Influencia Romana en Europa Del Este

25/2/24, 9:03 Why did the ancient Roman Empire's influence not spread to Eastern Europe?
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Why did the ancient Roman Empire's influence not spread to
Eastern Europe? Is the decline and fall of the Eastern Roman
Empire the reason for the underdevelopment of
Answer Follow · 2 Request Eastern Europe?
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Why did the Roman Empire end? Why does it
appear that it was stronger than its successor
state- the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman
Enrico Toro · Follow
Empire)?
Lived in Rome, Italy · Upvoted by Roderick White, PhD Ancient History, University College London
(2018) · Updated Feb 14
When and how did the Eastern Roman Empire
TLDR - It did and profoundly. The whole German world between the Rhine and the Danube become the Byzantine Empire?
and the Dnepr and the Vistula was deeply changed by centuries of interaction with the Roman
Empire. In the Barbaricum language, economy, agriculture, trade, social structures, political Why is the Eastern Roman Empire called
structures, and even religion evolved thanks to deep relations (both friendly and hostile) with Byzantium?
their neighbors to the west and the south.
When was the Eastern Roman Empire no longer
There were no large public works and monuments like in Rome, but it wasn't a primitive world referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire by
as in common imagination. Western Europe?
What archeology found was a well established civilization, which had begun to develop the Why did the Western Roman Empire collapse
foundations of a state organization, with a complex articulation of the territory: cities, villages but not the Eastern Roman Empire?
and agricultural companies, with artisanal and industrial activities. Society was stratified, with a
ruling class, a large class of citizen-soldiers and other social strata of semi-free and serfs, and a Add question
complex political life.
Long, detailed answer follows. My main sources are Marco Cappelli’s books, “For a fistful of
Barbarians” and “Rome’s greatest enemy”, that are not yet available in English and Peter
Heather’s decades long research on the relations between Rome and the Barbarians.
In the last decades, archeology of what the Romans called the “Barbaricum”, the world of the
barbarians, has grown exponentially, opening hundreds of sites all over Eastern Europe and the
discoveries made are changing the way we see the area, its culture, its economic development,
especially in the early centuries of the Common Era.
Cultures in the areas across the Rhine and the Danube had been trading with Mediterranean
civilizations since the bronze age, and German populations had been moving west with regular
frequency even before Rome conquered Gaul, as the invasions of the Cimbri and Teutons in the
II century BCE shows. You just need to google “amber road” to see how deeply interconnected
Eastern Europe was with the Mediterranean civilizations even before the birth of Rome.
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25/2/24, 9:03 Why did the ancient Roman Empire's influence not spread to Eastern Europe? - Quora
431
However continental Europe during the late Roman Republic was almost split in two very
different levels of civilization: The Celts lived on on the west side of the Rhine, on the other
lived the Germans.
The Celts, before arrival of Caesar, had already developed a complex economy a monetary
base, with towns producing a surplus sufficient to support a complex social organization. Their
political culture itself was highly evolved: the Celtic confederations had judiciaries, and elective
roles.
If you crossed the Rhine you would enter a very different world.
Archeologists tend to no longer identify peoples based on names given to them by ancient
historians, but they prefer the concept of culture, based on archaeological evidence. Jastorf
culture it is the expression that archaeologists use to describe the poor remains of the first
Germans, who before the birth of Christ inhabited the Jutland peninsula and present-day
northern Germany but there are other cultures who left us artifacts that show common
elements among them.
Over time these Germans began to migrate and absorb other groups further south and east, of
which we know little or nothing: those who Ancient historians described us as peoples with a
clear identity Germanic were probably composite populations much more varied, at the top of
which were the most important families of the conquering Germans.
In the 1st century AD this process could be said to have concluded on most of the territory of
modern Germany: it is these populations that the legions of Caesar and Augustus will clash
with.
The Jastorf and Harpsted cultures were at a much more basic level of development: the
agricultural economy yes limited to mere subsistence, based on poor agriculture semi-pastoral.
Neither money nor writing existed, and even at the time of Augustus the Germans had not
organized human settlements of no significance. The main factor that that dampened Roman
expansionism in this area was precisely the absence of political and economic systems to be
absorbed into the Empire.
In the Northern Poland area, around
431 the mouth of the Vistula, a new archaeological culture
