(PSY 304) Chapter 7 - Movement

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1. Smooth muscles control the digestive system

found in the intestines and other organs, consists of long,

thin cells.

2. skeletal or striat- control movement of the body in relation to the environ-

ed muscles ment

muscle consists of long cylindrical fibers with stripes.

3. cardiac muscles control the heart

found in the heart, consists of fibers that fuse together at

various points. Because of these fusions, cardiac muscles
con- tract together, not independently.

4. neuromuscular is a synapse between a motor neuron axon and a muscle

junction fiber.

5. antagonistic Moving a leg or arm back and forth requires opposing sets
muscles of muscles

6. flexor muscle brings your hand toward your shoulder

biceps of the arm

7. extensor muscle straightens the arm

triceps

8. fast-twitch fibers muscle fibers that contract rapidly and forcefully but fa-
tigue quickly

with fast contractions and rapid fatigue

9. slow-twitch muscle fibers that contract at a slow rate and have very
fibers good endurance

with less vigorous contractions and no fatigue

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10. aerobic they use oxygen during their movements.

11. anaerobic using reactions that do not require oxygen at the time but
need oxygen for recovery.

12. oxygen debt temporary lack of oxygen in the muscle due to exertion

13. proprioceptor is a receptor that detects the position or movement of a

part of the body—in these cases, a muscle.

detect the stretch and tension of a muscle and send mes-

sages that enable the spinal cord to adjust its signals.

not only control important reflexes but also provide the

brain with information.

14. stretch reflex caused by a stretch; it does not produce one.

15. muscle spindle a receptor parallel to the muscle that responds to a stretch.

Whenever the muscle is stretched more than the antag-

onistic muscle, the muscle spindle sends a message to
a motor neuron in the spinal cord, which in turn sends a
message back to the muscle, causing a contraction

16. Golgi tendon or- also proprioceptors, respond to increases in muscle ten-
gans sion. Located in the tendons at opposite ends of a muscle,
they act as a brake against an excessively vigorous con-
traction.

detect the tension that results during a muscle contraction.

17. Reflexes are consistent automatic responses to stimuli. We general-

ly think of reflexes as involuntary because they are in- sen-
sitive to reinforcements, punishments, and motivations.

ex: stretch reflex

constriction of the pupil in response to bright light

18.
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central pattern neural mechanisms in the spinal cord that generate rhyth-
generators mic patterns of motor output.

ex: include the mechanisms that generate wing flapping in

birds, fin movements in fish, and the "wet dog shake."

19. motor program A fixed sequence of movement.

ex: a mouse periodically grooms itself by sitting up, licking

its paws, wiping them over its face, closing its eyes as the
paws pass over them, licking the paws again, and so forth.

yawning

20. primary motor the precentral gyrus of the frontal cortex, just anterior to
cortex the central sulcus —elicits movements.

21. posterior parietal One of the first areas to become active in planning a
cortex movement

22. supplementary are also important for planning and organizing a rapid
motor cortex sequence of movements

23. premotor cortex is most active immediately before a movement

It receives information about the target to which the body

is directing its movement, as well as information about the
body's current position and posture

24. prefrontal cortex which is also active during a delay before a movement,
stores sensory information relevant to a movement. It is
also important for considering the probable outcomes of
possible movements

If you had damage to this area, many of your move-

ments would be disorganized, such as showering with
your clothes on or pouring water on the tube of toothpaste
instead of the toothbrush

25. antisaccade task

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Another example—not a particularly important behavior
for its own sake, but a convenient one for psychologists
to study—

26. mirror neurons active both during preparation for a movement and while
watching someone else perform the same or a similar
movement.

