagate every few hours if the proper amount of nutrients are available to it.

As the yeast finds favourable conditions, a small bulb-like projection produces from the yeast
called Bud.

● The bud grows gradually and then gets detached from the parent
yeast. This new cell then grows measures and produces more cells.

Sometimes a chain of buds is formed which leads to the production of a large number of yeasts
altogether.

Figure 8: Budding in Yeast

3. Fragmentation
Algae like Spirogyra generally reproduce by the process of fragmentation in which they divide themselves
into multiple parts.

As soon as the algae find enough water and nutrients, it fragments and grows into new individuals.

This process continues and algae multiply quickly in a short period of time.
 Page 42

Figure 9: Fragmentation in Algae

4. Spore Formation
● Some plants contain spores that float in the air and cause asexual reproduction.
● A spore has a hard protective cover which protects it from the unfavourable environmental conditions
like temperature and humidity.
● As a result, the spores can travel long distances and survive for a long duration of time.
● As soon as they find favourable conditions such as moisture and nutrients, they germinate and form new
plants.
●

For Example, Moss and ferns propagate in this way.

Figure 10: Spore Formation in Fungus

● Sexual Reproduction in Plants

● The flowers of a plant are its reproductive organs that participate in the sexual
reproduction process.
● The male reproductive parts of a plant are called Stamen.
)
 Page 43

The female reproductive parts of a plant are called Pistil.

● Some flowers contain both stamen and pistil and are called Bisexual Flowers. Eg. Lily,
rose, brinjal, hibiscus, petunia, mustard etc.
● Some flowers contain either the statement or the pistil and hence are called Unisexual
Flowers. Eg. papaya, watermelon, cucumber, coconut etc.
● The new plant produced contains the characteristics of both plants that participate in the
sexual reproduction.
● The stamen consists of Anther that has pollen grains. These pollen grains produce male
gametes.

Figure 11: Stamen

● The pistil consists of three parts:

● Stigma – It is a sticky surface where pollen grains get attached.
● Style – It is a tube-like structure which connects the stigma and the ovary. ● Ovary – It
contains eggs in which the female gametes or eggs are formed.

Figure 12: Pistil

 Page 44

How the male gametes reach the female gametes in plants?

● The male and female gametes fuse and form a zygote.
● The male gametes reach the female gametes by the process of pollination.
● The pollen grains have a tough covering which allows them in surviving the different
climatic conditions.
● Due to their lightweight, winds and water often carry them away to different plants.
Sometimes the pollen grains also get attached to insects which carry them to different flowers.
● This process of transfer of pollen grains from one stigma to another is called Pollination.

Figure 13: Pollination

● There are two types of pollination:

● Self-pollination/ Autogamy: When the pollen grains land on the stigma of the same
flower.
● Cross-pollination/ Xenogamy: When the pollen grains land on the stigma of a different
flower, whether of similar kind or different kind.

)
 Page 45

Figure 14: Self-pollination and Cross-pollination

The Fertilization Process

● A zygote is formed as the fusion between the male and female gametes occurs.
● This process of formation of the zygote is called Fertilization. ● Then the zygote develops and
turns in an embryo.

Figure 15: Fertilization How

 Page 46

fruits and seeds are formed?

After the fertilization process, the ovary of the flowers grows and develops into a fruit.

The remaining parts of the flower fall off.

The ovules develop and form the seeds of the fruits.

The embryo is enclosed inside the seeds.

Some fruits are fleshy and juicy such as mango, apple and orange. Some fruits are hard like almonds
and walnuts

Figure 16: Formation of Fruits and Seeds What is

seed dispersal?
● The transportation of seeds from the parent plant to different places is called seed dispersal.
● Seed dispersal allows growth of the same kind of plants in different regions.
● This is helpful because it minimizes the competition for food, sunlight, water and minerals among
the plants of the same kind in the same area.
● It also allows them to grow in different habitats.

How the dispersion of seeds occurs?

Types of Seeds that propagate

)
 Page 47

Drumstick, Maple (Winged

Seeds)
Grasses (Light weight Seeds)
Aak (Hairy Seeds)
Sunflower (Hairy Fruits)
Winds

Coconut (Seeds with spongy and

Water
fibrous coating so to float in water)

Figure 19: Coconut

Seed

Spiny seeds like Xanthium and

Animals Urena get attached to bodies of
animals
 Page 48

Fruit Bursts Castor, Balsam

Figure 21: Seed

Dispersal in Balsam
Plant
!
REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

LEVEL - 1 (1)

1. Which of these plant parts does not take place in vegetative propagation?

1) Leaf

2)Flower

3) Root

4) Stem

2. Which part of Bryophyllum produces new plants by vegetative propagation?

1) Flower

2) Leaf

3) Root

4) Stem

3. Which part of potato is capable of vegetative propagation?

1) Root

)
 Page 49

2)Leaf

3) Flower

4)Stem

4. Yeast normally reproduces by which method?

1) Spore formation
2)Budding
 Page 50

3) Binary fission
4) Multiple Fission

5. Reproduction by fragmentation can be seen in which of these?

1) Mosses

2) Spirogyra

3) Rose

4) Ferns

6. Spores are

1) Vegetatively reproducing bodies

2) Sexually reproducing bodies

3) Asexually reproducing bodies

4) Vegetative bodies

7. Bread mold reproduce by

1) Binary fission

2) Spore formation

3) Fragmentation

4) Regeneration
7. Bread mold reproduce by

1) Binary fission

2) Fragmentation

)
 Page 51

3) Spore formation

4) Regeneration

8. Budding is common mode of asexual reproduction in

1)Algae and yeast

2)Fungi and algae

3)Hydra and Mucor

4)Yeast and hydra

9. Fragmentation is mode of asexual repго- duction in

1) Angiosperms

2) Gymnosperms 3) Fungi 4) Algae

10. Banana plant develops from

1) Rhizome

2) Seed

3) Sucker

4) 4) Stolon

LEVEL - 1 (II)