developed a few decades later around the middle of the 1st century century AD, more or less at
the time of the dynasty Julio-Claudian in Rome. In the meanwhile another culture - associated
to the Goths - called the Wielbark culture was established on the Baltic coast of Poland,
centered around the mouth of the river Vistula.
Both Jastorf and Wielbark culture will evolve quickly in the first 4 centuries of the first
millennium, driven by both competition and trade with the Empire. The barbaricum at the time
of Constantine and even more at the time of the great migrations was a very different world
from that of Augustus, three hundred years earlier.
If it wasn't pleasant for the Romans to have barbarians at the borders, from the German point
of view, the situation was way worse. Imagine having a huge, violent and scary neighbor and
only a river on which the Romans can build a bridge in no time as the only thing that separate
you from them.
For the duration of the Empire, the Germans were continually exposed to overwhelming
military power against which they had little hope of resisting. The Romans could arrive in their
villages any time, complaining about this or that violation, maybe committed by another tribe.
The legions could be brutal, kill all the men they managed to get their hands on it, burn the
village and bring in the Empire a new crop of slaves, mostly women and children.
The latter was a simple and relatively cheap way to pay soldiers, since a good part of the
proceeds from the sale of slaves captured in war went to the legion, but, if you were a German,
it was the cause of many nightmares.
This situation gave the inhabitants of the Barbaricum a very strong motivation to become
stronger, to grow, to develop. And in this development they were often helped by the Romans.
More often than not German and Roman relations went beyond violence: many tribes close to
the borders were allies of Rome and benefitted from this alliance. Rome was willing to
recognize subsidies and support leaders across their borders. Almost all tribes located directly
on the border were influenced by the Empire, politically and culturally.
For the warriors of the tribes, in fact, glory and plunder were what mattered the most,
considerations of an idea of nation or national character were completely alien to their
mentality. So since the the late republic
431 individual Germans were eager to serve in the legions,
usually with distinction, courage and loyalty to the Roman army, fighting even against their
compatriots.
Once conscripted, the Germans followed their centurion as they would have followed a
Germanic leader. They replaced plunder with pay and the glory of fighting in one band of
Germanic warriors with the prestige of being a soldier in the army of Rome. Often, once their
service was over, they could remain in the empire as citizens, or decide to go home a rich man
and become a leader, and a deeply Romanized one, in their tribe.
Below the spear mount from from the Vermand Treasure, the grave of a German auxiliary
soldier stationed in the Roman province of Gaul
The limes, the name that modern scholars have given to Roman border fortifications, wasn't a
wall completely impenetrable to keep the barbarians out, but a border where the Romans met
the peoples of the North and the East trading in continuation. The limes also had the function
of conveying the goods to dedicated transit points, where they could be taxed. Goods, men
and ideas constantly moved across the limes allowing the Romans to use their commercial and
cultural wealth to bind the people of the Barbaricum to their economic sphere of influence.
Roman coins became a useful method of exchange also in Germany, Roman products are been
found everywhere in that territory, even at great distances from the limes, such as two
magnificent silver mugs given as gifts from a Roman commander to a leader of ancient
Denmark. Roman traders settled in Barbaricum acting as intermediaries and, when necessary,
also as spies and informants for Rome. We have the example of a certain Quintus Atilius Primo,
a former centurion who lived and died in modern Slovakia, in territory of the Quadi: in his tomb
he is also called "interpreter" and "negotiator". Roman forts were built along the amber road,
deep into the Barbaricum, to keep its travelers safe.
Below, distribution of Roman coins troves found in continental Europe.
The Empire had a longa manus. The weight of its decision was felt everywhere and often Rome
had no problems in intervening directlt in the tribal politics. Following the principle of divide et
impera, the Res Publica worked incessantly
431 to fragment the interests of the tribes, favoring
some at the expense of others, so that it was not useful to make common cause with potential
enemies of Rome.
Furthermore, the Romans also worked to generate discord between the ruling classes within
tribal politics: they usually chose personalities of their choice from the tribes closer to Rome
and potentially friends. At this point they showered them with attention: gifts, monetary
payments, grants in kind and even the loan of engineers and architects to build a palace or
fortifications. Thanks to the money, the gifts and the prestige of Rome, the chosen politicians