27. Paralysis Inability for voluntary movement in part of the body

Damage to motor neurons or their axons in the spinal cord

28. Quadriplegia Loss of sensation and voluntary muscle control in both

arms and legs

Cut through the spinal cord in the cervical (neck) region

(or cortical damage)

29. Hemiplegia Loss of sensation and voluntary muscle control in the arm
and leg of either the right or left side

Cut halfway through the spinal cord or damage to one

hemisphere of the cerebral cortex

30. Tabes dorsalis Impaired sensations and muscle control in the legs and
pelvic region, including bowel and bladder control

Damage to the dorsal roots of the spinal cord from the late
stage of syphilis

31. Poliomyelitis Paralysis

A virus that damages motor neurons in the spinal cord

32. Amyotrophic lat- Gradual weakness and paralysis, starting with the arms
eral sclerosis and spreading to the legs

Unknown. Traced to genetic mutations in some cases, and

to exposure to toxins in other cases

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33. corticospinal paths from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord; lateral
tracts and medial

Both tracts contribute in some way to nearly all move-

ments, but certain movements rely on one tract more than
the other.

34. lateral corti- is a pathway of axons from the primary motor cortex,
cospinal tract surrounding areas of the cortex, and from the red nucleus

35. red nucleus a midbrain area that controls certain aspects of move-
ment.

36. medial corti- includes axons from many parts of the cerebral cortex, not
cospinal tract just the primary motor cortex and its surrounding areas.

37. vestibular nucle- brain area that receives input from the vestibular system
us

38. cerebellum Latin for "little brain."

"balance and coordination."

39. finger-to-nose the person is instructed to hold one arm straight out and
then, at command, to touch his or her nose as quickly as
possible.

40. move function depends on the cerebellar cortex (the surface of the cere-
bellum), which sends messages to the deep nuclei (clus-
ters of cell bodies) in the interior of the cerebellum

41. hold function depends on the nucleialone

42. Purkinje cells that are flat (two- dimensional) cells in sequential
planes, parallel to one another.

43. parallel fibers are axons parallel to one another and perpendicular to the
planes of the Purkinje cells.

44.
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nuclei of the Each Purkinje cell then transmits an inhibitory message to
cerebellum cells and the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem, which in
turn send information to the midbrain and the thalamus.

45. basal ganglia applies collectively to a group of large subcortical struc-

tures in the forebrain

seem critical for self-initiated actions, and not for stimu-

lus-elicited actions.

are critical for learning new habits

damage: impaired at learning motor skills and at convert-

ing new movements into smooth, "automatic" responses

46. striatum or dor- The caudate nucleus and putamen together are known as
sal striatum the

receives input from the cerebral cortex and substantia

nigra and sends its output to the globus pallidus, which
then sends output to the thalamus and frontal cortex

47. readiness poten- the increased motor cortex activity prior to the start of the
tial movement

before any voluntary movement, and on the average, the

readiness potential begins at least 500 ms before the
movement.

48. Parkinson's dis- which strikes 1 to 2 percent of people over age 65, results
ease from the gradual loss of dopamine-releasing axons from
the substantia nigra to the striatum (part of the basal gan-
glia). With the loss of this input, the striatum decreases its
inhibition of the globus pallidus, which therefore increases
its inhibitory input to the thalamus.

many but not all patients have cognitive deficits, which may
include problems with attention, language, or memory

1. problem starts in the substantia nigra

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2. gene variants
3. after using a drug similar to heroin.

49. MPTP a chemical that the body converts to MPP+, which ac-
cumulates in, and then destroys, neurons that release
dopamine, partly by impairing the transport of mitochon-
dria from the cell body to the synapse

50. L-dopa a precursor to dopamine that does cross the barrier, might
be a good treatment for Parkinson's disease

it does not replace other transmitters that are also deplet-

ed

51. stem cells immature cells that are capable of differentiating into other
cell types—guide their development so that they produce
large quantities of L-dopa, and then transplant them into
the brain.

52. Huntington's dis- is a severe neurological disorder.

ease
psycho- logical problems, especially apathy, become ap-
parent up to 10 years before the motor symptoms lead to
a diagnosis

Motor symptoms usually begin with arm jerks and facial

twitches. Then tremors spread to other parts of the body
and develop into writhing.

C-A-G

53. huntingtin occurs throughout the human body, although its mutant
form produces no known harm outside the brain. The
mutant form impairs neurons and glia in several ways,
including effects on mitochondria and potassium channels

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