11. A clone is a group of individuals obtained through

1)Self-pollination
 Page 52

2)Vegetative propagation

3)Hybridization

4)Cross-pollination

12. Plants identical to mother plant can be obtained through -

1) Stem cutting

2) Leaf-cutting

3) Seed

4)Both 1 & 3

13. Population of genetically similar plants obtained from same individual by vegetative
method

1) Propagule

2)Clone

3) Bud

4) Callus

14. Which root will form a new plant?

1) Azadirachta

2) Dahila

3) Ipomea
 Page 53

4)Both 1 & 3

15. The sub-aerial modification of stem for vegetative reproduction is

1) Tuber

2) Rhizome

3) Bulb

4) Runner

16. Axillary buds are used to raise crop of

1) Wheat

2) Rice

3) Groundnut

4) Sugarcane

17. An alga grows and breaks into two pieces, this mode of reproduction is called

1) Budding

2) Grafting

3) Regeneration

4)/ Fragmentation

18. In fern, spore-forming bodies is called

1) Sporangia

2) Ovule
 Page 54

3) Sori

4) Antheridia

19. Asexual reproduction differs from sexual reproduction as

1) It does not involve genetic recombination

2) It does not involve meiosis and gametic unio

3) It produces clone

4)All of these

20. The scars on potato tuber is called

1) Axil

2) Seed

3) Eyes 4) Buds

LEVEL-2(II)

1. Which plant part is responsible for sexual reproduction?

1) Leaves

2) Flowers

3) Roots

4) Stems

2. Which is the male reproductive part in a flower?

 Page 55

1) Pistil

2) Stamen
 Page 56

3)

4)
Sepal

Petal

3. Which is the female reproductive part in a flower?

1) Petal

2) Stamen

3) Pistil

4) Sepal

4. Which of these is a unisexual flower?

1) Rose

2) Petunia

3) Mustard

4) Maize

5. Which of these is a bisexual flower?

1) Papaya

2) Mustard

3) Maize
 Page 57

3)

4)
4) Cucumber

6. Which term is used for transfer of pollen grains to stigma?

1) Reproduction 2)

Pollination

Fertilization

Germination

7. Which of these is formed just after fertilization?

1) Ova

2) Seed

3) Zygote

4) Embryo

8. Insect pollinated flowers are characterized by

1) Large number of pollens

2) Dry and smooth pollens

3) Sticky and rough pollens

4) Heavy pollens
 Page 58

3)

4)
9. Anemophilous flowers have 1)

Sessile stigma

2) Small smooth stigma

3) Coloured flower

4) Large feathery stigma

10. Which of the following involves comparatively greater wastage of pollen?

1) Chiropterophily 2)

Anemophily

Entomophily

Ornithophily

LEVEL - 2 (II)

11. Palynology deals with study of

1) DNA

2) Chromosomes

3) Pollen grains

4) Flowers

12. Fragrant flowers with well developed nectarines are an adaptation for
 Page 59

3)

4)
1) Water pollination

2) Insect pollination

3) Bat pollination

4) Wind pollination ?

13. Fruit is a mature ovary, whereas seed is fertilized

1) Petals

2) Carpel

3) Anther

4) Ovule

14. Stigma are large and sticky in case of

1) Insect pollinated plant

 Page 60

2) Bat-pollinated plant

3) Wind-pollinated flower

4) Water pollinated flower

15. Mustard and rose have

1)Bisexual flower

2) Mustard is bisexual but rose in unisexual

3) Mustard is unisexual but rose is

4) Unisexual flower
 Page 61

16. Pistil, the female reproductive part of flower includes

1) Stigma, filament and ovary

2) Stigma, style and ovary

3) Anther, style and ovary

4) Style, filament and ovary

17. In sexual reproduction, male gametes fuse with female gametes to

form

1) Female gametophyte

2) Fruit

3) Zygote

4) Male gametophyte

18. After fertilization, zygote develops into an

1) Embryo

2) Petal

3) Fruit

4) Carpel

19. Cross pollination help in creating variation as

1) Pollen are lighter

2)Pollen are carried by wind

3)Pollen get changed during transfer

 Page 62

4)Two different genome fuse together

20. Fruit is a mature ovary, whereas seed is fertilized

1) Carpel

2) Anther

3) Ovule

4) Petals

LEVEL-3(I)