could become the leader of any tribal society. And these leaders’ interests were to continue to
stay friendly to Rome and defend it.
Rome's implicit threat was that it could always turn off the funding whenever it wanted: the
tribal leaders, lacking an efficient taxation mechanism, had no way of extracting these funds
from the local economy and were therefore dependent on Roman support. Do not bite the
hand that feeds you.
Rome knew how to be ruthless, but it also offered help and when sometimes a tribe, put in
jeopardy from assaults by other tribes, asked to be admitted into the Empire, the request was
often satisfied. The new migrants were disarmed and then dispersed throughout the imperial
territory. At the time of Constantine, there was an entire bureaucratic organization whose
function was to relocate Germans in areas of the Empire that needed an influx of new people.
As a reaction of the power of Rome, the tribes worked incessantly to become stronger, to build
broader alliances, to be able to fight on the same level as Rome, or at least, to be able to resist
the Roman juggernaut. This is a process that began in the first century, and continued through
out the late antiquity, even after the fall of the Western Empire.
Modern archeogenetics studies made on the remains of the inhabitants of the Barbaricum
demonstrate how flexible the idea of a tribe or tribe confederation was. There was no notion of
nationality of birth. If you could fight and be loyal to one of the leaders of these confederations
you were in. So we find that in gothic cemeteries we have people coming from all over the
Barbaricum and even from the Empire, being buried as Goths. The same happened with the
Franks, Allemans, Vandals etc. Their identity was not ethnic, but political and military.
The confederation of the barbaricum, were a people in arms: being free was equivalent to
being part of the army. A month the Goths the tribal army was called harjis, which was in turn
divided into bands called hansa, probably groups of a thousand soldiers, given that this was the
late organization of the Gothic armies. Most of the warriors were infantry, heavily armed in the
style also used by the Romans in the late Empire.
There were generally four types of people: the first were the nobles, the magistrates, who
served as rulers and employed permanent warriors in their entourage.
The second class was formed by the free men, the ones who went into military service. They
were what we would call "citizens", collectively endowed with political rights. For large tribes
like the Tervingi goths, it was a class that probably numbered around ten to twenty thousand
men capable of bearing arms. The freemen were essentially the Tervingian army.
The semi-free were mostly employed by the free citizens as tenants or clients. They could not
be drafted into the army, but they had a certain freedom in the economic field. Finally, as in all
ancient societies, there were also slaves.
In the three hundred years between Augustus and Constantine we see a huge growth in
agricoltural output in the land of Eastern Europe, the diffused manufacturing of advanced
goods, like glassware and weapons.
As for agriculture, in the 4th century the agricultural techniques of the Germans had evolved
greatly compared to the poor semi-nomadic cultivations typical of the Germans of the time of
Augustus, also reported by Tacitus. Between the 1st and 4th centuries, the Germans developed
a better integration of livestock farming and agriculture, even compared to the more advanced
Roman civilization: livestock farming produced the fertilizer necessary for the fields, which were
rotated between at least two crops, to keep them fertile.
Since population density in ancient times was a direct function of a region's agricultural
productivity, the increase in agricultural output had an impact on the demographic
development of Germanic societies: historians therefore believe that these innovations
accompanied strong population growth in the barbaricum, between the 1st and the 4th century
and the surplus generated stratification now that more people could be free from working the
land full time.
Still, the majority of the population lived in small rural villages, often grouped in small
confederations and under the leadership of someone in charge of defense and an elective
council. Justice was managed by elective judges, the use of juries was common.
In these villages were produced the typical cereals of ancient agriculture : wheat, barley and
millet. Mainly cows were raised, along with sheep and goats. Rarer was the breeding of pigs,
clearly used as valuable meat. Outside of some areas in today's Ukraine, horses were so rare
that they must have been used primarily
431 for warfare by the warrior elite, and not for work in the
fields.
The production of durable goods grew as well, especially ceramics, glass, metal works and
jewelry were produced in ways not dissimilar from the Romans and in many cases built for
trade.
Metallurgical complexes were also found by modern archeologists. In the most important
escavated so far there were about fifteen blacksmith workshops working side by side. This is a
concentration of metallurgical production which is clearly disproportionate for only local
consumption, also considering that often we have found the presence of a local blacksmith in
