HISTORY OF THE INDONESIAN NATION

Hindu-Buddhist Kingdom Period

Quoted from the Development of Community Life, Government and Culture module during the
Hindu-Buddhist Kingdom Period in Indonesia: History of Indonesia Class This kingdom was
founded in 475 AD (5th century) as evidenced by the existence of the Yupa Inscription.
Then there was the Tarumanegara Kingdom which was founded in the western part of Java,
precisely in the Banten Province.
Apart from that, there is the Sriwijaya Kingdom which has a large area, namely parts of the
archipelago, such as Java, Sumatra, and Thailand. The center of government is in Palembang.

The Period of the Islamic Empire

The period of the Islamic kingdom began in the Sumatra region. There are several kingdoms that
are said to be the first Islamic kingdoms.
Quoted from the book Notes on the History of Aceh (2014) compiled by Dien Majid, the Jeumpa
Kingdom was led by Maharaj Syahriar Salman (Salman Al-Parisi), a prince from Persia who
came to Aceh in the 7th century.
Other sources say the Perlak Kingdom was the first Islamic kingdom. However, what is most
commonly referred to as the first Islamic kingdom is the Samudra Pasai Kingdom which was
founded in 1267 AD.
The Islamic Empire continued to grow in various regions. In eastern Indonesia there are the
Kingdoms of Ternate and Tidore. In Java there is the Banten Kingdom, the Demak Kingdom and
the Islamic Mataram Kingdom.

Colonialism Period
The period of colonialism occurred during the Islamic kingdom. In the Ministry of Education
and Culture's book Indonesian History Class 11 by Sardiman AM and Amurwani DL, the first
people to come to the archipelago were the Portuguese in Maluku in 1511, then the Spanish in
Maluku in 1521, then the British in 1579.
The Dutch entered the archipelago in 1596 in Banten led by Cornelis de Houtman in search of
spices. They continued to colonize Indonesia until they founded the Vereenigde Oost Indische
Compagnie (VOC) trading company in the 17th century.
Increasingly, people in the archipelago are increasingly united to fight colonialism with the
emergence of various youth movement organizations. The name Indonesia began to be known,
one of which was used as the name of the Indonesian Association organization.
This name was also used in the Youth Pledge of 28 October 1928. At that time the song
Indonesia Raya was also introduced by Wage Rudolf Supratman.
Resistance has actually been carried out for a long time in various regions but has been sporadic.
In 1942, the Dutch surrendered and left Indonesia. But then it was Japan who colonized
Indonesia.
Period of Indonesian Independence
Japan promised Indonesian independence by holding the BPUPKI and PPKI sessions. However,
young people did not agree with the independence granted by Japan. Youth wanted Sukarno to
immediately proclaim his own independence.
Reporting from the site setneg.go.id, in the early hours of August 16 1945, Bung Karno and
Bung Hatta were forced to kidnap young people to Rengasdengklok.
Bung Karno was urged to immediately proclaim independence. There was a heated debate,
finally Bung Karno agreed to proclaim independence on August 17 1945.
After returning to Jakarta, they gathered at Admiral Maeda's house to draft the proclamation text
and make a red and white flag. Independence was proclaimed by Soekarno at his house, Jalan
Pegangsaan Timur No. 56 Jakarta, at 10.00 WIB.

Old Order Period

During Soekarno's reign, which was known as the old order, a number of important events
occurred. Among other things, the arrival of the Dutch back to Indonesia through Dutch Military
Aggression. However, the Dutch gave up and left Indonesia.
Quoted from the Cimahi City Government page, there have been several changes to the
government system, namely from parliamentary democracy to guided democracy. The first
election was held in 1955.
Apart from that, there was also a struggle to liberate West Irian which was controlled by the
Dutch until finally the tejarah erritory was divided into two. During Soekarno's time, Indonesia
also had confrontation with Malaysia and chose to withdraw from being a member of the UN.

New Order Period

The end of the old order was marked by the G30S/PKI incident which shed a lot of blood among
fellow Indonesians. Turbulent politics forced President Soekarno to step down.
Many historical versions exist regarding the events of these years, starting from the organization
of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) to the truth of the March Eleventh Order (Supersemar)
which ultimately led to Major General Soeharto becoming President of the Republic of
Indonesia.
Quoted from the module Indonesia During the New Order: History of Indonesia Class XII from
the Ministry of Education and Culture, Soeharto led Indonesia for 32 years.
On the government side, there have been a number of historical events, such as the simplification
of political parties into three parties, ABRI's dual function policy as a security and social political
force, and carrying out a lot of development.
In terms of foreign policy, Soeharto re-registered Indonesia as a member of the UN, restored
diplomatic relations with Malaysia and Singapore, and joined East Timor, which was a
Portuguese colony, as part of Indonesia.
Rapid economic development during the Soeharto era was accompanied by practices of
corruption, collusion and nepotism. The economic crisis came and worsened the political
situation.
Demonstrations were everywhere until riots broke out. Soeharto also resigned from his post as
president and was replaced by his deputy, BJ Habibie.

Reformation Period
The reform period was marked by the end of the new order. Even though Suharto had stepped
down, the people wanted elections to be held. The first election in the reform era was held in
1999. This election led to KH Abdurrahman Wahid or Gus Dur becoming the 4th president.
Before his term of office had expired, Gus Dur was pressured to resign and was finally willing to
resign. In his place was Megawati Soekarnoputri, who previously served as vice president.
Subsequently, the 2004 and 2009 elections were held in which Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
(SBY) won. The next elections, in 2014 and 2019, were won by Joko Widodo.