1. Which of these seeds is NOT dispersed by wind?

1) Xanthium

2) Drumstick

3) Maple

4)Sunflower

2. Coconut seeds are dispersed by which agent?

1) Human

2) Water

3) Wind

4) Animal

3. Seeds of which plant is dispersed bursting of mature fruit?

1)Drumstick

2)Mango
 Page 63

3)Okra

4)Maize

4. The mechanisms by which seed are spread over large area is called 1) Fertilization

2) Deliquescent

3) Pollination

4) Dispersal of seeds

5. 'Comose' seeds are seeds with

1) Wings

2) Long hairs

3) Bristles

4) Hooks

6. Seeds with a single wing is found in

1) Moringa

2) Cinchona

3) Tecoma

4) oxylum

7. Saltwater dispersal of fruits is found in

1) Terminalia

2)Cocas

3)Barringtonia
 Page 64

4)Nelumbo

8. An artificial method of dispersal seed is

1) Explosion

2) Parachute

3) Censer mechanism

4)Introduction

9. Ficus seeds get dispersed by

1) Wind

2) Water

3) Animals

4) Explosion

10. In nature, same type of plants grows at different places. This happen
because

1) Seeds are carried by human beings

2) Large number of seeds are produced

3) Seeds are transported by insects

4) Seeds are dispersed to different places

11. Some plants have seeds with hooks for

1)Pollination

2) Fertilization

3)Dispersion
 Page 65

4)Reproduction

12. Fruits eaten by animals are

1) Tasteless and dry

2) Juicy and bright colored

3) Juicy but dull colored

4) Tasteless and dull colored

13. Flow of seeds far away from their parent plants is known as

1) Dispersion

2) Pollination

3) Fertilization

4) Reproduction

14. In most species of plants, this food store is present in

1) Radicle

2) Plumule

3) Cotyledon

4) Zygote

15. Task of fruit for seeds is to

1) Keep them fresh

2)Protect them only

3)Disperse them only

 Page 66

4)Protect and disperse them

16. Process of growth of seed into a plant is known as

1) Pollination

2) Reproduction

3) Fertilization

4)Germination

17. To make seeds, a flower must

1) Reproduce

2) Be wilted

3) Be pollinated

4) Grow

18. When animals eat fruits, seeds are not digested due to

1)Hard coat on them

2) Indigestion

3) Fleshy cover of fruit

4) Lack of digestive juices

19. Some flowers are constructed so that when insect lands on them, the

1) Ovules stick at the wings of the insect

2) Pollens stick to the wings of the insect

3) Pollens fly by the wind formed by the movement of wings of insect

 Page 67

4)Ovaries burst to spread the ovules

20. Pollens of plants are mainly carried by two means and those are

1) Insects and birds

2) Wind and birds

3) Insects and wind

4) Animals and insects

 Page 68

Reproduction in Plants( Assertion and Reason)

Reproduction in Plants.

Directions:

The question below consists of an assertion and a Reason. Use the following key to
choose the appropriate answer.

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

(c) A is true but R is false. (d) A is false but R is true.

Q1. Assertion (A) : Vegetative propagation is a method of asexual reproduction in plants.

Reason (R) : In asexual reproduction new plants are obtained without use of seed or
spore.

Q2. Assertion (A) : A flower may either have a male or a female part.

Reason (R) : A flower having both male and female parts is called a bisexual flower.

Q3. Assertion (A) : Yeast grows and multiplies every few hours if sufficient nutrients are
available.

Reason (R) : When water and nutrients are available algae grow and multiply rapidly
through budding.

Q4. Assertion (A) : Parts of pistil are anther and filament.

Reason (R) : Bisexual flowers are those which contain both stamen and pistil.

1/14

Q5. Assertion (A) : Seeds germinate and form new plants.

 Page 69

Reason (R) : A spore germinates and develops into a new individual.

What is Assertion Reason Questions?

Assertion Reason questions are a specific type of question format commonly used in
academic assessments, particularly in science and logical reasoning subjects. These
questions consist of two statements: an Assertion and a Reason. The task of the test-taker
is to evaluate the relationship between the two statements and determine their combined
accuracy.

Here’s a breakdown of the structure of an Assertion Reason question:

1. Assertion: The Assertion is a statement presented as a fact or claim. It may be true

or false, and it is typically written in a straightforward manner.
2. Reason: The Reason is a statement that provides an explanation or justification for
the Assertion. It can support or challenge the Assertion, depending on the accuracy
of the Reasoning provided.
3. Options: Multiple options are typically provided alongside the Assertion Reason pair.
The test-taker must choose the correct option that reflects the logical relationship
between the Assertion and the Reason.

The possible options typically include:

a) If both the Assertion and the Reason are true, and the Reason is a correct explanation
ofthe Assertion.

b) If both the Assertion and the Reason are true, but the Reason is not a correct
explanationof the Assertion.

c) If the Assertion is true, but the Reason is false.

d) If the Assertion is false, but the Reason is true.

e) If both the Assertion and the Reason are false.

To answer Assertion Reason questions correctly, the test-taker needs to analyze the
accuracy and logical connection between the two statements. It requires critical thinking,
reasoning abilities, and a thorough understanding of the subject matter.

It is important to note that Assertion Reason questions can be challenging, as the

test-taker needs to evaluate both statements independently and then determine the
 Page 70

2/14

relationship between them. Careful reading, logical reasoning, and knowledge of the
subject are essential for accurately answering such questions.

ECOLOGY What is a forest?

A forest is an area or a part of the land that is covered with trees and a wide
variety of plants.

Not only this, forests form a complete ecosystem that includes various living
organisms such as trees, shrubs, plants, microorganisms, wild animals and birds.

They also include non-living or abiotic factors such as sunlight, air, nutrients, water
and rocks.