almost every village unearthed. The productions in these places had to be more specialized,
likely for weapons and armor production, of better quality and intended for circulation and sale
over a large territory.
The ancient equivalent of an assembly line factory was found in Romania, producing combs
made of deer antler bone. It is a series of huts, each of which is intended for a phase of
processing, from cutting the horn bones all the way up to decoration and assembly. Again this
discovery proves a complex economic organization, with mass production not intended for
self-consumption but for sale and trade.
There were also larger settlements. The largest to have been excavated, Budesty, covered an
enormous area: around thirty-five hectares, comparable to a small Roman city, although
probably with fewer inhabitants (Roman cities were denser).
Another settlement in Alexandrova is well fortified, protected by a moat and a wall of earth and
stone, perhaps twelve meters high, with three large protective towers and an entrance door.
Inside, the remains of thirty large wooden buildings were found, up to one hundred and fifty
meters long and about six to eight meters wide. It was likely a center of power and
administration.
Finally there are findings of large agricultural villas that denote a more vertical social
organization, complex economic structures, a civilian lifestyle with many comforts, which
clashes with the image of the barbarian gang leader dressed in furs and living only for warfare.
The Gothic and other Barbarian elites had begun a process that over time would perhaps have
led it to become more similar to the Roman ruling class, made up of the great landowners of
the Empire.
In territories near the Roman Empire archeologists find just as many Roman coins minted in the
3rd and 4th century as they do in the Empire itself. These are the fruit of pillages of course, but
also of very intensive trade.
And often the child of barbarian elites were sent to Roman lands to receive an education and
returned to their homes deeply Romanized.
In modern Moldova, we have found a building made up of only two rooms, but equipped with
a beautiful colonnade (traces of sixteen columns survive), covered like a Roman house, i.e. with
terracotta tiles, roughly 14000 of them, and had glass windows. I like to think it is the residence
of someone returning from the Empire and deciding they wanted to continue living like a rich
Roman.
Tribal confederations slowly became kingdoms, and these kingdoms became so influencial to
take part in Roman Civil wars by supporting one or the other candidate. For example, the
Trevingi Goths supported Licinius and were never forgiven by Constantine, who gladly invaded
the Goths’ territories in the early 330’s to pay them back.
The final change happened with the diffusion of Christianity in the lands outside the Empire.
When Wulfila, little wolf, started preaching Arian Christianity, translated the Bible in goth
language, he found a well prepared “terroir”, to spread his message to.
Wulfila was ordained bishop among the Goths by none other than Eusebius of Nicomedia, the
most powerful bishop in Christianity at the time. Wulfila was sent on an evangelizing mission,
with declared imperial support and with the aim of accelerating the conversion of the Goths to
Christianity. Rome’s plan was that431
a Christianized Gothic people would be even more tied to the
Empire.
Christians had their own troubles in the barbaricum. Wulfila's followers were seen by the other
Goths as a sort of "fifth column" of the Romans, and persecuted for their "Roman" faith.
Prosecutions continued well into the second half of the fourth century.
Only a nation with a sufficient level of state organization can set up an effective persecution,
and it can only do so if it has internalized the ideological mechanisms typical of an advanced
state: the conception of the tribe as a legal community, united before the authority of the law,
both divine and human.
To end this very long answer, the people in the barbaricum, even thanks to a continued relation
with Rome were developing a civilization, especially near the Empire borders, that was quickly
catching up with the Empire. Unfortunately this civilization did not have time to develop
further.
In the second half of the third century, from the grasslands of Asia emerged a new nomadic
confederation with a new way of doing warfare, that seemed unstoppable in its ability to crush
anything under its weight. Nothing - for both barbarians and Romans - would be as before: the
Huns had arrived.
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Patrick S · Follow
Upvote · 9
student of Roman History · Feb 13
The ancient Roman Empire’s influence, known for its grandeur and impact on Western
civilization, did not spread as extensively to Eastern Europe due to a combination of
geographical, cultural, and political
431factors. While the Romans did establish contact with certain
regions in the east, their influence was limited compared to the extensive reach they had in the
western part of their empire.
Geographically, Eastern Europe presented more challenging terrain and natural barriers
compared to the relatively accessible regions in the west. The Carpathian Mountains, the Balkan
Mountains, and the vast… (more)
Jason Almendra · Follow