There are different kinds of forests present on the earth depending upon the
geographical and climatic conditions of a particular region.

Forests serve various purposes for human beings as well as nature hence they are an
important resource.

Figure 1: Different Forests in India

Forests are home of numerous of plant species

 Page 71

3/14

There are different kinds of trees found in the forest such as Neem, bamboo,
Sheesham, fig, sal, amla and teak.

Along with trees, there are different herbs, shrubs, climbers, creepers, grasses and
plants found in the forest.

These plants serve various purposes for the environment as well as human
beings.The forests grow by themselves.

There is no need to plant trees in the forest as the forests provide favourable
environmental conditions to plants so that they can germinate and grow on their own.

Figure 2: Different Trees found in Forests

What is a crown?

The upper part or top of a tree is called its Crown.

4/14
 Page 72

Figure 3: Different Crowns of Trees

What is canopy?

In the forest different trees grow tall together and their branches appear as the roof
of the forest as no sky is visible through these trees. This is called Canopy.

Figure 4: Canopy

5/14
 Page 73

Stratification in Forests

Stratification is defined as dividing a natural habitat into several layers depending

upon the heights of plants or vegetation of that area. This allows minimization of
competition among the animals and allows them to survive easily. The number of layers a
forest has depends upon the climate, temperature, availability of light, type of soils and
rainfall. Generally, the trees of a forest are divided into following sections:

The Forest Floor: It comprises of the shed leaves, stems, bark and the top layer of
soil.

The Herb Layer: It consists of plants without woody stem those grow above the
ground such as grasses. They are usually less in number in the forests.

The Shrub Layer: It consists of plants small to medium sizes. This layer requires the
most sunlight.

The Understory: It consists of plants that grow above the forest floor but lower than
the canopy. They require less amount of light in order to grow.

The Canopy: It consists of the tree crowns. It is always exposed to sunlight.

The Emergent Layer: It consists of the topmost layer of trees. It is generally found in
tropical forests.

6/14
 Page 74

Figure 5: Stratification in Forest

Forests are a habitat of many kinds of animals

Forests provide favourable environmental conditions, food and shelter to a
variety of wild animals, insects and microorganisms.

The trees of the forest act as their shelter while a variety of plants and animals are
their food.

Forests are a home to a variety of insects and microorganisms because the soil of the
forest is highly fertile and therefore it provides favourable living conditions such as
water and nutrients to these organisms.

Forests also support different food chains because of a complex biodiversity in the
forests. Different organisms present on the earth are dependent on each other. For
instance, herbivores feed on the plants and carnivores depend upon the herbivores.
This chain of organisms being dependent on each other for their food is called a Food
Chain.

7/14
 Page 75

Figure 5: Food Chain in

Forest What is humus?

It is a dark coloured substance found in the soil. Humus is made from dead and
decaying organisms. The microorganisms live upon the decaying matter and convert it to
humus.

Who are decomposers?

Animals that feed on dead and decaying plants and animals and convert them into
humus are called decomposers.

How nutrients are recycled in the forest?

The nutrients present in the soil are used by plants, insects and microorganisms.

When they die, their remains are turned into organic matter by the decomposers.

This keeps the soil fertile in the forests and recycles the nutrients.

8/14
 Page 76

Figure 6: Recycling of Nutrients in Forests

Why forests are called green lungs?

provide carbon dioxide to the plants.

In this way, a balance of Oxygen and Carbon dioxide is maintained in the atmosphere
in forests. This is a reason why forests are called Green Lungs.

9/14

Figure 7: Forests maintain the amounts of Carbon dioxide and Oxygen in the
atmosphere
 Page 77

Do people live in the forest?

Yes, people from different tribes live in forests. These people are dependent upon
the forest for food, water, shelter and medicines.

Why forests are called dynamic living entity?

All the organisms whether they are plants or animals depend on each other and
help each other to survive in the forest.

The herbivores are dependent on the plants for their food.

The carnivores are dependent on the herbivores.

The decaying matter of dead animals, plants and their excreta enables the growth
of more plants by providing them with adequate nutrients to grow.

The decomposers decay the dead matter in the forest and support the growth of
plants. Hence forests are called Dynamic Living Entity.

How forests prevent floods and soil erosion?

Forests act as a natural absorber and allow the rainwater to seep into the earth.
As a result, the water table of the area near the forest is high.

The Forests control the flow of water and prevent floods.

This is because the plants and trees prevent the rainwater from directly flowing
away.

In this way, forests allow a regulated supply of water to the nearby streams.

Also, the roots of the plants bind the soil and prevent heavy rainfall always from
flowing it away. Hence, they also prevent soil erosion.

10/14
 Page 78

Figure 8: Forests Prevent Floods

11/14

Figure 9: How Forests Prevent Soil

Erosion How forests prevent pollution?

 Page 79

Firstly, forests are a rich source of oxygen. Hence, the air in and around the forest is
always fresh and clean.

Forests prevent strong winds or dust storm from flowing in the area.
The areas surrounding the forests generally have a cool climate and receive a
good amount of rainfall.

The forests also absorb loud sounds of the vehicles on the highways nearby and
hence prevent noise pollution in the areas around the forest.

Figure 10: How Forests Prevent Pollution

How forests preserve the water cycle?

12/14
 Page 80

the area.

This rainwater gets into the ground and increases the underground water levels.

Hence forests preserve the water cycle.