Upvote · 16 5
I took "Greek & Latin Roots of English" in college · Feb 1
The Danube river was the border of the Roman Empire. The Dacians made the monumental
mistake of flaunting their gold. Thus Emperor Trajan conquered them before 117AD. Then in
275AD, the Gepids conquered Dacia. Emperor Aurelian ordered the Roman Legions out of the
province. But it was slim pickings for the Gepids. The Romans had dug all the gold and silver.
The Romans also controlled almost
431 all the Greek colonies in the Black Sea. Except for Tanais
which is modern Rostov-on-Don.

Roman Eastern Europe survived the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476AD. A few decades
later, Dionysus Exiguus (Den… (more)
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Related questions More answers below
Is the decline and fall of the Eastern Roman Empire the reason for the underdevelopment of
Eastern Europe?
Why did the Roman Empire end? Why does it appear that it was stronger than its successor
state- the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire)?
When and how did the Eastern Roman Empire become the Byzantine Empire?
Leb'b Newayn · Follow

Upvote · 17 1
Likes history · Jan 20
Related How powerful was the Eastern Roman Empire?

At one time it was the undisputed master of the Eastern Mediterranean region. When we say
Eastern Mediterranean, we mean Libya, Egypt, the Levant and Southern Europe i.e. Balkans,
Greece, Caucasus (vassal states like Iberia or the Armenians) and Anatolia. It was one of the
strongest and wealthiest empires of the world, perhaps rivalled or exceeded by Imperial China
alone. It was the strongest European empires during the dark ages. Western and Northern
Europe were barbarians being Christianized.
Belisarius defeated the Vandals in North Africa. The Vandal victory was one of the greatest
victories… (more)
JohnEleftherios Tserkezisthis
Oparinde upvoted · Following
BA Classics, MA Byzantine History · 3y
Upvote · 102 1 5
Related Why was the Eastern Roman Empire unable to forestall the gradual erosion
of the lands they held in Eastern Europe?
The Slavic migrations (6th/7th c. onward) altered the demographic composition of the Balkan
peninsula, particularly its northern part. They also led to social and political realignments. The
generally accepted scheme is that the Byzantine Empire practically never lost control over two
kinds of territories:
Cities: Thessalonica, Patras, Larissa, Athens and most other major cities were either
never taken over by Slavs or simply raided once or twice but not occupied
permanently.
The coastal line: The Slavs never had considerable naval forces, even when they
formed polities of their own. The Adriati
… (more)
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Upvote · 29
Alexander Herrschaft
Robert(Bob) Ramsbottomand· Eduardo
Follow Marqués Collado upvoted this
I read numerous books on history; Rubicon, Millenium, From the Ruins of Empire · Updated 3y
Upvote · 632 44 36
Related Why did The Roman empire split into Eastern and Western Empires?
It had no choice!
The gap between Latin West and 431
Greek East was pretty big and it could be illustrated by the
difference in their most important cities.
The “Glory of Greece” had on offer
Athens
Constantinople
Rhodes
431
Antioch
Even Egypt had its own magnificent cities
Alexandria
Memphis
So how did the “cities” in the Latin West compare to spender of the Greek east.
Well this is the future “financial capital” of the world and birthplace of the Industrial Revolution.
How about the future “fashion capital”
431 of the world? Did it fare any better?
The point I’m trying to make is that the Western Empire wasn’t all t… (more)
Eleftherios Tserkezis · Following