 Page 81

13/14

Figure 11: Forests Preserve the Water

Cycle

Significance of forests

1. Forests are a natural habitat of a wide variety of animals and plants.

2. They help in regulating the amount of Oxygen and Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
 Page 82

3. They prevent global warming by keeping the air clean as they take in all the
carbondioxide.

4. They regulate the water cycle on the earth.

5. They prevent air, water, land and noise pollutions in some or the other way.

6. They are a rich source of different products that are used by human beings: Fruits and

Vegetables

Wood

Raw materials for different industries like paper, wood etc

Medical products

Latex, Gum and Resins

Honey and Wax

Spices

Oils

Bones and fur

14/14
 Page 83

Figure 12: Forest Products What

is afforestation?
The process of planting trees in unproductive areas and thereby increasing the forest
land on earth is called Deforestation. Afforestation helps in increasing the forest land and
thus helps in improving the environment of the Earth. It also leads to several benefits that
the forests provide us.

What is deforestation?

Demolishing the forest on a large scale is called Deforestation. Human beings

undergo this process in order to find more space for extending their habitats. However, this
leads to several ill effects such as:

Many animals and plants lose their natural habitat. Being unable to find a suitable
environment to live, they may die or become extinct eventually. Hence deforestation
results in loss of biodiversity.

It will lead to changes in the climate.

Without any trees, the water cycle gets disturbed and the soil dries out.
 Page 84

15/14

It will lead to increased air pollution as trees are the ones that can absorb
greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and increase the oxygen content in the
atmosphere.

It can lead to increased floods as the trees will no longer be there to regulate a steady
flow of water.
 Page 85

16/14

ECOLOGY
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
LEVEL1 (1)

1. Study of relationship of organisms to their environment is

1)Ecology

2) Geology

3) Paleontology

4) None of these

2. The actual location or place where an organism lives is

1) Environment

2) Biosphere

3) Biomass

4)Habitat

3. Abiotic components include

1) Atmosphere

2) Hydrosphere

3) Lithosphere

4) All of these

4. Major regional ecological community of plants and animals forms

1)Biosphere
 Page 86

2) Biomass

3) Biomes

4) Bio ecosystem

5. Functional and dynamic unit of nature where living and non-living components interact with
each other is:

1) Ecosystem

2) Biome

3) Community

4) Tropic structure

6. Term ecosystem was introduced by:

1) Haeckel

2)Charles Elton

3) Tansley

4)Lindemann

7. Marine biomes are affected very less by:

1) Type of sea floor

2) Temperature

3) Geographical location

4) Salinity

8. Which of these is an example of abiotic component?

1)Soil
 Page 87

2) Fungi

3) Green plants

4) Animals

9. —---- is the sum of all the ecosystems established on Earth.

1) Biome

2) Ecosystem

3) Biosphere

4) Lithosphere

10. Which of the following is an small scale ecosystem?

1) Pond

2) Puddle

3) Tree trunk

4) All of these LEVEL - 1 (II)

11. All populations within an ecosystem interconnected to one another are known as

1) Species

2) Family

3) Community

4) Biomes

12. The role a species plays in a community including behavior and influence is

1)Nichon
 Page 88

1) Niche

2) Autecology

3) Profession

13. Study of a single population's relationship to its environment is called

1) Ecology

2) Synecology

3) Autecology

4) Niche

14. What is TRUE for ecosystem?

1) Primary consumers are least dependent on producers

2) Primary consumers outnumber producers

3) Producers are more than primary consumers

4) Secondary consumers are the largest and are more powerful

15. An ecosystem must have continuous external source of:

1) Minerals

2) Energy

3) Food

4) All of these

16. Biological equilibrium can be maintained between:

1) Producer and Consumer

 Page 89

2) Consumer and Decomposer

3) Producer and Decomposer

4)Producer, Consumer and Decomposers

17. Which of the following ecosystem has the highest gross primary productivity? 1) Grassland

2) Coral reef

3) Mangroves

4) Rain forest

18. The lentic ecosystem includes which of the following water?

1) Rain

2) Running

3) Standing

4) Gravitational

19. Estuarine water is an example of

1) Marine ecosystem

2) Fresh water ecosystem

3) Grassland ecosystem

4) Both 1 & 2

20. Pond is an example of which of the following ecosystem?

1) Artificial

2)Natural
 Page 90

3) Grassland

4)Forest

LEVEL-2 (1)

1. Stability will be provided to the ecosystem by:

1) Decomposition

2) Food chains

3) Food webs

4) Ecological pyramids

2. For greater efficiency a food chain must be:

1) Without micro consumers

2) Longer

3) Shorter

4) Without transducers

3. Identify the possible link "A" in the following food chain: Plant —> insect → frog "A" Eagle

1) Cobra

2) Parrot
 Page 91

3)

4)
Rabbit

Wolf

4. Which of these can be a primary consumer in a food chain?

1) Deer

2) Grass

3) Tiger

4) Leopard

5. Population of which of these will be the maximum in an ecosystem?

1) Secondary consumer

2) Tertiary consumer

3) Producer

4) Primary consumer

6. The population of which of these will be the minimum in an ecosystem?

1) Primary consumer

2) Secondary consumer

3) Tertiary consumer
 Page 92

3)

4)
4) Producer

7. Who would compete with the birds for space to live?

1) Mice

2) Foxes

Hawks

Squirrels

8. Bacteria in ecosystem are mainly

1) Decomposers & Transformers

2) Producers

3) Consumers

4) Parasites

9. A food chain consists of 1)

Producers only

2) Producers and Consumers

3) Consumers only

4) Decomposers
 Page 93

3)

4)
9. A food chain consists of 1)

Producers only

2) Producers and Consumers

3) Consumers only

4) Decomposers

10. In a forest ecosystem green plants are

1) Primary producers

2) Primary consumers Consumers

Decomposers

LEVEL - 2 (II)

11. Which statement is TRUE?

1) Producers are heterotrophic organisms

2) Consumers are autotrophic organisms

3) Fungi and bacteria are decomposers 4) 4) Consumers release chemical

elements as ions
 Page 94

3)

4)
12. Which of the following is not true for food web?