Upvote · 76 5 5
BA Classics, MA Byzantine History · Updated 3y
Related Why is the Eastern Roman empire called Byzantine empire?

Originally Answered: Why do we call the Byzantine Empire the Byzantine Empire?
A lot of interesting answers have already been given, but, anyway, I’ll try to give my own views
—and perhaps even wander off a bit.
To begin with, the Roman Empire, especially during and after the Late Antiquity, was not
considered to be just another state among the many in the world. That’s too modern a
concept. It was viewed—by Romans themselves, as well as friends and most foes alike—as an
eternal* and ecumenical state, the very treasury of human civilization, the bulwark against the
barbarians, God’s selected kindgom on earth (by Christians), a sacred and esteemed ordo
rerum. Only the Sassa… (more)
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Robin Levin · Follow

Upvote · 3
I have written and published books about ancient Rome. · Sep 30
Related Why did the Roman empire survive in the east but not in the west?
The roots of civilization went much deeper in the east and the east was much wealthier.
In the west, Hispania had been made a province of Rome in the late third century B.C. as a
result of the Second Punic War. Gallia had been conquered during the first century B.C. and
Britannia during the first Century A.D. These areas were more vulnerable to barbarian invasion
and their economies faltered due to plague and debasement of coinage. Barbarian invasion
was a vicious cycle-the more land the invaders occupied, the more the Roman tax base was
decreased and the less money was available to defend the … (more)
William Hyres · Follow

Upvote · 40 5
Studied History at California State University, Chico · Updated 4y
Related Why did the Roman Empire never expand into Northeastern Europe?
As a Mediterranean based society, the Romans had little interest in the vast cold forests of the
North. In addition, the local tribes resisted fiercely. The Romans did claim the lands up to the
Elba, and that was not small feat. To expand further North was a case of too much expense for
not enough reward. After the battle of Teutoburg Forest, the Romans retreated to the Rhine
and the Danube rivers.
431
Susanna Viljanen · ,Following
Alistair Thompson Khalid Elhassan and Thierry Etienne Joseph Rotty upvoted this
Knows Finnish · 1y
Upvote · 327 17 1
Related Did Latin spread across Europe or just the Roman Empire?
Across the Europe. Paradoxally, it did it in the Middle Ages.
Latin was the language of the vulgus, the common people, in the Roman Empire, while the
educated people spoke Greek. The lands which once belonged in the Roman Empire, still today
speak kind of Latin, because what else are the Romance languages but dialects of Modern
Latin?
But since Latin was the language of the vulgus, the Catholic Church assumed it as its liturgic
language (instead of Hebrew, the language of the Old Testament or Greek, the language of the
New Testament) and preserved it through the centuries. Latin experienced a re… (more)
James HarringtonuoaZZ · Follow

Upvote · 2 2
Studied History · Updated Feb 2
Related Why did the Roman Empire not expand into central Asia and India?
The Persians were in the way. The Romans couldn't defeat the relatively weak Parthian Persians
and the Sassanid Persians ran rough shod over them (though see comments for ways the
Romans responded to these challenges). Roman heavy infantry had no decisive answer to
Persian horse archers and heavy cavalry until the Byzantine Era.
Philippe Brissard · Follow

Upvote · 25 6
Knows Latin · 6y
Related Why didn't Latin become popular in the Eastern Roman Empire?
Mostly because, apart from the very first “Eastern” Roman Emperors and their court, everyone
was of Greek culture and origin, so sticking to Latin language made little to no sense for them.
There are some exceptions, like the region now encompassing Romania and Moldavia, where
the main population was Roman colonists, so the language spoken was Latin, and today’s
Romanian and Moldavian languages show it very well.
But the general culture in the Byzantine Empire was mostly Greek, and Greek quickly became
the official language, reinforced by the Christian Orthodoxy, where Greek was the official lan…
(more)
Jason
Richard Almendra
Longues · Follow
upvoted this
I took "Greek & Latin Roots of English" in college · Updated Sep 18
Upvote · 23 6
Related Who expanded the Eastern Roman Empire the most?
Emperor Justinian did. He set out in a reconquest of the ex-Western Roman Empire in the 530s.
The Nicene-Chalcedonian Christians of Carthage were complaining of persecution from the
Arian Christian rulers. He sent his general Belisarius on an amphibious expedition. Who
defeated the Vandals and Alans in North Africa. Carthage returned to the Romans. Then he
reconquered the island of Sicily, then the cities of Rome and Ravenna on the Italian peninsula.
But the Ostrogoths were not defeated. Belisarius was recalled back to Constantinople. Where
the emperor either blinded him or retired him to a fin… (more)
431
Giannis Giannopoulos · Follow
Upvote · 16 3 2
Updated Nov 23
Related What would have happened if there was only an Eastern Roman Empire?
Your question: A tenuous train of thought.
You see, the term Eastern, suggests that there was also a Western Roman Empire. Actually, the
Eastern and Western were parts of the same Empire, that is the Roman, therefore there couldn’t
have been only an Eastern Roman Empire.
Back in the day, there was only the Roman Empire; the term Eastern distinguishes today the
Roman Empire which continued to survive in its Eastern part during the Middle Ages after its
Western one eventually fell to the barbarian incursions.
Division of the Roman Empire by Emperor Diocletian (293)
After the reign of Theodosius I wh… (more)
431
Related questions
Is the decline and fall of the Eastern Roman Empire the reason for the underdevelopment of
Eastern Europe?
Why did the Roman Empire end? Why does it appear that it was stronger than its successor
state- the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire)?
When and how did the Eastern Roman Empire become the Byzantine Empire?
Why is the Eastern Roman Empire called Byzantium?
When was the Eastern Roman Empire no longer referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire by
Western Europe?
Why did the Western Roman Empire collapse but not the Eastern Roman Empire?
Why was the Roman Empire so successful?
Why did the Eastern Roman Empire survive after the Western Roman Empire emigrated before
the decline of 1,000 years?
Did the Eastern Roman Empire really end in 1453?
Why did the Roman Empire fall but the Eastern Roman Empire survive?
Did the "Rhomaioi" of the Eastern Roman Empire acknowledge that they were not the original
Romans from Latium?
Why was the Eastern Roman Empire unable to forestall the gradual erosion of the lands they
held in Eastern Europe?
Why didn't the Roman Empire conquer all of Europe?
Why did Ancient Roman influence spread throughout Europe but Ancient Greek influence did
not?
Why did the Byzantine Empire last longer than the Roman Empire?

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Below, distribution of Roman coins troves found in continental Europe.

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which is modern Rostov-on-Don.

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