1) Formed from food chain

2) Complex than food chain

3) Stable than food chain

4) Starts with primary consumers

13. Identify the possible link "A" in the following food chain: Plant frog "A" Eagle insect →frog
“A”--->Eagle

1) Cobra

2) Parrot

3) Rabbit

4) Wolf
 Page 95

14. In an ecosystem which of the following shows one way passage?

1) Nitrogen

2) Potassium

3) Carbon

4) Free energy

15. Trophic levels are formed by:

1) Only Plants

2) Only Animals

3) Only Carnivores

4) Organisms linked in food chain

16. A consumer is

1) An organism that produces its own food

2) An organism that does not need food to survive

3) An abiotic organism

4) An organism that cannot produce its own food

17. What are the three factors a niche includes?

1) Food, competition, energy pyramid

 Page 96

2) Habitat, ecology, food

3) Habitat, food chain, oxygen cycle

4) Food, Nonliving conditions, behavior

18. A food web is more realistic than a food chain for showing the feeding relationships in
ecosystems because

1) It compares the number of consumers to the number of micro-organisms in an ecosystem

2) Food chains use only a small sampling of organisms.

3) A food web explains why there are more producers than consumers.

4) Producers are usually eaten by many different consumers and most consumers are eaten
by more than one predator

19. Consider this food chain: Algae - Water fleas - Minnows - Trout → Bear The
minnows in this food chain are

1) Top carnivores

2) Tertiary carnivores

3) Secondary carnivores

4) Primary carnivores (Missed)

20. Which of the following is Man-made ecosystem is

1) Less in diversity

2) More in diversity
 Page 97

3)

4)
3) Man does not make ecosystem

4) More stable than natural ecosystem

LEVEL-3 (1)

1. Which of the following step of nitrogen cycle is not useful for plants

1) Ammonification 2)

Nitrification

Denitrification

Both 1 & 3

2. Flow of energy in our ecosystem takes place

1) Only in one direction

2) May occur in multiple directions

3) Possible in two directions

4) In three dimensions

3. The ten percent law for energy transfer through trophic levels was proposed by:

1) Tansley

2) RamdeoMisra
 Page 98

3) Charles Elton

4) Lindemann

4. The first level in the food chain is occupied by

1) Primary consumers

2) Producers

3) Secondary consumers

4) Tertiary consumers

5. The second level in the food chain is occupied by

1) Primary consumers

2) Producers
 Page 99

3)

4)

Secondary consumers

Tertiary consumers

6. The third level in the food chain is occupied by

1) Primary consumers

2) Producers

3) Secondary consumers

4) Tertiary consumers

7. There are only 4 or 5 trophic levels in food chain of an ecosystem due to:

1) Limited number of members in biotic community

2) Carrying capacity

3) Environmental resistance

4) Loss of energy at successive levels

8. Trophic levels in ecosystem is formed by

1) Only herbivores

2) Only plants

3) Only bacteria
 Page 100

4) Organisms linked in food chain

9. Which diagram shows how energy flows through a food chain?

1) Producers → carnivores herbivore

2) Sun → producers → herbivores → carnivores

Sun → herbivores → carnivores → producers

Carnivores producers → herbivores

10. What cycle shows how gas is transfered between animals and plants?

1) Carbon

2) Water

3) Nitrogen

4) Life

LEVEL-3 (II)

11.Sequence of changes in community and its non-living environment over a period of time is

1) Niche

2) Succession

3) Alterations

4) Neo-ecology
 Page 101

3)

4)
12. A dual organism composed of symbiotic association of an alga living within a fungus
mycelium is

1) Mycorrhiza

2) Rhizobium

3) Lichen

4) Legume

13. Symbiosis relationship in which only one organism is benefited is

1) Symbiosis

2) Commensalism

3) Mutualism

4) Unism

14. Nitrogen constitutes about % of atmosphere

1) 58%

2) 25%

3) 10%

4)78%
 Page 102

15. Oxidation of ammonia or ammonium ions by bacteria in soil is called

1) Nitrification

2 Ammonification

3) Assimilation

4) Denitrification

16.Plant biomass is

1) Gross primary production

2) Net primary production

3) Gross primary production minus respiratory loss

4) Both 2 & 3
 Page 103

17. Which of the following step of nitrogen cycle is not useful for plants

1) Ammonification

2) Nitrification

3) Denitrification

4) Both 1 & 3

18. Upper part of the sea or aquatic ecosystem contains

1) Plankton

2) Nekton

3) Benthos

4) Plankton & Neckton

19. The movement of inorganic components from the environment into organisms from
organisms back to environment is known as

1) Food web

2) Food chain

3) Epharmony

4) Bio-geo-chemical cycles

20. In an ecosystem, bacteria are considered as

1) Micro-consumers

2) Macro-consumers
 Page 104

3) Primary consumers

4) Secondary consumers

ECOLOGY
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
LEVEL1 (1)

1. Study of relationship of organisms to their environment is

1)Ecology

2) Geology

3) Paleontology

4) None of these

2. The actual location or place where an organism lives is

1) Environment

2) Biosphere

3) Biomass

4)Habitat

3. Abiotic components include

1) Atmosphere

2) Hydrosphere

3) Lithosphere
 Page 105

4) All of these

4. Major regional ecological community of plants and animals forms 1)Biosphere

2) Biomass

3) Biomes

4) Bio ecosystem

5. Functional and dynamic unit of nature where living and non-living components interact with
each other is:

1) Ecosystem

2) Biome

3) Community

4) Tropic structure

6. Term ecosystem was introduced by:

1) Haeckel

3) Charles Elton

2 )Tansley

4) Lindemann

7. Marine biomes are affected very less by:

1) Type of sea floor

2) Temperature
 Page 106

3) Geographical location

4) Salinity

8. Which of these is an example of abiotic component?

1)Soil

2) Fungi

3) Green plants

4) Animals

9. —---- is the sum of all the ecosystems established on Earth.

1) Biome

2) Ecosystem

3) Biosphere

4) Lithosphere

10. Which of the following is an small scale ecosystem?

1) Pond

2) Puddle

3) Tree trunk

4) All of these LEVEL - 1 (II)

11. All populations within an ecosystem interconnected to one another are known as
 Page 107

1) Species

2) Family

3) Community

4) Biomes

12. The role a species plays in a community including behavior and influence is

1)Nichon

1) Niche

2) Autecology

3) Profession

13. Study of a single population's relationship to its environment is called

1) Ecology

2) Synecology

3) Autecology

4) Niche

14. What is TRUE for ecosystem?

1) Primary consumers are least dependent on producers

2) Primary consumers outnumber producers

3) Producers are more than primary consumers

 Page 108

4) Secondary consumers are the largest and are more powerful

15. An ecosystem must have continuous external source of:

1) Minerals

2) Energy

3) Food

4) All of these

16. Biological equilibrium can be maintained between:

1) Producer and Consumer

2) Consumer and Decomposer

3) Producer and Decomposer

4)Producer, Consumer and Decomposers

17. Which of the following ecosystem has the highest gross primary productivity?

1) Grassland

2) Coral reef

3) Mangroves

4) Rain forest

18. The lentic ecosystem includes which of the following water?

1) Rain
 Page 109

2) Running

3) Standing

4) Gravitational

19. Estuarine water is an example of

1) Marine ecosystem

2) Fresh water ecosystem

3) Grassland ecosystem

4) Both 1 & 2

20. Pond is an example of which of the following ecosystem?

1) Artificial

2)Natural

3) Grassland

4) Forest

LEVEL-2 (1)

1. Stability will be provided to the ecosystem by:

1) Decomposition

2) Food chains

3) Food webs
 Page 110

4) Ecological pyramids

2. For greater efficiency a food chain must be:

1) Without micro consumers

2) Longer

3) Shorter

4) Without transducers

3. Identify the possible link "A" in the following food chain: Plant —> insect → frog "A" Eagle

1) Cobra

2) Parrot
 111

3)

4)
Page

Rabbit

Wolf

4. Which of these can be a primary consumer in a food chain?

1) Deer

2) Grass

3) Tiger

4) Leopard

5. Population of which of these will be the maximum in an ecosystem?

1) Secondary consumer

2) Tertiary consumer

3) Producer

4) Primary consumer

6. The population of which of these will be the minimum in an ecosystem?

 Page 112

3)

4)

1) Primary consumer

2) Secondary consumer

3) Tertiary consumer

4) Producer

7. Who would compete with the birds for space to live?

1) Mice

2) Foxes

Hawks

Squirrels

8. Bacteria in ecosystem are mainly

1) Decomposers & Transformers

2) Producers

3) Consumers

4) Parasites

9. A food chain consists of 1)

Producers only
 Page 113

3)

4)

2) Producers and Consumers

3) Consumers only

4) Decomposers

9. A food chain consists of 1)

Producers only

2) Producers and Consumers

3) Consumers only

4) Decomposers

10. In a forest ecosystem green plants are

1) Primary producers

2) Primary consumers Consumers

Decomposers

LEVEL - 2 (II)

11. Which statement is TRUE?

1) Producers are heterotrophic organisms

2) Consumers are autotrophic organisms

 Page 114

3)

4)

3) Fungi and bacteria are decomposers 4) Consumers release chemical elements as

ions

12. Which of the following is not true for food web?

1) Formed from food chain

2) Complex than food chain

3) Stable than food chain

4) Starts with primary consumers

13. Identify the possible link "A" in the following food chain: Plant frog "A" Eagle insect →frog
“A”--->Eagle

1) Cobra

2) Parrot

3) Rabbit

4) Wolf

14. In an ecosystem which of the following shows one way passage?

1) Nitrogen

2) Potassium
 Page 115

3)
Carbon

4) Free energy

15. Trophic levels are formed by:

1) Only Plants

2) Only Animals

3) Only Carnivores

4) Organisms linked in food chain

16. A consumer is

1) An organism that produces its own food

2) An organism that does not need food to survive

3) An abiotic organism

4) An organism that cannot produce its own food

17. What are the three factors a niche includes?

1) Food, competition, energy pyramid

2) Habitat, ecology, food

3) Habitat, food chain, oxygen cycle

4) Food, Nonliving conditions, behavior

 Page 116

18. A food web is more realistic than a food chain for showing the feeding relationships in
ecosystems because

1) It compares the number of consumers to the number of micro-organisms in an ecosystem

2) Food chains use only a small sampling of organisms.

3) A food web explains why there are more producers than consumers.

4) Producers are usually eaten by many different consumers and most consumers are eaten
by more than one predator

19. Consider this food chain: Algae - Water fleas - Minnows - Trout → Bear The
minnows in this food chain are

1) Top carnivores

2) Tertiary carnivores

3) Secondary carnivores

4) Primary carnivores (Missed)

20. Which of the following is Man-made ecosystem is

1) Less in diversity

2) More in diversity

3) Man does not make ecosystem

4) More stable than natural ecosystem

LEVEL-3 (1)
 Page 117

3)

4)
1. Which of the following step of nitrogen cycle is not useful for plants

1) Ammonification

2) Nitrification

Denitrification

Both 1 & 3

2. Flow of energy in our ecosystem takes place

1) Only in one direction

2) May occur in multiple directions

3) Possible in two directions

4) In three dimensions

3. The ten percent law for energy transfer through trophic levels was proposed by:

1) Tansley

2) RamdeoMisra

3) Charles Elton

4) Lindemann

4. The first level in the food chain is occupied by

1) Primary consumers
 Page 118

2) Producers

3) Secondary consumers

4) Tertiary consumers

5. The second level in the food chain is occupied by

1) Primary consumers

2) Producers
 Page 119

3)

4)
Secondary consumers

Tertiary consumers

6. The third level in the food chain is occupied by

1) Primary consumers

2) Producers

3) Secondary consumers

4) Tertiary consumers

7. There are only 4 or 5 trophic levels in food chain of an ecosystem due to:

1) Limited number of members in biotic community

2) Carrying capacity

3) Environmental resistance

4) Loss of energy at successive levels

8. Trophic levels in ecosystem is formed by

1) Only herbivores

2) Only plants

3) Only bacteria

4) Organisms linked in food chain

 Page 120

9. Which diagram shows how energy flows through a food chain?

1) Producers → carnivores herbivore

2) Sun → producers → herbivores → carnivores

Sun → herbivores → carnivores → producers

Carnivores producers → herbivores

10. What cycle shows how gas is transfered between animals and plants?

1) Carbon

2) Water

3) Nitrogen

4) Life

LEVEL-3 (II)

11.Sequence of changes in community and its non-living environment over a period of time is

1) Niche

2) Succession

3) Alterations

4) Neo-ecology

12. A dual organism composed of symbiotic association of an alga living within a fungus
mycelium is

1) Mycorrhiza
 Page 121

3)

4)

2) Rhizobium

3) Lichen

4) Legume

13. Symbiosis relationship in which only one organism is benefited is

1)Symbiosis

2)Commensalism

3)Mutualism

4)Unism

14. Nitrogen constitutes about % of atmosphere

1) 58%

2) 25%

3) 10%

4)78%

15. Oxidation of ammonia or ammonium ions by bacteria in soil is called

1) Nitrification

2 Ammonification
 Page 122

3) Assimilation

4) Denitrification

16.Plant biomass is

1) Gross primary production

2) Net primary production

3) Gross primary production minus respiratory loss

4) Both 2 & 3
 Page 123

17. Which of the following step of nitrogen cycle is not useful for plants

1) Ammonification

2) Nitrification

3) Denitrification

4) Both 1 & 3

18. Upper part of the sea or aquatic ecosystem contains

1) Plankton

2) Nekton

3) Benthos

4) Plankton & Neckton

19. The movement of inorganic components from the environment into organisms from
organisms back to environment is known as

1) Food web

2) Food chain

3) Epharmony

4) Bio-geo-chemical cycles

20. In an ecosystem, bacteria are considered as

1) Micro-consumers

2) Macro-consumers
 Page 124

3) Primary consumers

4) Secondary consumers

ASSERTION AND REASON DIRECTIONS:

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

(c) A is true but R is false.

(d) A is false but R is true.

Q1. Assertion (A): Deforestation destroys an ecosystem.

Reason (R): A forest is cleared to cultivate crops.

Q2. Assertion (A): Loss of top soil is called soil erosion.

Reason (R): Heavy rains and deforestation causes loss of soil.

Q3. Assertion (A): Forests do not influence the climate and water cycle.
 Page 125

Reason (R): Forests do not bring rain.

Q4. Assertion (A): Different layers of vegetation are a source of food and shelter for
animals, birds and insects.

Reason (R): The animals like boar, bison, Jackals and elephants live in deeper areas of
forests.

Q5. Assertion (A): All animals depend ultimately on plants for food.

Reason (R): Organisms which feed on plants afterwards get eaten by other organisms and
so on.

Q6. Assertion (A): When an animal dies in the forest, it becomes food for vultures, crows,

Jackals and insects.

Reason (R): There is no waste in forests.

Q7. Assertion (A): In an ecosystem all food chains are linked.

Reason (R): There are many food chains in an ecosystem.